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19-Mar-08
Line
Protection
Line Protection
Electrical faults in the power system
100%
ABB Group - 2 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Fault types
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightning are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
ABB Group - 3 -
Z
~ < L1- ~
N
ABB Group - 4 -
L2-
19-Mar-08
N
Line Protection
Main requirements on line protection are:
SPEED
SENSITIVITY
SELECTIVITY
DEPENDABILITY
SECURITY
ABB Group - 5 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Measuring principles
I>
block
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Dependent Time Overcurrent Relays
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEPENDENT TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS
100.0
10.0
Normal Inverse
1.0
Extremely Inverse Very Inverse
0.1
1 10 100
Current (multiple of setting)
ABB Group - 8 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Two or Three Phase Over current Relays
Reverse
operation
0.6x 3I0D
=65
Upol
3I0D Forward -3U0
operation
3I0 >
= the characteristic angle of zero
ABB Group - 11 -
DL1
DL1
DL2
DL2
DL3 DL3
e1 e func- I1
- 2 tion
19-Mar-08
I2
Line Protection
Directional wave protection
I U Trip
A B + + 0
~ ~ - - 0
F
- + 1
ABB Group - 17 -
+ - 1
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Application of distance protection
Why:
Local current and voltage: No need for communication
ZK=Uk/ Ik
Uk Uk=0
Zk metallic fault
A B
Z< Ik
The impedance is proportional to the distance!
ABB Group - 19 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
The principle of distance protection
Power lines have impedances of 0,3- 0,4 ohm/ km
and normal angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz
systems.
A B
ZL=R+jX
Z< Z<
Zsec= Zprim
VTprim CTsec
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Fault resistance
L3 L1
multi-phase faults
L1 L2
consists only of arc resistance
L2 L3
earth faults
consists of arc and tower
footing resistance
Warringtons
formula
L= length of arc in
28707 x L meters
Rarc =
ABB Group - 21 -
1.4
I Footing resistance
I= the actual fault current in
19-Mar-08
A
Line Protection
Application of distance protection
t3
t2
t1
A B C
Z< Z<
t3
t2
t1
A B C
t3
ABB Group - 23 -
t2
t1
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Application of distance protection
t3
t2
t1
A B C
f1 f2
Z< Z<
t3
t2
ABB Group - 24 -
t1
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Application of distance protection
t3
t2
t1
A B C
f3
t3
t2
ABB Group - 25 -
t1
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Design of distance protection
Switched scheme
consists of a start relay which detects the type of fault and select
(switch) the measuring loop to the single measuring relay. The
relevant loop voltages and currents are switched to the
measuring unit.
Full scheme
has a measuring element for each measuring loop and for each
zone
Z<
~ L1-N ~
L2-N
ABB Group - 26 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Requirements on Distance relay Zones
Zone-1
Must not overreach
Zone-2
Must overreach
Must co-ordinate with next section
Provides back-up for the next busbar
Provides back-up for the first part of next line
Zone-3
Can provide back-up for next line
Can provide back-up for next busbar
In feed of fault current at the remote busbar affects the effective
ABB Group - 27 -
Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1
IN RN XN
Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1-L2 IL2
location
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Measuring loop for three- phase faults
Zs XL
IL1 RL
UL1 IL2
UL2 IL3
UL3
location
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
The earth fault measurement
U= I1Z1+I0Z0+I2Z2 Z1=Z2
Z0 - Z1
I
U=I Z1+ N ( Z0 - Z1 )
3
U=IZ1+IN ( 3
)
ABB Group - 31 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
The earth fault measurement
The current used is thus the phase current plus the residual
current times a factor KN = (Z0-Z1) / 3Z1, the zero sequence
compensation factor.
(1+KN) Z1 gives the total loop impedance for the earth fault
loop for single end infeed.
ABB Group - 32 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Measurement Loops
Fault Voltage Current
R-Earth VR IR + Kn 3I0
S-Earth VS IS + Kn 3I0
T-Earth VT IT + Kn 3I0
R- S VR - VS IR - IS
S- T VS - VT IS - IT
T- R VT - VR IT - IR
R- S- T Any phase-earth voltage Corresponding phase current
any phase-phase voltage Corresponding phase-phase current
R - S - T - Earth Any phase-earth voltage Corresponding phase current
any phase-phase voltage Corresponding phase-phase current
ABB Group - 33 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Directional measurement
When a fault occurs close to the relay location the
voltage can drop to a value where the directional
measurement can not be performed.
Modern distance protection relays will instead use the
healthy voltage e.g. for L1- fault the voltage UL2-L3,
shifted 90 degrees compared to UL1. This cross
polarisation is used in different proportions between
healthy and faulty phases in different products.
At three- phase fault close to the station all phase
voltages are low and cross polarisation is not of any
use. Instead a memory voltage is used to secure correct
measurement.
ABB Group - 34 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Distance protection with mho
characteristic can not see an
average fault resistance
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 35 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX
Quadrilateral characteristic
improves sensitivity for higher RF/XF
ratio
It still has some limitations:
the value of set RF/XF ratio is
limited to 5
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 36 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Distance protection on short lines
jX Overreaching permissive
schemes increase the
sensitivity
Weak infeed logic for very
high fault resistance
Independent underreaching
zone 1 gives additional
advantage
RF
XF R
ABB Group - 37 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Distance protection on long lines
jX Load impedance limits the reach
in resistive direction
High value of RF/XF ratio is
generally not necessary
Circular (mho) characteristic
Has no strictly defined reach
in resistive direction
Needs limitations in resistive
direction (blinder)
R
ABB Group - 38 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Double end infeed
I1 I Load
I2
U1 U2
UF RF
UF = RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF1=
ABB Group - 39 -
I1
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Resistive fault, double end fed
VA
IA IB
+ +
EA Rf EB
- -
VA I +I
VA = k Z L I A + (I A + I B ) R f ZA = = k ZL + A B Rf
IA IA
The fault has more or less fault resistance.
If the fault is an arcing fault the fault resistance is normally very small.
ABB Group - 40 -
I A + IB
Z A = k ZL + Rf
IA k ZL
ABB Group - 41 -
There is a risk that zone 1 will trip for faults outside its border.
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Compensation of overreach in Zone1 due to load
X
Fault resistance reach influence
ph - E
A ZL If B If
1 2
If If=If1+If2+If3
Um ZF
3
Z<
ABB Group - 44 -
ZL
~ ZOM ~
ZL
~ ~
ABB Group - 45 -
overreaching
Line Protection
Parallel line out of service and earthed at both ends
= - 0.23 ZL
ABB Group - 46 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Parallel line in Service
D
Z = KOM
ZL
1 + KO
= 0.38 ZL
ABB Group - 47 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Distance relay settings for parallel lines
Underreach
Underreach
Permissive
Permissive
Overreach
Overreach
ABB Group - 50 -
19-Mar-08
ZM2, T2
ZM1, T1
A B
ZM2, T2
ZM1, T1
If B has a weak source,
Permission is sent by it could not see the
CS = ZM1 an Underreaching zone (ZM1) fault and fail to send
the carrier to A.
Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 *(T2 + CR) +ZM3 * T3
Z< Z<
overreach
19-Mar-08
ZM1, T1
A B
ZM3, T3
Advantages are
Better performance for high resistance faults.
Superior to pilot wire as digital decisions are
exchanged and not analogue
Superior to phase comparison which requires
faithful transmission of phase information.
ABB Group - 56 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Blocking communication schemes
A B
Z< Z<
ZM1, T1
A B
ZM3, T3
ZM2, T2
Carrier is sent when
ZM1, T1
the line is healthy
Block signal is sent by
CS = ZM3 the reverse zone (Zone 3)
Good for short lines,
Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 * TCR* CR+ (ZM3 * T3 + ZM2 * T2)
where it is impossible to
set 80-90% of the line
Overreaching inst. zone to be Block signal. length.
Blocked by a block signal).
ABB Group - 58 -
lines
Line Protection
Blocking Overreach Distance Protection
ABB Group - 59 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
FUSE FAIL SUPERVISION
Power swing
locus
t = 40 ms
ABB Group - 63 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Power Swing Blocking function
25ms
line disc
open & trip
CR CS
Z< (echo) Z<
t3 CS CR
t2
t1
CS = ZM2 l
CS (echo)=CR x low voltage x no start forward or
ABB Group - 69 -
reverse
19-Mar-08
pZL ( 1- p ) ZL
(I-P) ZL +ZB
ZA ZB
- DA =
ABB Group - 70 -
ZA+ZL +ZB
+
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Series compensated system
jX B A B
XC =70%
Xl =100%
100% F1
gap flashed
B
Consideration for line
A
distance protections
R
Correct direction
discrimination at voltage
70% gap not flashed reversal (negative fault
reactance)
variation in resulted line
ABB Group - 71 -
impedance
19-Mar-08
ABB Group - 72 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Line Protection
3.0
3.0 SETTING
SETTINGCRITERIA
CRITERIA
3.1
3.1 Reach
Reachsettings
settingsofofdistance
distanceprotection
protection
3.3.1
Low set voltage may be set at 110% with a typical time delay of 5
seconds.
3.3.2
High set stage may be set at 150% with a time delay of 100 m second.
ABB Group - 76 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
3.4
3.4 Power
PowerSwing
SwingBlocking
BlockingFunction
FunctionAssociated
Associatedwith
withDistance
DistanceRelays
Relays
Load encroachment
One problem with mho impedance elements is that the
fault resistance coverage varies with the forward reach
setting. When applying Zone-1 elements to short lines,
fault resistance coverage may be insufficient. It can also
be disadvantage for Zone2 elements to be set with
unusually high forward reach setting in relation to the
minimum load impedance. It may be possible for the
minimum load impedance to encroach upon the Zone-2
operating region.
ABB Group - 86 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Zone-2 load encroachment
ABB Group - 87 -
19-Mar-08
Line Protection
Zone-3 Remote back-up
General
Usually set to provide remote back-up protection for
adjacent sections of a transmission circuit.
May have independently adjustable forward and
reverse reach setting
Usually forward reach provides remote back-up
protection.
With duplicate main protection, there may be a
case for not applying Zone-3 remote back-up
protection at all.
In case of long 400kV lines it may be desirable
ABB Group - 88 -