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1. For the given power system shown in Figure 1, draw the positive, negative and zero
sequence networks.
2. Two synchronous machines are connected through three-phase transformers to the trans-
mission line shown in Figure. 5(a). The ratings and reactances of the machines and
transformers are
Machines 1 and 2: 100MVA, 20kV; Xd = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 =4%, Xn = 5%
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Solution:
The transformers are solidly grounded on both sides, the zero-sequence network is
fully connected, as shown in Figure. 5(d). Since fault takes place on bus 3, third
column of ZBus of every sequence network is required. These can be obtained from
the respective YBus . Third column of each of the sequence network is given as follows:
j0.0493 j0.0789 j0.0789
j0.0701 j0.1104 j0.1104
0
1 2
ZBus3 = ; ZBus3 = ; ZBus3 =
j0.1999
j0.1696
j0.1696
j0.1407 j0.1211 j0.1211
Since, the LG fault is at bus 3, we must connect the Thevenin equivalent circuits
of the sequence networks in series, as shown in Figure. 6. From the figure we can
calculate the symmetrical components of the current If A out of the system and into
the fault using prefault voltage Vf as
Vf 16 0
I(f A)(0) = I(f A)(1) = I(f A)(2) = (1) (2) (0)
= = j1.8549p.u
Z33 + Z33 + Z33 j(0.1696 + 0.1696 + 0.1999)
Note that subscripts A and a denote voltages and currents in the high voltage and
low voltage circuits respectively, of the Star-Star connected transformer. No phase
shift is involved. From the above symmetrical components we can calculate a b c
LG voltages at bus 4 as follows:
V4a 1 1 1 0.2610 0.2898 + j0.0 0.28986 0
V4b 1 a2 a 0.7754 0.5364 j0.8660 1.01876 121.8
= = =
2
V4c 1 a a 0.2246 0.5364 + j0.8660 1.01876 121.8
3. The system shown in Figure 7. is operating at nominal system voltage without pre-
fault currents when a bolted LL fault occurs at bus 3 on lines B and C. Using the
bus impedance matrices of the sequence networks for subtransient conditions, determine
the currents in the fault, the line-to-line voltages at the fault bus, and the line-to-line
voltages at the terminals of machine 2.
Figure 7:
Figure 8:
Uppercase A is used here because the fault is in the high voltage transmission line
circuit. Since, I(f A)(0) = 0, the components of currents in the fault are calculated
from
(1) (2)
I(f A) = I(f A) + I(f A) = j2.9481 + j2.9481 = 0
(1) (2)
I(f B) = a2 I(f A) + aI(f A) = j2.9481(0.5 j0.866) + j2.9481(0.5 + j0.866)
= 5.1061 + j0p.u
I(f C) = I(f B) = 5.1061 + j0p.u
The base current in the transmission line is 167.35A, and so
I(f A) = 0
V(3,BC) = 0
345
V(3,CA) = 1.56 0 = 2996 180kV
3
The sequence voltages of phase A at bus 4 are
0 (0) (0)
V4A = Z43 If A = 0
1 (1) (1)
V4A = Vf Z43 If A = 1 (j0.1211)(j2.9481) = 0.643p.u
2 (2) (2)
V4A = Z43 If A = (j0.1211)(j2.9481) = 0.357p.u
At machine 2 terminals, indicated by lower case a, the voltages are
0
V4a =0
1 1 6
V4a = V4A 30 = 0.6436 30 = 0.5569 j0.3215p.u
2 2 6
V4a = V4A 30 = 0.3576 30 = 0.3092 + j0.1785p.u
This is according to ASA where HT side positive sequence voltage leads correspond-
ing LT side voltage by 30o . The opposite holds good for negative sequence voltage.
0 1 2
V4a = V4a + V4a + V4a = 0.8661 j0.1430 = 0.87786 9.4p.u
4. Find the sub-transient currents and the line-to-line voltages at the fault under subtran-
sient conditions when a double line-to-ground fault, with phases B and C involved and
Zf = 0 occurs at the terminals of machine 2 in the system of Figure 9.Assume that the
(0)
system is unloaded and operating at rated voltage when the fault occurs. [Z44 = j0.19,
(1) (2)
Z44 = Z44 = j0.1437.]
[Ans:If a = 0; If b = 19, 2626 154.6o A; If c = 19, 2626 25.4o A;If = 16, 5386 90o A;
V4,ab = 12.5686 0o kV ; V4,bc = 0; V4,ca = 12.5686 180okV ]
Figure 9:
Figure 10: