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Mathonline
LEARNMATHEMATICS
ClusterPoints
ThispageisintendedtobeapartoftheRealAnalysissectionofMathOnline.SimilartopicscanalsobefoundintheCalculussectionofthesite.
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ClusterPoints
Example1
Example2
ClusterPoints
Definition:LetAbeasubsetoftherealnumbers.Thenthepointc R isaclusterpointofAif > 0,thedeltaneighbourhoodofc,V (c)
containsatleastonepointfromAdifferentfromc.Alternativelyaclusterpointccanbedefinedsuchthat > 0 a A {c} suchthat
a c < orrather, > 0 V (c) (A {c}) .
Note:AclusterpointcofasubsetAofrealnumbersneednotbecontainedwithinA.Also,afinitesubsetAwillcontainnoclusterpointsasitwould
beimpossibleforanyopenintervalaroundctocontaininfinitelymanypointsfromAregardlessofthesizeof sinceAwouldbefinite.
Let'slookatsomeexamplesnow.
Example1
DetermineallpossibleclusterpointsforthesetA = [2, 3) .
Allvaluesofx [2, 3]areclusterpointsofA.Forexample,thepoint2isaclusterpointofAsinceanydeltaneighbourhoodaround2containsatleast
onepointfromAthatisdifferentfrom2asillustratedinthefollowingdiagram:
1 1 1 1
choosea 2 = n
,thenA = 2+ n
,andthereforesince0 < a 2 = n
< then2 < a = 2 + n
< 2+ ,andso2isaclusterpointofA.
1 1
Wenotethat2 2+ n
since n
0 foralln N ).
3 < x < 3 + forall > 0.Wewillshowthatsuchan a satisfies 3 < a < 3 ,whichisequivalentto < a 3 < 0 orrather
1 1
0 < 3 a < .OnceagainbyoneoftheArchimedeancorollaries,since > 0,ifwelet 3 a = n then 0 < 3 a = n < and
1 1
< a 3 = n
< 0 and3 < a = 3 n
< 3 ,andso3isaclusterpointofA.
Infact,anypointontheinterval[2, 3]isaclusterpointofA.
Wecanalsoshowthatspecificpointsarenotclusterpoints.Forexample,considerthepoint4whichisnotaclusterpointofA.Ifwechoose 0 = 1,
thenV (4) = {x R : x 4 < 1} isthesetofx R suchthat3 < x < 5.ButAisdefinedastheinterval[2, 3) ,i.e.,thesetofx R suchthat
0
2 x < 3,andsothereexistsno x A forwhich 3 < x < 5,so 4isnotaclusterpointof A sincethe 0 = 1 > 0neighbourhoodof 4containsno
Example2
1
DetermineallpossibleclusterpointsforthesetA = {
n
: n N} .
Therearenootherclusterpointsofthissetwhichwewillproveincases.
Case1:Supposethatc < 0.Wewillshowthatforsome 0 > 0thatV (c) A {0} = .Let c = 0 > 0 .Then
0
1 1
V (c) = {x R : x c < min{c n
c
,
n 1
c}} = .
c
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