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Introduction
Many people with visual impairments can travel independently, using a wide
range of tools and techniques. Blind people are faced with many problems
such as independent and graceful travel.
In this we are using tracking system in which we are using GSM and GPS
system for detecting the person GPS whenever an accident happens or the
person needs help it sends the alert message to the predefined number with
location of the person received from the GPS.
At the same time we will implement the ultrasonic to detect the obstacles.
Whenever an object comes closer to the specific range then it generates a
sound.
A LDR sensor is used to detect the day and night condition in night it
automatically turns on the indicator.
A RF remote is used to find the stick if lost by the person whenever we press
the switch on the remote. Stick starts to beep, so we can hear their voice
and find out in which direction stick is.
GSM Overview:-
GPS Overview:-
VCC
VCC
TX
TX
GPS Receiver
U1
19 39 C1
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
38
P0.1/AD1 GND
GND
37
P0.2/AD2
18 36 10uF
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
35
P0.4/AD4
34 1 3 U2
P0.5/AD5
33
P0.6/AD6
9 32
RST P0.7/AD7 C1+ C1- +5V
21 11 14
P2.0/A8
22 12
T1IN T1OUT
13 C3
P2.1/A9 R1OUT R1IN
23 10 7
P2.2/A10 T2IN T2OUT
29 24 9 8
PSEN P2.3/A11 R2OUT R2IN
30 25 10uF
ALE P2.4/A12
31 26 2
EA P2.5/A13 VS+
27 6
P2.6/A14
28
VS- C4
P2.7/A15
C2+ C2-
1 10
VCC
P1.0/T2 P3.0/RXD
2 11 10uF
P1.1/T2EX P3.1/TXD
3 12 4 5 MAX232
4
P1.2 P3.2/INT0
13 C2
P1.3 P3.3/INT1
5 14
P1.4 P3.4/T0
6 15
P1.5 P3.5/T1 RX
7 16 10uF
P1.6 P3.6/WR
8
P1.7 P3.7/RD
17
GSM Module
AT89C52
GND
Material Used:-
1. Diodes (IN4007)
2. Capacitor (470uF,1000uf,22pf)
3. Voltage Regulator (7805 )
4. Resistors
5. LED
6. Microcontroller
7. Crystal
8. LDR
9. LM358
10. Ultrasonic Sensor
11. GSM Modem
12. GPS
13. Switches
14. Wooden body
15. IC bases
16. Ribbon wire
17. Jumper wire
18. Soldering Iron
19. Soldering Wire
WORKING
Power Supply: -
Power supply is the essential part of any device or project. We are using
relays, microcontroller and LCD. These components needs +5V DC supply.
So we need a power supply circuit of +5V DC. Power supply circuit includes
step down transformer, rectifier circuit, filter circuit and regulator circuit. A
indicating component is also attached with the power supply to indicate the
power ON condition of power supply unit.
Microcontroller: -
Ultrasonic Sensor:-
RF MODULE
Working of Project
It is a very useful and simple project for the blind peoples in all over the
world; in this project firstly we are using UDM sensors to measure the
distance between the person and any type of object in front. If it detects any
object in the front it alerts the person with buzzer, in secondly condition we
are using GSM and GPS system in which if something happens with the
person he just has to press an button on the stick it will automatically reads
the location co-ordinates of the person and send these locations to the
predefined mobile no. After pressing the button controllers starts to read the
location from the GPS module after receiving it send this with the help of
GSM Modem.
Next we are using RF remote with which if a person lost his stick he can try
to find it by the remote when he presses the button on the remote it sends
the commands to the stick and stick starts to beep.
Next we are using LDR sensor which turns on the Indicators in night
automatically.
Components Description
RESISTORS
The flow of charge (or current) through any material, encounters an opposing
Wire wound resistors are made from a long (usually Ni-Chromium) wound on
a ceramic core. Longer the length of the wire, higher is the resistance. So
depending on the value of resistor required in a circuit, the wire is cut and
hundred watts and resistance values from 1ohm to 100k ohms. Thus wire
Carbon Resistors:
Carbon resistors are divided into three types:
They are also called thin film resistors. They are made of a thin metal
values are not precise in value; however, such resistors are free of
Variable Resistors:
Potentiometer is a resistor where values can be set depending on the
are volume control, tons control, brightness and contrast control of radio or
T.V. sets.
Black 0 0 100
Orang
3 3 103 15 ppm
e
White 9 9 109
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
CAPACITORS
A capacitor can store charge, and its capacity to store charge is called
insulating material (known as dielectric). The two plates are joined with two
leads. The dielectric could be air, mica, paper, ceramic, polyester,
polystyrene, etc. This dielectric gives name to the capacitor. Like paper
capacitor.
Polar Capacitor:- Those capacitor have polarity are known as polar capacitor.
Non Polar Capacitor:- Those capacitor have no polarity are known as NON-
polar capacitor. Ceramic capacitor are the example of non polar capacitors
place in the electrolyte. If its one plate is charged positively, same plate
dielectric disc, which acts as capacitor plates. Leads are attached to each
proof coating. Disc type capacitors have very high value up to 0.001uf. Their
working voltages range from 3V to 60000V. These capacitors have very low
current in one direction only. Diodes have two terminal, an anode and a
cathode. The cathode is always identified by a dot, ring or some other mark.
a rectifying diode of the 1N4001-07 ( 1A) type or even one of the high power,
high current stud mounting types. You will notice the straight bar end has the
letter "k", this denotes the "cathode" while the "a" denotes anode. Current
can only flow from anode to cathode and not in the reverse direction, hence
the "arrow" appearance. This is one very important property of diodes.
As examples in these applications the half wave rectifier passes only the
positive half of successive cycles to the output filter through D1. During the
negative part of the cycle D1 does not conduct and no current flows to the
load. In the full wave application it essentially is two half wave rectifiers
combined and because the transformer secondary is centre tapped, D1
conducts on the positive half of the cycle while D2 conducts on the negative
part of the cycle. Both add together. This is more efficient. The full wave
bridge rectifier operates essentially the same as the full wave rectifier but
does not require a cetre tapped transformer. Further discussion may be seen
on the topic power supplies
1N400X series Diode:-
Features
Diffused Junction
1N4148 Diode
General application
High-speed switching
IC
IC (Integrated Circuit) means that all the components of the circuit are
fabricated on same chip. Digital ICs are a collection of resistors, diodes, and
transistors fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor, usually silicon
called a substrate, which is commonly referred to as wafer. The chip is
enclosed in a protective plastic or ceramic package from which pins extend
out connecting the IC to other device. Suffix N or P stands for dual-in-line
(plastic package (DIP) while suffix J or I stands for dual-in-lime ceramic
package. Also the suffix for W stands for flat ceramic package.
The pins are numbered counter clockwise when viewed from the top of the
package with respect to an identity notch or dot at one end of the chip.The
manufacturers name can usually be guessed from its logo that is printed on
the IC. The IC type number also indicates the manufacturers code. For e.g.
DM 408 N SN 7404 indicates National Semiconductor and Texas Instruments.
Burr-Brown : BB.
Also there are various series with CMOS logic family as metal state CMOS 40
or 140.
Transistor:-
The pull down resistor in the first circuit forces Vout to become LOW except
when the push button switch is operated. This circuit delivers a HIGH voltage
when the switch is pressed. A resistor value of 10 is often used.
In the second circuit, the pull up resistor forces Vout to become HIGH except
when the switch is operated. Pressing the switch connects Vout directly to 0 V.
In other words, this circuit delivers a LOW voltage when the switch is
pressed.
In circuits which process logic signals, a LOW voltage is called 'logic 0' or just
'0', while a HIGH voltage is called 'logic1' or '1'. These voltage divider circuits
are perfect for providing input signals for logic systems.
What kinds of switches could you use. One variety of push button switch is
called a miniature tactile switch. These are small switches which work
well with prototype board:
LED:- LED means light emitting diode. Its function is similar to the diode.
But these are not made up from silicon or germanium. These are generally
used as a indicating device. There are variety of LEDs are available in market
depending upon their size and colour.
Polarity of LED:- LED have polarity. We can judge its polarity by watching
flags in its structure. Bigger flag is known as cathode and smaller flag is
known as anode as shown below.
Features
Output current up to 1 A
Power supply: - Power supply is the essential part of any device or project.
We are using microcontroller and LED. These components needs +5V DC
supply. So we need a power supply circuit of +5V DC. Power supply circuit
includes step down transformer, rectifier circuit, filter circuit and regulator
circuit. An indicating component is also attached with the power supply to
indicate the power ON condition of power supply unit.
A step down transformer of 12-0-12 V and 750 mA is used to step down the
AC power supply. This transformer can provide current up to 750 mA. Our
circuit load is below 750 mA. So there will not be any loading effect on
transformer. Output of transformer is given to the rectifier circuit. We are
using a central tapped full wave rectifier. In this rectifier we are using
1N4007 pn diode to rectify AC voltage. Output of this rectifier is not purely
DC. Output of rectifier is rippled DC. So we need some filtering section to
rectify this ripples. Output voltage of rectifier can be calculated by :-
Vout= (12*2)- .7
Vout= 16.1 V
LED and resistor are connected in series so same current will flow.
Means 8mA current will flow through the resistor.
Now Total Voltage is =5V
Voltage across resistor is =1.6v
Current is = 8mV
So our equation will be
5V= (10mA * resistance) + 1.6V
3.4V=10mA * resistance
Resistance =3.4/10mA
= 450 ohm
Thus we can calculate the any series resistor for any input voltage and LED.
MICROCONTROLLERS (MCU)
circuitry for providing the function of memory and ports, for example we
have to
interface external RAM for data storage, ROM for program storage,
programmable
peripheral interface (PPI) 8255 for the Input Output ports, 8253 for timers,
USART
for serial port. While in the microcontroller RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers and
processing speed.
Description:-
Features:-
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
PIN CONFIGURATION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
VCC:
Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5 Volts.
GND:
Pin 20 is the ground.
The 8051 has an on chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run
it. Most often a quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin 19)
and XTAL2 (pin 18). The quartz crystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and
XTAL2 also needs two capacitors of 27 pf value. One side of each capacitor is
connected to the ground. Speed refers to the maximum oscillator frequency
connected to XTAL .When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator is
powered up we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using the
oscilloscope.
RST:
Pin 9 is the RESET pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a
high pulse to this pin the microcontroller well reset and terminate all
activities. This is often referred to as a power on reset .Activating a power on
reset will cause all values the registers to be lost. It will set program counter
to all 0s.
In order for the RESET input to be effective it must have a minimum duration
of two machine cycles. In other words the high pulse must be high for a
minimum of two machine cycles before it is allowed to go low.
EA:
PSEN:
PORTS 0,1,2,3:
All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have
value FFH on them. The following is a summary of features of P0-P3.
PORT 0:
PORT 1, PORT 2:
PORT 3:
P3.0 RxD 10
P3.1 TxD 11
P3.2 INT0 12
P3.3 INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 WR 16
P3.7 RD 17
RAM is used for data storage while ROM is used for program storage.
Data of RAM can be changed during processing while data of ROM cant
the RAM, but the Algorithms by which the calculation is performed is saved
in the ROM. Data which is given by us to calculator can be changed but the
PROGRAMMING MODEL
b) B REGISTER:
F0 PSW.5 Available
to the user
for
General
Purpose
OV PSW.2 Overflow
Flag
-- PSW.1 User
Definable
Bit
P PSW.0 Parity
Flag.
The SFRs DPL and DPH work together to represent a 16-bit value called
the Data Pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external
RAM and some instructions involving code memory. Since it is an unsigned
two-byte integer value, it can represent values from 0000h to FFFFh (0
through 65,535 decimal).
this instruction hasnt take any memory space. It is used to show the
the program.
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that
uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not
emit light directly. LCDs therefore need a light source and are classified as
"passive" displays. Some types can use ambient light such as sunlight or
room lighting. There are many types of LCDs that are designed for both
special and general uses.
LCDs are more energy efficient, and offer safer disposal, than CRTs. Its low
electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered
electronic equipment.
The LCD Module can easily be used with an 8051 microcontroller such as the
162A. The LCD Module comes with a 16 pin connector. This can be plugged
into connector 16 pin.
Most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively.
Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights
have 16 pins.
Pin configuration
PIN Name Function
2 VCC +5V
Register Select
4 RS 0 = Instruction Register
1 = Data Register
Enable
6 E 0 = start to latch data to LCD character
1= disable
7 DB0 LSB
8 DB1 -
9 DB2 -
10 DB3 -
11 DB4 -
12 DB5 -
13 DB6 -
14 DB7 MSB
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
Enable:-The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the
LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program
should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines
and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready,
bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0 transition tells the 44780 to take the data
currently found on the other control lines and on the data bus and to treat it
as a command.
MAX-232:
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs from a single + 5 V supply
via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for
implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages
outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be
made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.
Max-232(operating circuit)
Ultrasonic Module
LDR Circuit
Working
LDR is a very common and easy to use sensor. In this a ldr is placed between
the collector and base terminal of a transistor. Both the transistors are used
as a switch. When LDR is placed in light then the resistance of LDR goes low
and hence sufficient current flow through the base of transistor, which switch
on the transistor and output goes low. When a LDR is placed in the dark then
resistance of LDR is very high hence no current will flow through the base of
transistor which results in high output. A variable resistor of 1M is used to
change the switching light density.
Software Used:-
1. UMPS / KEIL
2. Orcad
3. ISPPROG