Parasitology Nematodes o Class aphasmidia /

Adenophorea
HELMINTHES
Trichuris, Trichinella,
Nematodes Capillaria
Trematodes Dioecious Separate sexes
Cestodes STAGES:
o Adult
NEMATODES o Larva (L1-L4)
Generalities of Nematodes Filariform larva
Possess uniform
Phylum ASCHELMINTHES muscular esophagus
Round worms Rhabditiform Larva
Non-segmented, cylindrical in shape Possess expanded
Presence of the PSEUDOCOEL (houses and bulb like posterior
the organs) esophagus
CHINITINOUS like CUTICLE o Egg / Ovum
Complete Digestive system
o Mouth Ascaris lumbrocoides
o Buccal cavity
Giant intestinal roundworm
o Esophagus muscular
OVIPAROUS
o Intestine
SMALL INTESTINE
o Rectum
Whitish/pinkish
o Anus
Soil transmitted helminthes
Reproductive structures tubular and
POOR SANITATION AREAS
coiled
Cuticle-fine striation
o Males: SPICULES, COPULATORY
Lives for 1-2 years
BURSA
TRIRADIATE LIPS / TRILOBATE LIPS
o Females: UTERUS, VAGINA,
o Triangular in shape
OVARIES
Adult possess:
No circulatory systems
o PI-3 Pepsin inhibitor 3
Nematodes may be free-living or parasitic
o Phosphorylcholine
Reproduction:
Final host : Man
o Oviparous
Undergoes Hearth lung migration
Unembryonated egg /
Ova not found in stool does not mean no
unsegmented egg
o Oviviparous/ovoviparous infection (eggs are highly resistant)
o All male Ascaris lumbrocoides
Embryonated egg /
infections
Segmented egg
o All female Ascaris lumbrocoides
o Larviparous/viviparous
infections
Larva
others (Stay at larva = visceral larva
Chemoreceptors:
migrans)
o Amphids
o Toxocara cati - cat
o Phasmids
o Toxocara canis - dog
Phasmid worms (With caudal
o Ascaris suum pig
chemoreceptors)
o Class Phasmidia / Secernentia Diagnosis stage:
Aphasmid worms(Without caudal
Unfertilized Ova
chemoreceptors)
 o Biggest
o Longer than wide
Fertilized Ova
o Smaller
o Embryonated in soil
Infective Stage:
Ingestion of Embryonated egg

Female
o 35cm
o Vulva
o LAYS 200,000 EGGS A DAY
o Larger
o Pointed posterior
Ova

Male : Unfertilized(Corticated or decorticated)

o 30cm o Narrow, long, thin shelled,
o COPULATORY SPICULE unorganized, refractile granules in
POSTERIOR all female infection
o 2 Spicules Fertilized
o Shorter o Decorticated (Infective stage) or
o Curved tail Corticated (Thick transparent
hyaline shell); All embryonated are
decorticated
o 2 weeks to become larvae
Eggshell (layer)
LIPOIDAL VITELLINE MEMBRANE (ONLY
IN FERTILIZED)
GLYCOGEN (Fertilized or not)
COURSE MAMMILIATED ALBUMINOUS
LAYER (Corticated ova)
Pathogenesis:
Tissue reaction to larvae
Intestinal irritation to adult worms
Complication to intestinal migration
Pathology: o 60,000,000 in a life span of 2 years
o 35-50 micrometer
LUMINAL PARASITE
Non-striated boarder?
May be asymptomatic
Abdominal pain, vomiting, growth stunting Ova
Intestinal obstruction that may lead to
Embryonated in soil (2-3 weeks)
intestinal perforation
Football or barrel shaped JAPANESE
Erratic worms may wander into other parts
LANTERN
of the body.
Protuberant bipolar mucus plugs
Larval stage:
EMRYONATED IN CLAYISH SOIL
o Eosinophilic Pneumonitis (Loefflers
Syndrome) Pathology
o Charcot Leyden Crystals
Over 5,000 eggs Symptomatic
Diagnosis: Over 20,000 eggs severe diarrhea
DFS MAY CAUSE RECTAL PROLAPSE
Kato Katz Pin fashion manner
Kato (Kato katz) Tech (DFS) o Secretes TT47 (Pore forming
Protein)
Treatment: MAY CAUSE PETICHEAL
HEMORRHAGE
Albendazole drug of choice (lab)
IRON DEFIECIENCY ANEMIA
Mebendazole drug of choice (lec)
Pyrantel Pamoate Diagnosis:
Trichuris trichiura DFS
Kato Katz
Aka Trichocephalus trichiurius
Concentration techniques
OVIPAROUS
Whipworm Treatment:
String of pearls esophagus
Albendazole with ivermectin
COLON (CECUM), ASCENDING COLON
Mebendazole
Final Host : Man
o Drug of choice (lec)
TROPICAL AREAS
Albendazole
Usually accompanied by Ascariasis
Infective stage and Diagnosis Stage : Enterobius vermicularis
Embryonated Ova
Similar to ascariasis due to same Seatworm, pinworm, society worm, tiwa
transmission and mode of transmission LOWER ILEUM OR CECUM (LARGE
Anterior Thread-like INTESTINE)
o Burrows into the intestinal mucosa CEPHALIC ALAE (during migration)
pin fashion manner CUTICULAR ALAR (WING-LIKE)
o Long EXPANSIONS
Posterior PROMINENT POSTERIOR
o Curve end (Fleshy) ESOPHAGEAL BULB (FLASK SHAPED)
Male: Final host: Man
o Single spicule Male:
o Retractile sheath o 2-5 millimeter by 0.1-0.2 millimeter
o 30-45 micrometer o Dies after fertilization
Female Female:
 o 8-13mm by 0.4mm? Diagnosis:
o Long pointed tail
Scotch tape swab
o 4,627 16,888 eggs/ day
Swellengrebel
o Dies after deposition
Grahamss technique
o UTERI OF GRAVID
Petrolatum
NOCTURNAL
Common in women than men
Female deposits egg in the PERIANAL
Cannot be controlled by sanitary disposal of
AREA only during the night
Scotch tape swab waste
Treatment:
Ova
Pyrantel pamoate
ASYMMETRICAL
o Drug of choice (lab?)
D SHAPED
o Secondary (lec)
Plane? Concave
Mebendazole
Seldom found in stool 5%
o Drug of choice (lec)
TRANSLUCENT SHELL
Albendazole
o Outer: Albuminous
o Inner:lipoidal HOOKWORMS
Air borne
STH
Diagnostic stage: Oviparous
Blood sucking
LATERAL SPICULES
o Causes anemia esp. in women
CEPHALIC ALAE
because of their menstruation
CUTICULAR ALAR (WING-LIKE)
Attached to intestinal mucosa
EXPANSIONS
Final host: man
Infective stage: SMALL INTESTINE
Undergoes heart lung migration
Embryonated egg
Dental pattern / buccal cavity
o Ingestion
o To determine species
o Inhalation
o For attachment
o Retro-infection
Eggs are indistinguishable
o Autoinfection
Male:
Can be transferred thru breast milk
o Tail end expanded because of
Pathology: copulatory bursa
Female:
Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis o Straight and pointed tail end
Nocturnal Pruritus ani, Insomnia, Phasmid Caudal receptors
Secondary Bacterial Infection, Loss of OVIPAROUS
appetite, abdominal pain, Vulvovaginitis,
Appendicitis.
Ectopic deposition of the eggs can occur
Familial disease
o Spreads easily Ancyclostoma Necator
o Everyone in the family must be duodenale americanu
treated s
Retroinfection: balik larva AKA Old world New world
Common in cold area hookworm hookworm,
 American Rhabditiform Larva Filariform Larva
murderer
First stage larva (L1) Second stage larva
Morpholog Slightly larger Small, (L3)
y cylindrical, Feeding stage / Non-feeding stage
fusiform, vegetative stage
whitish,
caudal
bursa Open mouth Closed mouth
Curvature C-shaped S-shaped
Shorter and robust Longer and slender

Life span 5-7 years 4-20 years Not infective Infective (Skin
penetration)
Teeth 2 pairs ventral Semi-lunar Causes
teeth cutting maculopapular lesion
plane ground itch
Disease Ancyclostomiasi Necatoriasis Papulovesicular
s, miners , eruption for 2 weeks,
anemia uncinariasis itching, edema
, tropical erythemia
anemia,
Laziness Ova
Male Tripartite and Fused and
tridigitate dorsal barbed Single
rays copulatory Thin
Copulatory bursa Transparent hyaline shell
spicules are not Bipartite / Unsegmented during oviposition
fused bidigitate Life cycle similar to ascaris
dorsal rays
Lungs
Larval migration
Ancyclostoma caninum
Bronchitis
o Dog
Pneumonitis
o 3 pairs of teeth
Ancyclostoma braziliense Pathology
o Cat
o 2 pairs of teeth Cutaneous phase : Ground Itch
Pulmonary phase : Wakanas disease
NA 0 pairs of teeth (Pneumonitis)
Intestinal phase : Blood loss (IDA),
AB 1 pair of teeth (lab) 2 (Lec)
Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, Eosinophilia
AC 3 pairs of teeth
Diagnosis:
AD 2 pairs of teeth
DFS
Kato Tech
Zinc Sulfate Centrifugation
Harada Mori (Larval stages L1 and L2)
Larva Formalin Ether
Treatment: Hook worm Strongyloide
s
Albendazole
Rhabditiform Long buccal Shoty buccal
o Drug of choice (Lec)
Larva Cabity; Small cavity; large
Mebendazole
Genital genital
Pyrantel pamoate
Primordium primordium
Strongyloides stercoralis Filariform Sheathed; Unsheathed;
Larva Pointed tail; with
THREADWORM short notched/bifid
OVOVIPAROUS esophagus tail end; longer
Strongyloidiasis esophagus
Adult parasitic Lives in tunnels in the Ova Eggs are all Similar to
mucosa of the small intestine alike; Ovoid hookworms
Fecally transmitted and STH (SANDY?) with thin shell but not
Heart lung migration containing 2-8 commonly
Eggs are rarely seen germ cell. seen in feces;
Forms: eggs are ovoid
o Parasitic with
o Free-living developed
Parasitic stage larva Chinese
o Male : Unknown Lantern Ova
o Female: Parthenogenetic
Phasmid caudal receptor
Pathology:
3 diff. cycles
o Direct Honey form appearance of intestinal
o Indirect mucosa
o Autoinfection Hyper infection and dissemination
Eggs are rarely seen because they usually Larva currens
hatch in the small intestine Cochin China Diarrhea / Vietnam Diarrhea

Infective stage:
Filariform larva
Skin penetration

Diagnosis:
FECT: Larva
Baermann technique
Beales string test
Harada mori
Entero test
Serologic Tests ELISA
Larva in feces and occasionally Sputum

Treatment:
Ivermectin with albendazole (lec)
HARADA MORI
10 days
Research lab
Culture of larval stage
Require a moisten filter paper
o Favor of hatching of ova
Materials:
o Slides and coverslips
o 15 ml centrifuge tube conical tube
o Pipets
o Filter paper
o Application stick
o Forceps
o Fresh stool
Steps:
o Cut narrow strip tapered end
o Smear 0.5 1g in the center
Kasing laki lang ng match
head
o 3-4 ml DH2O @ RT (25-280C) for 10
days
o Get a portion
10x objective observe for
larva