I.

Objective

1. Understand the functions and importance of Protein in the body.

2. Discuss about the structure of protein (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Quaternary)
3. Define and discuss about the three categories of Protein (Globular, Fibrous,
and Membrane Proteins)

II. Pre-test

1. The structure formed by covalent bonds between adjacent amino acid residues in
a polypeptide.
A. Primary structure C. Tertiary structure
B. Secondary structure D. Quaternary structure
2. The combination of two or more polypeptide chains.
A. Primary structure C. Tertiary structure
B. Secondary structure D. Quaternary structure
3. These proteins are responsible for building arrangements in organisms.
A. Hormones C. Structural proteins
B. Enzymes D. Amino acids
4. It is the most abundant protein in the body.
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Insulin D. Glycogen
5. These proteins relay signals from one body part to another.
A. Enzymes C. Transport proteins
B. Hormones D. Collagen
6. It is a monotopic protein which is responsible for converting eicosanoic acid into
prostoglandins, prostoscyclin, and thromboxane.
A. lanosterol synthase C. prostaglandin E synthase
B. Cyclooxygenase-2 D. squalene-hopene cyclase
7. These proteins play an important in providing structural rigidity and in contractile
movement.
A. Globular proteins C. Membrane proteins
B. Transport protein D. Fibrous Proteins
8. These proteins function as enzymes, cell recognition markers, receptors, and
transporters of compounds in and out of cells.
A. Globular proteins C. Membrane proteins
B. Transport protein D. Fibrous Proteins
9. Different proteins typically contain from about ___________ amino acids.
A. 10 to over 1000 C. 30 to over 3000
B. 20 to over 2000 D. 40 to over 4000
10. Select the best definition of an enzyme.
A. An enzyme is an amino acid that speeds up chemical reactions.
B. An enzyme is a protein that is consumed in the diet and aids in chemical
reactions.
 C. Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reaction and are destroyed in
the process.
D. Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reaction but are not destroyed
in the process.

III. Activities

ACTIVITY I: True or False

Read carefully each statement below, place T in the blank if you think the statement is
True and F if False.
_______1. Proteins are single, unbranched chains of amino acid monomers
_______2. There are 21 different amino acids.
_______3. There are four levels that determine the shape of proteins.
_______4. Protein has 8 functions (enzyme, storage, hormone, motor, defense,
transport, receptor and structural)
_______5. Proteins are made of long strands of small molecules called amino acids.
_______6. Protein always remains as a straight chain.
_______7. Protein structure does not determine its function.
_______8. Enzymes function as a catalyst to increase the rate of virtually all the
chemical reactions that take place in a living system.
_______9. Quaternary structures describe the overall shape when a protein is
composed of two or more polypeptide chains.
_______10. Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids that creates the
peptide chain.
Source: http://genome.tugraz.at/MolecularBiology/WS11_Chapter03.pdf
https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_structuralbiology.aspx

ACTIVITY II: Fill in the Blanks

Read the text carefully. Select the answers from the box below.

Ribbon Nitrogen Fibrous

Oxygen Secondary Structure Spherical
Primary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Alpha Helix Carbon
Hydrogen Two
Proteins are organic compounds that contain the element (1)_________ as well as
(2)________, (3)________, and (4)________. Proteins are the most diverse group of
biologically important substances and are often considered to be the central compound
necessary for life. Skin and muscles are composed of proteins; antibodies and enzymes
are proteins; some hormones are proteins; and some proteins are involved with
digestion, respiration, reproduction, and even normal vision, just to mention a few.
The three-dimensional geometry of a protein molecule is so important to its function that
four levels of structure are used to describe a protein. The first level, or (5)__________,
is the linear sequence of amino acids that creates the peptide chain. In
the (6)___________, hydrogen bonding between different amino acids creates a three-
dimensional geometry like an (7)___________ or pleated sheet. An alpha helix is simply
a spiral or coiled molecule, whereas a pleated sheet looks like a (8)_________ with
regular peaks and valleys as part of the fabric. The (9)_____________ describes the
overall shape of the protein. Most tertiary structures are either globular or fibrous.
Generally, nonstructural proteins such as enzymes are globular, which means they look
(10)________. The enzyme amylase is a good example of a globular protein. Structural
proteins are typically long and thin, and hence the name,
(11)__________. (12)____________ describe the protein's appearance when a protein
is composed of (13)______ or more polypeptide chains. Often the polypeptide chains
will hydrogen bond with each other in unique patterns to create the desired protein
configuration.

Source: http://www.infoplease.com/cig/biology/proteins.html

ACTIVITY III: Structure and Function

Based in your knowledge about Proteins structure, fill the box with the appropriate
answers.
Source: http://genome.tugraz.at/MolecularBiology/WS11_Chapter03.pdf

ACTIVITY IV: Protein Structure

The structure of proteins is understood in terms of four levels of organization:

1) __________________________
2) __________________________

3) __________________________

4) __________________________

Primary Protein Structure

The ______________ of amino acid residues in a peptide or protein is referred to as its

primary structure.
Example: The primary structure of the pentapeptide is shown below:
The primary
structure of
peptides and
proteins is
analogous to
the
arrangement
of letters in a
word.

Primary structure of a protein is the _____________ of amino acids connected by

peptide bonds.
Different proteins typically contain from about 40 to over 4000 amino acids
There are 400 distinct dipeptides (202 ).
There are 8000 distinct tripeptides (203 ).
When there are 100 amino acids in the chain, there are 20100 = 1.27 10130 distinct
peptides!

Secondary Protein Structure

The properties of proteins depend not only on their sequence of
amino acid residues, but also on how they are folded, twisted,
and bent.

Secondary protein structure describes the geometric patterns

that occur when individual peptide chains ____ back on
themselves.

There are two common types of secondary structures, the (

helix) and the ( sheet).

The Alpha Helix geometric pattern resembles a

_________________.

The Beta Sheet geometry occurs when a peptide folds back on

itself in a ________________________ arrangement.

Tertiary Protein Structure

Alpha helices and/or beta sheets, along with the unorganized sections of a peptide
chain, fold into a more compact shape.

The shape of a peptide is called the tertiary

structure. ______________ are often used in
order to visualize tertiary protein structure. These
illustrative models use ribbon-like shapes to
represent the geometry of secondary structures.
The spring-like ribbons represent alpha helices
and the flat side-by side ribbons represent beta
sheets. Sometimes arrows are used at the ends
of ribbons to indicate the direction (from N-
terminus to C-terminus). Lines or thin tubes are
used for unorganized sections of a peptide chain.
The ribbon model for ribonuclease A protein (RNase A), an enzyme used to break down
RNA, is shown on the right.

Quaternary Structure

A large number of native proteins are a combination of __________ _______.

Quaternary protein structure is the overall

_______that occurs when two or more peptide
chains assemble to make a protein.

In proteins composed of two or more peptide

chains, the individual peptide chains are
referred to as subunits.

The quaternary structures of large proteins are

sometimes depicted using space-filling models.

In these models, the various subunits are often

shaded with different colors or grey-scale tones.

Example: ATP synthase (right)

The forces that hold the subunits together in

quaternary structures are the same as those
involved in tertiary structures.

ACTIVITY V: Globular, Fibrous, and Membrane Proteins

Proteins generally fall into one of three categories:

1) _________________ proteins

2) _________________ proteins

3) _________________ proteins

Globular Proteins

Globular proteins have a highly- ________________ and compact shape.

The overall shapes of these proteins are more _________ than string-like.

The globular shape allows for hydrophobic side-chains to be directed to the proteins
interior (forming water-free pockets), while polar side-chains are oriented outward to
form a hydrophilic exterior. The hydrophilic exterior allows globular proteins to be more
easily dispersed in solutions (intercellular and extracellular).

Globular proteins function as ________, chemical

signaling compounds, transporters of other
compounds, and antibodies.

Hemoglobin (shown on the right) is an example of a

globular protein

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins have long and narrow _______________ -like shapes.

They are much less compact than globular proteins.

The narrower shape makes it difficult for hydrophobic side-chains to be oriented toward
the interior region of a fibrous protein, and results in a hydrophobic exterior. For this
reason, fibrous proteins tend to be water-insoluble. Fibrous proteins play important roles
in providing structural rigidity and in contractile movement (muscles).

An example of a fibrous protein is collagen. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the
body. Its function is to provide structural rigidity and stiffness. It is found in skin,
ligaments, tendons, and other parts of the body.
An illustration of the components of collagen is shown above.

Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins are proteins that are ________________ to biological membranes.

Membrane proteins function as enzymes, cell recognition markers, receptors (allowing
chemical signals to be relayed between the interior and exterior of cells), and
transporters of compounds in and out of cells. Some membrane proteins extend through
the __________________ membrane and are called transmembrane proteins.

Examples of transmembrane proteins include the aquaporins.

Aquaporins function as transporter proteins; they facilitate the transport of water

molecules (only) in and out of cells.

There are several types of aquaporins, one of

them, aquaporin-1, is illustrated on the right.
Some membrane proteins do not completely
extend through the membrane; these are called
__________________ proteins.

An example of a monotopic protein is cyclooxygenase-2.

Cyclooxygenase-2 is responsible for converting eicosanoic acid into prostoglandins,

prostoscyclin, and thromboxane (you learned about this enzyme and these reactions in
a previous chapter). An illustration of cyclooxygenase-2
attached to a membrane is shown on
the right.

Source:

https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/mypptlectures/ch13_pept_protein_enzyme/lecture_no
tes_ch13_peptides_proteins,%20and_enzymes%20_current.pdf

IV. Post-test

1. Which of these illustrations represent Quaternary Structure?

C.

A.

D.

B.

2. It is found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and other parts of the body that provides
structural rigidity and stiffness.
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
 B. Insulin D. Glycogen
3. It is simply a spiral or coiled molecule, whereas a pleated sheet looks like a
ribbon with regular peaks and valleys as part of the fabric.
A. Beta Sheet C. Alpha Helix
B. Hemoglobin D. Enzymes
4. In a __________, the amino acid chain twists and folds in a manner that
enhances the protein's solubility in water by placing polar groups of atoms at the
protein's surface
A. Globular proteins C. Membrane proteins
B. Transport protein D. Fibrous Proteins
5. The bond that links two amino acids together is called a:
A. Polypeptide bond C. Dipeptide
B. Polypeptide D. Peptide bond

Answer Key (Pre-test)

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. D

Answer Key (Post -test)

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. D