ELEC 0807

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1E
FOR
Magnetic Circuits
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Inductors

   


 
         
Transformers
                 !  

Lecturer Ted Spooner

Rm 133 EE email: e.spooner@unsw.edu.au

Lab & Tuts Dr Boshra Farah + tutors

Rm 206 EE email: b.farah@unsw.edu.au

mmf & Flux I

I

mmf & Flux Equations I

N + R Resistance
I %
V
Reluctance
+ R Resistance
N # V

Reluctance Flux = mmf/Reluctance

Ohms law I = V/R
= NI/ $

l
magneto motive force electro motive force &

=
0 . r A
.....mmf .....emf
A = cross sectional area
mmf = NI emf or Voltage l = length of circuit
Flux Current I 0 = permiabili ty of air = 4 .10-7
Reluctance "
Resistance R r = relative permiabili ty of material

Other equations
Function Force Flow Resistance
B = flux density = /A
to Flow
Electrical V I R H = Magnetising Force = mmf / (

Emf Current Resistance Amp turns per metre

Volts Amps Ohms () B = 0 . r .H
Magnetic mmf
'

Amp turns Flux Reluctance

Weber (Wb)

1
 Saturation affects in Magnetic
Magnetic circuit with air gap
materials
I
/ 0

Saturation Most designs have I

Rcircuit
to limit the flux to N 1 2

levels below +
NI V Rgap
saturation.

= NI/ applies only in the linear region

= NI/(
)

) * + , - .
I = V/(Rcircuit+Rgap)
Most magnetic materials only support a
limited amount of flux before they saturate.
This does not apply to air.

Voltage applied to a coil

Faradays Law t=0
t=0
I
emf = rate of change of flux coupled by a coil N Vb i
Vb 3

* number of turns in the coil Reluctance

emf = V = N d/dt
So what happens if we apply a DC voltage to
a coil?
Voltage on coil d/dt ie flux change or
Vdi/dt d/dt voltage opposing V
While V is const then d/dt is constant and
d/dt coupling coil Voltage on coil the flux and current increase linearly......We
have an inductor!

d di
V =N =L ........1 Sinusoidal Voltage applied to an
dt dt
mmf = Ni = .
Inductance L
Inductor
di d
N = . so I
In d uc to r L o a d
dt dt N
d N di
= substitute in 1 1
dt dt
di d N 2 di
L =N = 0 wt V o lta g e
dt dt dt 0 90 18 0 270 360
C urre nt

N2
L=
-1

L is proportional to turns squared.

L is inversely proportional to 4
Current and Flux have similar waveforms.

2
 Transformer Summary
Flux in a magnetic circuit is analogous to
I1 I2
current in an electric circuit.
V1 N1 N2 V2 Rload
Flux dependent on
mmf...NI and
reluctance of the magnetic circuit
d Power in = Power out
Current needed to maintain a flux is
v1 = N1
dt dependent on the reluctance of the circuit.
v1i1 = v2i2 so
d To maintain a large flux with a small current
v2 = N 2 v1 N1 i2
dt = = requires a low and or a high N.
5

v1 N1 v2 N 2 i1
= V produces d/dt
v2 N 2
d/dt produces V

9 : ; < = > ? : @ A :

6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? : @ A : B

Transfer energy from input to output

Used to change voltage and current levels in AC In at high voltage and low current and
circuits Out at low voltage and high current.
Without transformers: OR Vice-Versa.
Distribution of Electric Power is very difficult. Size (volume) of transformer is related to its
Use of power in appliances is difficult. VA rating.
Transmission of Energy is done at high voltage Work on AC only...ideally sinusoidal V
to decrease the current and hence the I2R losses. d
VN
High voltage means High insulation and dt
switching costs. if V = A sin( .t ) then A . cos( .t )

Summary
Transformer Flux in a magnetic circuit is analogous to
current in an electric circuit.
How much current is drawn by a transformer if no
load is connected to the output? Flux dependent on
Ideal transformer Inl = 0 because = 0 mmf...NI and
reluctance of the magnetic circuit
Real transformer Inl depends on the flux level,N, .
Transformer looks like an inductor.
Current needed to maintain a flux is
dependent on the reluctance of the circuit.
Large reluctance then Inl will be large.
To maintain a large flux with a small current
That is why transformers are built with no airgaps. requires a low and or a high N.
peak is determined by v, N, and the frequency V produces d/dt
d/dt produces V

3
 Ideal Transformer Real Transformer R1 R2

The windings have resistance ..

The windings have no resistance so no losses.
so losses R1 & R2.
The core has zero reluctance so it requires no
current to establish a flux in the core. The core has a non zero R1 R2

No losses in the core due to stray currents. reluctance so it requires

Xm
current to establish a flux in
All the flux produced by the primary winding
the core.....Xm .
couples the secondary winding.
Core has losses due to stray currents in the core Rm.
R1 R2

Xm Rm

Real Transformer Real Transformer

Some of the flux produced by the primary winding
does not couple the secondary winding X1. Equivalent Circuit
R1 X1 R2
R1 X1 R2 X2
Xm Rm

Xm Rm
Some of the flux produced by the secondary winding
does not couple the primary winding X2.
R1 X1 R2 X2

Xm Rm

Transformer SIZE Two Transformers each rated at 1kVA

Related to the VA rating and the frequency.
Core material is limited in the amount of flux that it can
take for a given cross-sectional area without saturating.
d
V =N = .N . max cos( .t )
dt
For given V and and then have to tailor the turns N to suit.
If is large then we need less N.
50Hz transformer weighs 30kg and has efficiency of 95%
Size of each turn is related to the current rating of the wire
used. 20kHz transformer weighs 0.5kg and has efficiency of 99%