Corsolezioneiii Posizionatoriedaccessori 160512111040

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VALVOLE DI REGOLAZIONE
Fano 20 Ottobre 2015
Massimo Benedetto - ESAFA

Packing Tipi e selezione dei materiali
The purpose of packing is to create a tight seal between the packing bore and the
valve stem to prevent fluid leakage to atmosphere.
Design and selection criteria for packing includes:
Low friction
Compatibility with the process fluid
Compatibility with the service temperature
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Titolo presentazione luogo presentazione
Spring-Loaded PTFE Packing
Because the packing rings are "V" shaped, the spring load forces
the edges of the rings against the stem and the packing box bore
to form a seal.
The concave surfaces of the packing rings always face high
pressure; therefore, process pressure also pushes the edges of
the rings against the valve stem and the packing box bore. The
orientation of the packing rings results in a pressure-assisted
seal.
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Spring-Loaded PTFE Packing
Spring-loaded PTFE packing arrangements are popular

because:
They have low friction.

They are chemically compatible with a broad range of fluids.
They provide a tight seal.
They have a long cycle life.
They provide constant loading because of the spring.
They require minimal maintenance.
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Jam Style PTFE Packing
The major disadvantage of the jam style packing is

the requirement for periodic adjustment of the
packing flange nuts to ensure that sufficient loading
is applied to create a tight seal.
Jam style packing is commonly specified for sour hydrocarbon services and other
applications that must conform to NACE. Because the NACE guidelines limit material
hardness, and because material hardness is a required property for a good spring material,
suitable springs are simply not available for spring-loaded packing.
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Jam Style Graphite Packing
Graphite packing arrangements are commonly specified in applications where high

temperatures (temperatures above 232 C) disallow the use of PTFE materials, or in
applications where it is necessary to limit leakage through the packing bore in the
event of a fire.
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Jam Style Graphite Packing
Although graphite is well suited to high temperature applications,

graphite has several negative characteristics, including the following:
Graphite is a high-friction material, and high friction can cause

rough valve stem movement.
If overtightened, graphite packing may totally seize the valve
stem.
Graphite tends to consolidate (compress) over time; therefore,
frequent packing adjustments are required.
For some type of stainless steel graphite tends to increase
corrosion (pitting corrosion). To prevent valve and packing
damage, sacrificial zinc washers are often included in the packing
arrangement.
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Low Leakage Packing
For many fluids and applications, the maximum allowable leakage

from gasketed joints and stem packing is 500 ppm. This low leakage
requirement has led to the development of several new packing
design.
Low leakage packing arrangements include fewer packing rings than
standard packing. The inclusion of fewer packing rings results in a
higher stress on each ring. The higher stress results in tighter
sealing.
A smaller packing surface results in less stem and packing wear, and
improved packing life.
The packing is live-loaded through the use of externally located
Belleville springs. Live loading places a constant load on the packing.
Live-loaded packing require less maintenance than jam style packing.
Massive guiding prevents lateral stem movement that can result in
packing damage.
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Low-Leakage PTFE Packing
PTFE cold forms easily and it does not have

good memory; i.e., after PTFE becomes
deformed, it does not return to its original
shape. When PTFE is used as a packing
ring material, a major concern is the
extrusion of the packing rings and the
resulting loss of sealing integrity. The anti-
extrusion rings and anti-extrusion washers
that prevent packing ring extrusion.
Because only a few packing rings are

included in the arrangement, there is extra
space in the packing bore. Lantern rings are
included to fill the empty space.
The packing arrangement that is shown in is designed to meet the 500

ppm leakage requirement at temperatures up to 232 C and at pressures
up to 51 barg (750 psig).
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Low Leakage Graphite Packing
The packing arrangement
To create a tight seal, PTFE includes graphite rings and
packing washers are composite rings.
included between the The major role of the
packing rings. PTFE is composite rings is to transmit
typically limited to 200 to 230 the loading force to the
C to prevent extrusion. In graphite rings. The graphite
this application, however, rings perform the primary
extrusion of the PTFE sealing function.
actually helps produce and
maintain a tight seal. For this
reason, this packing
arrangement is designed to
meet the 500 ppm leakage
limit at a maximum
temperature of 315 C.
Graphite packing is not as resilient as PTFE packing

and any lateral movement of the stem will enlarge
the packing bore, leading to leakage.
To prevent packing damage and subsequent
leakage, carbon guide bushings are located above
and below the packing rings to provide stem
guiding. The guide bushings are made of a non-
metallic material to prevent scratching the stem.
When low leakage is required at higher temperatures and pressures,

graphite packing rings are included in the packing arrangement.
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Live-Loaded Packing With Load Scale
The stem friction is extremely
high and packing loads must
be carefully managed to
prevent stem seizure. An
adjustable Belleville spring
arrangement allows precise
adjustment of the packing
loading.
As the Belleville springs are

compressed (by tightening the
packing flange nuts), the load
scale moves down relative to
the position of a fixed indicator
disk.
The position of the indicator
disk relative to the load scale
provides a visual indication of
the amount of loading force
that is applied to the packing
by the packing follower.
For extremely high temperature and high pressure applications, a graphite packing
arrangement not include PTFE packing washers. The graphite packing arrangement that
is illustrated in figure is rated to 650 C
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Considerazioni basilari per la selezione del packing -
Temperatura
The general rule for packing material selection that is suggested by

most valve manufacturers is as follows:
If the packing temperature is below 232 C: select PTFE packing.
If the packing temperature is above 232 C: select graphite

packing.
If minimum leakage after a fire is required, select graphite packing.
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Considerazioni basilari per la selezione del packing
In addition to the above guidelines, packing selection criteria may

include the following:
Line pressure
Packing material compatibility with the process fluid
Compliance with NACE guidelines
Leakage requirements (environmental concerns, plant policies,

etc.)
Maintenance schedules and costs
Friction and valve performance (good process control)
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Esempio di tabella per la selezione del packing - Parcol
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Esempio di tabella per la selezione del packing - Fisher
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Il KALREZ
KALREZ perfluoroelastomer parts combine the elastomeric properties of VITON

fluoroelastomer with the chemical resistance of TEFLON fluorocarbon resins.
Due to its unique properties, KALREZ should be considered for service in all
applications and environments where dependable long-term service is desired, as
well as in hot and/or aggressive environments which are beyond the serviceability of
common elastomers.
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Il VESPEL
VESPEL is the trademark of a range of durable high-performance polyimide-based

plastics manufactured by DuPont.
It is used in demanding applications where exceptional thermal resistance, low wear
and/or low friction, strength and impact resistance are desired.
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Cause di danneggiamento del packing
There are several common factors that may lead to premature packing
failure with subsequent unacceptable leakage through the packing.
Loss of axial loading caused by packing wear

Damage to stem or packing box finish
Accuracy of stem guide installation
Improper maintenance
Excessive packing box temperatures
Vibration of the valve assembly
Material incompatibilities
Cold flow of the packing material
Different expansion rates of the packing and metal packing box
components
Thermal cycling
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Attrito nelle valvole di regolazione fenomeni di disturbo
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Attrito nelle valvole di regolazione incollamento (stiction)
The presence of friction in a control valve increases the force necessary from the actuator to cause valve
movement. If the actuator is electric or hydraulic, the only real problem with increased force is the
additional energy required from the actuator to move the valve (recall that mechanical work is the
product of force and parallel displacement). If the actuator is pneumatic, however, a more serious
problem arises from the combined effects of static and dynamic friction.
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Ciclo stick-slip
Frequently, this overshoot in valve position causes the process to overshoot its
set point.
Then the valve sticks at the new position, the controller output reverses
direction and the whole process repeats in the opposite direction.
This causes an oscillation, called a stick-slip cycle.
If loop oscillations are caused by stiction, the controller outputs cycle often
resembles a saw-tooth wave, while the process variable may look like a
square wave or an irregular sine wave.
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Banda morta
A valve with dead band acts like there is some backlash between the controller
output and the actual valve position. Every time the controller output changes
direction, the dead band has to be traversed before the valve physically starts
moving. Although dead band may be caused by mechanical backlash
(looseness or play in mechanical connections), it can also be caused by
excessive friction in the valve, an undersized actuator, or a defective
positioner.
.
Many people use the term

Hysteresis instead of dead
band .
The ISA clearly calls the
mechanical backlash
phenomenon in control
valves dead band.
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Differenza tra isteresi e banda morta
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Differenza tra isteresi e banda morta
Hysteresis is a result of the non-elasticity in mechanical components
A stimulus to a component can not generate the same result when
that stimulus is different in relative direction.
It is caused by inherent characteristics of mechanical, electrical and
electro-mechanical components.
100 In essence, a different output is obtained for a given input depending
on the direction of the signal (increasing, decreasing)
80
60 yd
yu
40
Hyst % = yd-yu *100
20 Span
0
0% 50% 100%
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Effetti negativi della banda morta sul loop di controllo
Oscillations in a level loop under PI or PID control if the

controller directly drives the control valve (non-cascade).
A control valve with dead band can also cause oscillations

after a set point change in control loops on self-regulating
processes especially if the integral action of the controller is
a little excessive.
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Principi di pneumatica il dispositivo baffle/nozzle
The physical distance between

the baffle and the nozzle alters
the resistance of air flow through
the nozzle.
This in turn affects the air
pressure built up inside the
nozzle (called the nozzle
backpressure).
The baffle/nozzle mechanism

divides the pneumatic source
pressure to a lower value based
on the ratio of restrictiveness
between the nozzle and the fixed
orifice.
This system is very sensitive, as

shown by the graph.
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Principi di pneumatica il dispositivo baffle/nozzle
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-

feedback operational amplifier circuits, in that negative feedback is used to
generate an output signal in precise proportion to an input signal.
Both systems have very large gains.
Operational amplifier open-loop gains typically exceed 200000 (over 100 dB),
while just a few hundreds of an mm of baffle motion is enough to drive the
backpressure of a nozzle nearly to its limits (supply pressure and atmospheric
pressure, respectively).
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Principi di pneumatica La bilancia delle forze di pressione
Usually the baffle/nozzle mechanism is just one of several components comprising a

balancing mechanism in a pneumatic instrument.
weight unknown weight known
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some
quantity. Perhaps the simplest example of a balance-based instrument is the
common balance-beam scale used to measure mass in a laboratory.
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Imagine being tasked with the challenge of automating this laboratory scale.
First we would need a mechanism to sense when the scale was out of balance,
and another mechanism to apply more or less downward force on the other pan
whenever an out-of-balance condition was detected.
Now we have a highly sensitive means of indicating when the scale is

balanced, but we still have not yet achieved full automation. The scale cannot
yet balance itself.
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Fixing a bellows to
the frame of the scale so it
presses downward on the
pan where the brass weights
normally go, then
connecting the bellows to
the nozzle backpressure.
Now the scale is self-balanced!

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To make this air pressure readable to a human operator, we must add a

pressure gauge to the system.
The pressure gauge actually indicates how much weight is in the specimen pan,
not merely whether the scale is balanced or not.
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Nozzles and orifices must be made rather small in diameter in order to

minimize compressed air usage, but this means the mechanism will require
significant time to alter its output pressure (i.e. to fill and empty the bellows
and associated air tubing). Such a pneumatic mechanism will be impractically
slow if connected to a remote indicating instrument through a long run of
tubing, owing to the relatively large volume of that tube.
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Principi di pneumatica lamplificatore pneumatico
Adding a pneumatic pressure-amplifying relay to a force-balance system such as
our hypothetical laboratory scale improves the performance of that pneumatic
system.
This makes the scale more sensitive, better able to sense small changes in
applied weight. The volume gain of the pneumatic amplifying relay results in
greatly decreased response time to changes in applied weight.
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Posizionatori lamplificatore pneumatico
The design challenge for us, then, is how to construct such a pneumatic amplifier: a
mechanism to amplify small pneumatic signal changes into larger pneumatic signal
changes. In essence, we need to find a pneumatic equivalent of the electronic transistor :
a device that lets a small signal control a larger signal.
There is little functional

difference between this
mechanism and a
baffle/nozzle mechanism.
Both work on the principle of
one variable restriction and
one fixed restriction (the
orifice) dividing the
pressure of the compressed
air source to some lesser
value.
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The sensitivity of this pneumatic mechanism may be improved by extending the

control rod and adding a second plug/seat assembly. The resulting mechanism,
with dual plugs and seats, is known as a pneumatic pilot valve.
The combination of two

restrictions changing in
opposite direction results in a
much more aggressive change
in output pressure for a given
amount of rod motion than the
previous mechanism with its
fixed restriction and single
variable restriction.
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A similar design of pilot valve reverses the directions of the two plugs and seats.
The only operational difference between this pilot valve and the previous design
is an inverse relationship between control rod motion and pressure.
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We still do not yet have a pneumatic equivalent of an electronic transistor. To

accomplish that, we must have some way of allowing an air pressure signal to
control the motion of a pilot valves control rod.
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It is easy to see how the input air signal exerts control over the output air signal
in these two illustrations.
Whether or not a pneumatic relay provides a pressure gain, it is guaranteed to

provide a volume gain which is necessary to make pneumatic field instruments
practical.
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Principi di pneumatica gli strumenti force balance
Trasmettitore differenziale di pressione Foxboro 13A
Convertitore elettro-pneumatico Foxboro E69

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Positive voltage applied to the non-inverting (+) input strongly Pressure applied to the non-inverting input bellow presses the baffle
drives the output voltage more positive, while positive voltage toward the nozzle, causing the output pressure to rise dramatically.
applied to the inverting () input strongly drives the output Pressure applied to the inverting input bellow presses the baffle away
voltage more negative. from the nozzle, causing the output pressure to fall dramatically.
Rel pneumatico ad ingresso di pressione differenziale
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The nozzle backpressure can assume any value needed with
Tipicamente, un amplificatore separatore (voltage follower o negligible pressure difference between the two opposed bellows.
buffer) viene impiegato nel trasferimento di una tensione da un The system naturally seeks a condition where the pressure inside the
primo circuito, ad elevato livello d'impedenza, ad un secondo feedback bellows matches the pressure inside the input bellows. In
circuito, a livello d'impedenza inferiore. other words, Pout will (very nearly) equal Pin with negative feedback
L'amplificatore separatore interposto impedisce che il secondo in effect.
circuito sovraccarichi il primo circuito e ne alteri il suo We may assume zero baffle/nozzle gap motion (i.e. the gap remains
funzionamento. constant) so long as negative feedback is at work.
Se la tensione viene trasferita in alternata, l'amplificatore In this case the output pressure is exactly equal to the input
separatore un amplificatore a guadagno unitario: noto pure pressure, since that is what must happen in order for the two
come inseguitore di tensione. pressures to exactly oppose each other through two identical
bellows to hold the baffle at a constant gap from the nozzle.
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The feedback bellows has half the surface area of the input bellows. This
Negative feedback occurs through a voltage divider from the results in half the amount of force applied to the beam for the same
output terminal to the inverting input terminal, such that only one- amount of pressure.
half of the output voltage gets fed back degeneratively. If we assume that perfect balance (zero baffle motion) will be achieved due
to the balancing action of negative feedback, we conclude Pout must be
If we assume that perfect balance (zero difference of voltage) will exactly twice the magnitude of Pin.
be achieved between the two opamp input terminals due to the In other words, the output pressure must increase to twice the value of the
balancing action of negative feedback, we conclude Vout must be input pressure in order for the divided feedback force to exactly match the
exactly twice the magnitude of Vin. input force and prevent the baffle from moving.
The pneumatic mechanism has a pressure gain = 2.
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This arrangement effectively reduces the feedback force by placing the
Negative feedback occurs through a voltage divider from the feedback bellows at a mechanical disadvantage to the input bellows.
output terminal to the inverting input terminal, such that only one- If the distance between the feedback bellows tip and the force beam pivot
half of the output voltage gets fed back degeneratively. is exactly half the distance between the input bellows tip and the force
beam pivot, the effective force ratio will be one-half.
If we assume that perfect balance (zero difference of voltage) will The result of this divided feedback force is that the output pressure must
be achieved between the two opamp input terminals due to the rise to twice the value of the input pressure, since the output pressure is
balancing action of negative feedback, we conclude Vout must be at a mechanical disadvantage to the input.
exactly twice the magnitude of Vin. The pneumatic mechanism has a pressure gain = 2.
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Principi di pneumatica gli strumenti motion balance
Pneumatic instruments built such that bellows forces directly

oppose one another in the same line of action to constrain
the motion are known as force balance systems.
Instruments built such that bellows forces oppose one

another through different lever pivoting around the same
fulcrum point (such as in the last system) are technically
known as moment balance systems.
Instead of two equal forces balancing, we have two equal
moments or torques balancing.
However, one will often find that moment balance

instruments are commonly referred to as force balance
because the two principles are similar.
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If we follow our assumption that

negative feedback holds the
nozzle gap constant, we see that
the feedback bellows must expand
the same amount, and thus (if it
has the same area and spring
characteristics as the input bellows)
the output pressure must equal the
input pressure.
We call this a motion balance
system instead of a force balance
system because we see two
motions working in complementary
fashion to maintain a constant
baffle/nozzle gap instead of two
forces working against each other to
maintain all components in their
original positions.
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The gain of a motion-balance pneumatic instrument may be changed

by altering the bellows-to-nozzle distance such that one of the two
bellows has more effect than the other.
For instance, this system has a gain = 2, since the feedback
bellows must move twice as far as the input bellows in order to
maintain a constant nozzle gap.
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Principi di pneumatica il rel amplificatore pneumatico
Both force- and motion-balance pneumatic instruments are usually equipped with an
amplifying relay between the nozzle backpressure chamber and the feedback bellows.
The purposes of an amplifying relay in a self-balancing pneumatic system are:
1. to increase the open-loop gain of the mechanism so that its overall gain may be
more predictable and stable.
2. to provides additional flow capacity to fill and empty long pneumatic signal tubes
necessary to convey the output air pressure signal to remote locations.
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Principi di pneumatica il rel amplificatore pneumatico
Il rel amplificatore pneumatico aggiunto ad un sistema pneumatico

auto-bilanciato ha la funzione analoga di incrementare il rapporto di
amplificazione in anello aperto di un amplificatore operazionale,
rendendolo pi prossimo al valore ideale 1.
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Principi di pneumatica comparazione tra i sistemi force
balance e motion balance
Force-balance instruments are generally considered more accurate

than motion-balance instruments because motion-balance instruments
rely on the pressure elements (bellows, diaphragms, or bourdon
tubes) possessing predictable spring characteristics.
Since pressure must accurately translate to motion in a motion-

balance system, there must be a predictable relationship between
pressure and motion in order for the instrument to maintain
accuracy.
If anything happens to affect this pressure/motion relationship such
as metal fatigue or temperature change, the instruments calibration
will drift.
Since there is negligible motion in a force-balance system, pressure
element spring characteristics are irrelevant to the operation of
these devices, and their calibrations remain more stable over time
cycling.
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Posizionatori
A pneumatic control valves stem position corresponds linearly to

the amount of air pressure applied to the actuator is because
mechanical springs tend to follow Hookes Law, where the amount
of spring motion (x) is directly proportional to applied force (F =
kx)
A pneumatic actuator applies force as a function of air pressure and
piston/diaphragm area (F = PA), and the spring in turn compresses
or stretches to generate an equal and opposite reaction force. The
end-result is that actuator pressure linearly translates into valve
stem motion (x = PA/k)
Unfortunately, there exist many other forces acting on a valve stem
besides the actuator force and the springs reaction force. Friction
from the stem packing is one such force
Reaction force at the valve plug caused by differential pressure
across the plugs area is another
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Posizionatori
These forces conspire to re-position the valve stem so
stem travel does not precisely correlate to actuating
fluid pressure.
A common solution to this dilemma is to add a
positioner to the control valve assembly.
A positioner is a motion-control device designed to

actively compare stem position against the control
signal, adjusting pressure to the actuator diaphragm or
piston until the correct stem position is reached
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Posizionatori
Positioners essentially act as control systems within themselves (cascade

control) .
The valves stem position is the process variable (PV), the command signal to
the positioner is the setpoint (SP), and the positioners signal to the valve
actuator is the manipulated variable (MV) or output.
The positioner receives that command signal from process controller and
applies as much or as little air pressure to the actuator as needed in order to
achieve that desired stem position.
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Posizionatori
Posizionatore pneumatico Fisher modello 3582
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Posizionatori
Posizionatore elettro-pneumatico Fisher

modello DVC 6000
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Posizionatori
Control valve positioners are typically constructed in such a way to

source and vent high air flow rates, such that the positioner also
fulfills the functionality of a volume booster.
A positioner not only ensures more precise valve stem positioning,

but also faster stem velocity (and shorter time delays) than if the
valve actuator were directly powered by an I/P transducer.
Adding a positioner to a pneumatically actuated control valve give

the advantage of a superior valve seating (tight shutoff).
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Posizionatori
In order to fully force the valve plug against Proper positioner calibration is such that the valve stem does not
the valve seat to achieve a tight seal, all air begin to lift until the signal has risen slightly above 0%, which
pressure would have to be vented from the means at 0% (4 mA) the positioner will be trying to force the valve
diaphragm to ensure no diaphragm force to a slightly negative stem position. In attempting to achieve this
opposing the spring. This is impossible impossible demand, the positioners output will saturate low,
with an I/P having a calibrated range of 3- applying no pressure whatsoever to the actuating diaphragm,
15 PSI. resulting in full spring force applied by the plug against the seat.
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Posizionatori
While positioners are beneficial on
spring-equipped valve actuators, they
are absolutely essential for double-acting
pneumatic piston actuator.
A positioner must alternately apply air
pressure to both surfaces of the piston to
raise and lower the valve stem.
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Posizionatori tipo force-balance
1. The control signal for this valve is a 3 to
15 PSI pneumatic signal, coming from
either an I/P transducer or a pneumatic
controller.
2. This control signal pressure applies an

upward force on the force beam, such
that the baffle tries to approach the
nozzle.
3. Increasing backpressure in the nozzle

causes the pneumatic amplifying relay
to output a greater air pressure to the
valve actuator, which in turn lifts the
valve stem up.
4. As the valve stem lifts up, the spring

connecting the force beam to the valve
stem becomes further stretched,
applying additional force to the right-
hand side of the force beam.
5. When this additional force balances

the bellows force, the system
stabilizes at a new equilibrium.
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The feedback lever

position is determined
by the location or rise
of the cam which is
attached to the
feedback shaft.
1. The piston in the actuator moves to the

right, rotating the feedback shaft and
cam counterclockwise.
2. This rotation causes the feedback lever
to rotate clockwise, increasing the
compression on the feedback spring.
3. These rotations continue until the
additional force from the spring
balances with the input module force on
the summing beam.
4. When the forces are equal, the
summing beam returns to its steady
state or neutral position and the
actuator is held at a new position.
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Ingresso segnale
input 3-15 psi
Vite di
azzeramento
Uscite valvola
spool pilotata
Ingresso valvola
spool pilotata Vite di
(aria strumenti) regolazione
campo molla
(pressure range)
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Posizionatori tipo motion-balance
1. The control signal for this valve is a 3 to
15 PSI pneumatic signal, coming from
either an I/P transducer or a pneumatic
controller.
2. An increasing signal pressure causes

the beam to advance toward the nozzle.
3. Increasing backpressure in the nozzle

causes the pneumatic amplifying relay
to output a greater air pressure to the
valve actuator, which in turn lifts the
valve stem up.
4. As the valve stem lifts up, the upward

motion imparted to the right-hand end
of the beam counters the beams
previous advance toward the nozzle.
5. When equilibrium is reached, the

beam will be in an angled position
with the bellows motion balanced
by valve stem motion.
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At the heart of this mechanism is a D-shaped metal ring translating

bellows motion and valve stem motion into flapper (baffle) motion.
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1. When the input signal increases, the
bellows expands and moves the beam
along its vertical axis.
2. The nozzle pressure increases and, through

relay action, increases the output pressure
to the diaphragm actuator.
3. The increased output pressure to the

actuator causes the actuator stem to move
downward.
4. Stem movement is fed back to the beam by

means of a cam.
5. As the cam rotates, the beam pivots about

the feedback axis to move the flapper
slightly away from the nozzle.
6. The nozzle pressure decreases and reduces

If the flapper assembly is set close to horizontal, it will be
the output pressure to the actuator.
maximally sensitive to bellows motion and minimally sensitive to
valve stem motion, forcing the valve to move farther to balance 7. Stem movement continues, backing the
small motions of the bellows, resulting in long valve stroke length. flapper away from the nozzle, until
equilibrium is reached.
If the flapper assembly is set close to vertical, it will be maximally
sensitive to valve stem motion and minimally sensitive to bellows
motion, resulting in short valve stroke length.
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As shown in figure this

electro-pneumatic positioner
may accepts a DC current
input signal provided to the
I/P converter attached to
the positioner.
The I/P converter provides
the pneumatic input signal
pressure used by the
pneumatic positioner.
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Posizionatori elettronici
The next controller (PID) drives
the I/P converter as much as Use an electronic sensor to detect valve
necessary to achieve that
pressure.
stem position.
Use microprocessor to compare that sensed
stem position against the control signal by
mathematical subtraction (error = position
signal).
Use a pneumatic signal converter and
relay(s) to send air pressure to the valve
actuator.
There are two control algorithms working
together to maintain proper valve position.
One loop monitoring and controlling
pressure applied to the actuator
(compensating for changes in air supply
pressure)
One loop monitoring and controlling stem
position itself, sending a cascaded control
signal to the pressure control components.
The PI controller inside the
The command signal (sent from
positioner calculates how much
the process controller, PLC, or
other control system) tells the
air pressure at the actuator
should be needed to achieve
There are two controllers (PI and PID) inside
positioner where the valve stem
should be positioned.
the requested stem position the positioner work together to force the
valve to its proper position.
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Posizionatori elettronici tipo smart
Not only do electronic valve positioners achieve superior position control
when compared to mechanical valve positioners, but their array of sensors
and digital communication ability provides a new level of diagnostic data both
to maintenance personnel and the supervising control system (if programmed
to monitor and act on this data).
Examples of diagnostic data provided by electronic positioners include:
Supply air pressure

Actuator air pressure
Ambient temperature
Position and pressure errors
Total valve stem travel
Self-test
Self-calibration
Maintain a good degree of valve control in the event of a stem position
sensor failure adjusting the applied air pressure to the valve actuator
according to the pressure/position function it has recorded in the past
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Quando usare il posizionatore
Changes in packing friction due to dirt, corrosion, lubrication, or lack of lubrication are
expected.
Variations in the dynamic forces of the process; sloppy linkages (causing dead band);
and non-linearities in the valve actuator are expected.
The dead band of a good valve/actuator is within 2% - 5%. The positioner can often
have a dead band of less than 0.5% of stroke.
The positioner increases the actuator speed or thrust by increasing the actuator
pressure or airflow volume.
The positioner can modify the valve characteristics through the use of mechanical
links and cams or electronic function generators.
When the valve is in remote manual (open-loop) operation, the positioner will reduce
the effects of the valve hysteresis and dead band and improve the accuracy of the
response.
When the valve is under automatic (closed-loop) control, the positioner will normally
improve control, but will do that only if the loop response is slow when it is compared
to the control valve response (analysis, temperature, liquid level, slow flow, large
volume gas flow).
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Quando non usare il posizionatore
Response without a
positioner
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Accessori ausiliari
Regulators & Coalescent Filters

Volume Boosters
Solenoids
Quick exhaust Valve
Trip Valve
Transfer/Lockup Valves
Dump Valves
Metering & Needle Valves
Check Valves
Safety Relief Valves
Pressure Gauges
Volume Tanks
Manifolds
Selector Valves
Tubing
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Filtro - regolatore di pressione
Adjustable range
Integral 5 to 25 micron filters
Average to high capacity
Some offer integral
coalescent filters
Protects positioner & actuator
Coalescent Filter
Filter/Regulator
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Filtro - regolatore di pressione
Spring forces opens the plug (based

on regulated set point)
Back-pressure (When equalized)

pushes diaphragm upwards closing
plug and stabilizing at steady state.
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Scarichi rapidi
Used to unload air fast Quick ext. Pilot
Pilot and Non-Piloted

Benefits of using pilot design
Adjustable gain
Large Cv
Easily integrated with volume booster
by using feedback needle valve to
adjust gain.
Quick ext.
Quick ext.
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In
Pressure In freely flows to Cylinder

keeping diaphragm close.
When pressure In decreases below
Cylinder pressure the diaphragm opens
exhausting
At pressure equilibrium between In and
Cylinder the diaphragm is close. Cylinder
Exhaust
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Valvole lock-up
Typically used to fail in place

3-Way Valves can be configure as Lock-up Valves
2-Way Normally Close Valves can be also use
Solenoids can also be configure as Lock-up devices
3-way
2-way n/c
n/c C
n/o
Trip Valve
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Valvole lock-up
Common Supply
COMPONENTS LIST
Single Acting
1 2-Way Transfer/Lock-up Valve ATC/FO
2 3-Way Solenoid Valve Lock in Place
3 Filter Regulator (Hold Last Position)
When Solenoid De-
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Energized

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saipem

Massimo Benedetto - ESAFA

Design and selection criteria for packing includes:

Spring-loaded PTFE packing arrangements are popular

They have low friction.

The major disadvantage of the jam style packing is

Graphite packing arrangements are commonly specified in applications where high

Although graphite is well suited to high temperature applications,

Graphite is a high-friction material, and high friction can cause

For many fluids and applications, the maximum allowable leakage

PTFE cold forms easily and it does not have

Because only a few packing rings are

The packing arrangement that is shown in is designed to meet the 500

Graphite packing is not as resilient as PTFE packing

When low leakage is required at higher temperatures and pressures,

As the Belleville springs are

The general rule for packing material selection that is suggested by

If the packing temperature is below 232 C: select PTFE packing.

If the packing temperature is above 232 C: select graphite

If minimum leakage after a fire is required, select graphite packing.

In addition to the above guidelines, packing selection criteria may

Packing material compatibility with the process fluid

Compliance with NACE guidelines

Leakage requirements (environmental concerns, plant policies,

Maintenance schedules and costs

Friction and valve performance (good process control)

KALREZ perfluoroelastomer parts combine the elastomeric properties of VITON

VESPEL is the trademark of a range of durable high-performance polyimide-based

Loss of axial loading caused by packing wear

Many people use the term

Oscillations in a level loop under PI or PID control if the

A control valve with dead band can also cause oscillations

The physical distance between

The baffle/nozzle mechanism

This system is very sensitive, as

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-

Both systems have very large gains.

Usually the baffle/nozzle mechanism is just one of several components comprising a

weight unknown weight known

Now we have a highly sensitive means of indicating when the scale is

Now the scale is self-balanced!

To make this air pressure readable to a human operator, we must add a

Nozzles and orifices must be made rather small in diameter in order to

There is little functional

The sensitivity of this pneumatic mechanism may be improved by extending the

The combination of two

We still do not yet have a pneumatic equivalent of an electronic transistor. To

Whether or not a pneumatic relay provides a pressure gain, it is guaranteed to

Trasmettitore differenziale di pressione Foxboro 13A

Convertitore elettro-pneumatico Foxboro E69

Rel pneumatico ad ingresso di pressione differenziale

Pneumatic instruments built such that bellows forces directly

Instruments built such that bellows forces oppose one

However, one will often find that moment balance

If we follow our assumption that

The gain of a motion-balance pneumatic instrument may be changed

Il rel amplificatore pneumatico aggiunto ad un sistema pneumatico

Force-balance instruments are generally considered more accurate

Since pressure must accurately translate to motion in a motion-

A pneumatic control valves stem position corresponds linearly to

A positioner is a motion-control device designed to

Positioners essentially act as control systems within themselves (cascade

Posizionatore pneumatico Fisher modello 3582