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Summary - lecture 1-14

Structural Analysis & Design (Technische Universiteit Delft)

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AE2201 Structural Analysis and Design

(lecture overview)

Lecture 1 Introduction. Review of basic elasticity (stress, strain, basic eqns)

Course basics: Homework, Application sessions, Final

Introduction: Brief tie-in to historical theme (McGreadys flying contraptions);
Connection with subject matter of this course: How does one design a wing spar?
Back to the basics= Review of elasticity, Stress/Strain transformations-Mohrs circle,
Plane stress, Stress-strain equations, Equilibrium equations, Strain-displacement
equations

Example: Basic stresses and strains in a spar-like beam

Objective/comments: Use the historical theme to focus into the requirements for the
design of the spar of the Gossamer Albatross under bending loads. The need for
determining stress, strain, and displacements in a structure Tie-in to failure analysis
and thus basic design requirement: the structure should have geometry and material
that do not fail under applied loads

Lecture 2 Bending stresses

Bending: Review of engr bending theory- Basic assumptions. Applicability of

bending theory. Unsymmetrical bending-Normal stresses due to bending-Neutral axes
determination. Approximations of thin-walled sections

Example: Failure of beam in bending; Design of cross-section for given load

Objective/comments: Ease into analysis of beam sections using material students have
seen in previous courses on bending of beams. Importance of moments of inertia in
performance (will be used as tie-in with buckling later)

Lecture 3 Buckling of beams

Buckling of beam-columns. Governing equation. Solution for simply-supported

BCs. Effect of other BCs. Buckling mode shapes. Effect of initial imperfections.

Example: (a) Determination of beam EI to keep it from buckling under a given load
(b) Determination of maximum beam length (with given EI) to keep it from buckling
under a given load.

Objective/comments: Understanding the possibility of out-of-plane deflections under

in-plane loads. Understanding how to calculate buckling loads for simple 1-D cases
and how to use them to design beams.

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Lecture 4 Buckling of beams (contd). Beginning of Torsion

Buckling of beams- Use of energy minimization ot determine buckling load for

simple beams. Review of course Prep for final exam.

Example: Beam with tapering cross-section or beam with two different heights (step
change in EI) under compression.

Objective/comments: Combine energy principles and buckling to get buckling loads

for special cases. Is this maybe covered in another course and should not be here?

Application Session 1. Design of part of a space structure (buckling)

Students are broken down into groups of 30-40 and go to individual sessions (outside
the normal lecture hours). A TA works out in detail a problem/application combining
bending and torsion of beams. The TA collects questions (what students seem to have
trouble with or what further detail they would like to see covered) for discussion
during next lecture.

Lecture 5 Torsion

Torsion of solid cross-sections or closed hollow cross-sections: Prandtls stress

function formulation. Rate of twist: Torque=GJd/dz. Polar moment of inertia
Analogy of =Tr/(J) with corresponding bending equation =Mz/(I).

Example: Shear stresses due to torsion in some cross-section (TBD). Show where the
shear stresses and strains are due to torsion

Objective/comments: This serves as a means to introducing stress functions through

Prandtls formulation. Stress functions as a separate stand-along subject are
eliminated. Should warping functions and warping displacements be included.

Lecture 6 Torsion contd

Torsion of open-section beams. Stresses in a rectangular cross section under torsion.

Comparison of stresses in open and closed section beams importance of J.
(Re)introduction of the concept of shear flow and its relation to shear stress.
Juxtaposition of the 2: Failure occurs when shear stress reaches its ultimate and not
when shear flow reaches its ultimate. Effect of thickness

Example: Design of cylindrical or elliptical cross-section, closed and open.

Difference in required thickness to meet same applied torque

Objective/comments: Importance of torsional rigidity (GJ). Effect of open section on

shear stresses. Implications for design (closed vs open cross sections)

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Lecture 7 Shear

Shear in beams: Moment-shear relation. Closed and open sections. Determination of

shear flow. Shear loading in two directions (Sx, Sy). Importance of symmetry in
cross-sections (Ixy=0). Brief mention of shear center (see next lecture).

Example: (a) Shear flow in closed section beam (constant) (b) Shear flow in open
section beam (not constant). Comparison of the two.

Objective/comments: How to determine shear flow in a cross-section under shear

loading

Application Session 2 Design of part of fuselage door from CATIA class

Students are broken down into groups of 30-40 and go to individual sessions (outside
the normal lecture hours). A TA works out in detail a problem/application in
determining the shear flows in an idealized structure. The TA collects questions
(what students seem to have trouble with or what further detail they would like to see
covered) for discussion during next lecture.

Lecture 8 Shear contd

Shear in beams: Shear center. Determination of location of shear center. Symmetric

vs unsymmetric cross-sections. Twisting caused by shear load. Analogy/comparison
with pure torsion case. Shear off shear center=Shear through shear center + Torque.
Combined open and closed section beams.

Example: Determination of shear center location for a symmetric and unsymmetric

cross-section

Objective/comments: Emphasize importance of shear center. Should there be

mention of warping displacements/ deformations due to shear?

Lecture 9 Idealization of real structure

Combining previous concepts for use in real structure. Design/analysis guidelines.

Idealization of skin-stiffened structure. Tie in with historical theme (designing a wing
section). Booms. Normal and shear stresses in booms and skin. Shear stresses not
affected by presence of booms

Example: Fuselage section under shear. Determination of boom locations and sizes.
Determination of normal (bending due to shear) and shear stresses. Compare to design
process of real structure (not many differences).

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Objective/comments: How to use methods developed so far in order to analyze real

wing or fuselage cross-sections

Lecture 10 Taper in structures

Effect of Taper. Tapering webs. Tapering beams. Shear flow calculations in

tapering beams with booms

Example: Determination of boom forces and shear flows in tapering box-beam as a

function of location

Objective/comments: Analyzing idealized structure in presence of taper. Importance

of secondary loads introduced due to taper.

Lecture 11 Taper in structures (contd). Torsion of multi-cell beam

Effect of Taper continued from previous lecture. Torsion of multi-cell beam (wing-
box). Determination of shear flows. Sizing of thicknesses of skins and spar webs.

Example: Design multi-cell wing cross-section under torsion. Determine minimum

thickness values to avoid failure.

Objective/comments: How to calculate the shear flows in multi-cell wings in torsion.

How to use these shear flows to determine minimum thickness for the different
members.

Lecture 12 Shear of multi-cell beam

Shear of multi-cell beam (wing-box). Determination of shear flows. Sizing of

thicknesses of skins and spar webs.

Example: Design multi-cell wing cross-section under shear. Determine minimum

thickness values to avoid failure.

Objective/comments: How to calculate the shear flows in multi-cell wings under

shear. How to use these shear flows to determine minimum thickness for the different
members. Effect of cutouts (see also next lecture)??

Lecture 13 Cutouts Beginning of Energy methods (Castigliano)

Cutouts in fuselages and wings. Determination of shear flows in bays adjacent to a

cutout. Implications for design (thickness distribution around a cutout).

Example: periodic cutout (windows) versus one-off cutout (shear flows are different)

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Objective/comments: Provide approach for analyzing fuselage and wing skins in

presence of cutouts. Wing cutout here or in application session??

Application Session 3 Wingbox design

Students are broken down into groups of 30-40 and go to individual sessions (outside
the normal lecture hours). A TA works out in detail a problem/application. This may
vary from taper, cutout, multi-cell beam analysis or combination of these. The TA
collects questions (what students seem to have trouble with or what further detail they
would like to see covered) for discussion during next lecture.

Lecture 14 Energy methods (Castigliano) Wrap-up

Energy methods: Castiglianos 1st and 2nd theorems. Determination of generalized

displacements and forces in trusses, curved beams, stiffened beams.

Example: (a) Determination of displacements at specific loaded location in a truss (b)

Determination of local moments on a curved beam or stiffened beam

Objective/comments: How to calculate local displacements and forces using energy

minimization. Instead of stresses and/or strains, which are emphasized throughout the
course, displacements are given here primary role. Designing so that displacements
are kept below certain levels to avoid interference with adjacent structure, etc., is also
important.

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