TPD Teacher Training Curriculum

lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|md
lzIfs tflnd kf7\oj|md
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
@)&#
k|fSsyg
ljifo ;'rL k]h g+=
!= lzIfs k];fut ljsf;
!=! lzIfs k];fut ljsf; kl/ro
!=@ ;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f tflnd
!=# tflnd sfof{Gjog k|lqmof M
M cfjZostfsf] lgbfg cg';f/ sf];{x lgoldt kdf ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g eO/xg]
M cfjZostf, dfu / pko'Sttfsf] cfwf/df tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfn] :jLs[t sf];{ dWo]af6 5gf}6 u/L
pko'St sf];{ ;+rfng ug]{
!=$ tflndsf] d"Nof\sg tyf k|df0fLs/0f
@= Kofs]hdf cfwfl/t :jLs[t tflnd kf7\oj|md
M ! cg'R5]b
s= g]kfnL
v= c+u|]hL
u= ul0ft
3= lj1fg
= ;fdflhs
r= :jf:Yo hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f
5= k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw
h= uf]Gkf
em= u'?s'n
`= db/;f
;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f lzIfs tflnd kf7\oj|md
!= lzIfs k];fut ljsf;
k];fut kdf bIf / nugzLn lzIfsnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] k|d'v cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . t;y{, lzIfsnfO{
k];fut ljsf;sf] pko'St cj;/ x'g' kb{5 . lzIfsn] l;Sg] / cfgf] k];fut bIftf ljsf; ug]{ ljleGg ljlw /
k|lj|mof x'G5g\ . pgLxn] tflnd sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL eP/ / cEof; sfo{, vf]h tyf :jfWoog, cg'ej cfbfg
k|bfg tyf cjnf]sg u/]/ cfgf] k];fut bIftf a9fpF5g\ . g]kfndf lzIfs ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df lzIfs k];fut
ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ n] o:tf ljleGg ljlw / k|lj|mof canDag ug{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . o; k|fkn] lzIfssf]
cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;df
;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f tflndnfO{ cu| :yfg lbOPsf] 5 .
@ ;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f lzIfs tflnd

lzIfssf nflu ;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f tflndsf] ljz]if dxTTj 5 . lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ df
k|df0fLs/0f tflndnfO{ lzIfs k];fut bIftf clej[b\lwsf ;fy} j[lTt ljsf;sf] cj;/;Fu cfab\w ul/g] pNn]v
5 . o; k|fkcg';f/ k|df0fLs/0f tflnd k'/f ug]{ lzIfsxn] lzIff lgodfjnL tyf lzIfs ;] jf cfof]u
lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd j[lTt ljsf;sf lgldTt c\s;d]t kfpg]] 5g\ .
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ cg';f/ k|df0fLs/0f tflnd #) lbgsf] x'g]5 / !%!% lbg u/]/ b'O{
r/0fdf ;~rfng x'g]5 . b'j} r/0fsf tflndnfO{ b'O{ v08df afFl8Psf] 5 M tflnd lbg] ;+:yfdf !) lbgsf]
klxnf] v08 / ljb\ofno cfwfl/t cg'ej;Fu hf]8\g] kfFr lbgsf] bf];|f] v08 . bf];|f] v08df ;xefuL lzIfsn]
cfg} ljb\ofnodf uP/ cEof; lzIf0f jf cEof; sfo{ u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu kfFr
sfo{ lbg a/fa/sf]=l;sfO cg'ej dflgg] Joj:yf 5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] tflnd ;fdfGotM lzIfs cfkm"n] cWofkg
ug]{ ljifo / bf];|f] r/0fsf] tflnd k];fut l;k tyf :yfgLo cfjZostfsf ljifodf ;~rfng x'g]5g\ .
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ n] k|df0fLs/0f tflndnfO{ :t/Ls[t -Standardised_ agfpg ljleGg
k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] k|df0fLs/0f tflnd :t/Ls[t tflnd sf];{ tyf tflnd ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df ;~rfng
x'g], b'j} r/0fsf] klxnf] v08sf] !) lbgsf] tflnd ;~rfng tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfaf6 dfq x'g], lglZrt
cfwf/df k|lzIfs 5gf}6 ul/g] / ljleGg cfwf/df ;xefuLxsf] d"Nof\sg\ ul/g] s'/f lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
#= tflnd sf];{ ljsf; / tflndsf] sfof{Gjog

lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ cg';f/ k|df0fLs/0f tflnddf lzIfsnfO{ cfkm"n] cWofkg ug]{ ljifosf
cltl/St k];fut ljsf; tyf :yfgLo cfjZostfsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd 5gf}6sf] cj;/ /xg] 5 . o;sf
nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . k|fkn] sf];{ ljsf;sf] lhDdf z}lIfs hgzlSt
ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . s]Gb|n] lzIfsnfO{ kof{Kt 5gf}6sf] cj;/ x'g] u/L tflnd sf];{x ljsf; ub}}{hfg]
nIf lnPsf] 5 . o:tf sf];{x ljb\ofno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lgb]{z u/]sf ljifosf cltl/St k];fut ljsf;,
:yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t ljifo, ljz]if cfjZostf ;DaGwL lzIff, k/Dk/fut ljb\ofno, dft[efiffdf
cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff / cGo cfjZostfsf If]qdf ljsf; x'g]5g\ . k|ToIf tflnd b; lbgsf] Kofs]h jf
df]8o\ 'n/ :jkdf ljsf; ul/g] 5g\ .
tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfn] ;xefuLsf] cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t o:tf sf];{ 5gf}6 u/L k|df0fLs/0f tflnd ;~rfng
ug]{5g\ . bf];|f] r/0fdf Ps} ljifo If]qsf jf km/s If]qsf df]8\o'n dWo] kfFr cf]6f df]8'n/ sf];{ ;d]6]/ klg
k|df0fLs/0f tflnd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;|f]t s]Gb| tyf ljb\ofnon] cfgf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df b'O{
lbgsf] df]8o\ 'n/ tflnd nufotsf cGo tflnd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
ablnbf] cfjZostf / tflnd ;~rfngsf] cg'ejcg';f/ tflnd sf];{x kl/dfh{g tyf kl/jt{g x'g]5g\ .
$ tflndsf] d"Nof\sg tyf k|df0fLs/0f

lzIfs k];fut ljsf;sf] k|fk @)&@ n] l;sfO pTk]|/0ff, tflndsf] :t/Ls/0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu tflndsf
;xefuLxsf] lgDgcg';f/ d"Nof\sgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M
!= Ps lzIfsn] kfpg] b'O{ r/0fsf] tflndsf nflu %)%) c\s kfpg] u/L hDdf !)) c\ssf
cfwf/df d"Nof\sg\ ul/g] 5 .
@= Pp6f r/0fsf] %) c\sdf z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng x'g] tflndsf ultljlw / lnlvt hfFrsf
nflu $) c\s / ljb\ofnosf] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu !) c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 .
#= z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng ul/g] tflnddf $) c\ssf] d"Nof\sg\sf cfwf/ lgDgcg';f/
x'g]5g\ M
pkl:yltM # c\s
cg'zf;g / tflnd sIfsf] lgod -xfp; ?n _ kfngfM @ c\s
tflnd sIfsf ;d"x sfo{, JolStut sfo{ / u[x sfo{ cflbdf ?lr / bIftfM !) c\s
b;f}F lbgdf ;~rfng x'g] lnlvt k/LIff M @% c\s
$= klRr; c\ssf] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu !) cf]6f ax' ljsNk k|Zgdf kfFr c\s, kfFr cf]6 ;+lIfKt
pTt/fTds k|Zgdf !% c\s / Pp6f nfdf] pTt/sf] k|Zgdf kfFr c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 . tflndsf]
j}wtfsf nflu tflnd sf];{ 9fSg] u/L ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L k|Zg kq lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .
%= b'O{b'O{ lbg] kfFr cf]6f df]8\o'n/ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ @% c\ssf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] d"Nof\sgsf
nflu k|To]s df]8\o'naf6 b'O{, b'O{ cf]6f ax' ljsNk k|Zg Ps,Ps cf]6f ;+lIfKt pTt/fTds k|Zg / s'g}
Ps df]8\o'naf6 nfdf] pTt/ cfpg] Pp6f k|Zgsf cfwf/df ;xefuLsf] d"Nof\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
^= tflnddf cg'kl:ylt /xbf k|lt ;];g )=% c\s s6\6f x'g] 5 / kfFr ;];g cg'kl:yt x'g] ;xefuLsf]
tflnd k'/f gePsf] dflgg] 5 .
&= ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bg d"Nof\sg\sf cfwf/M
k|ltjb]gsf] ;du| :jk / :t/Lotf
sIff cjnf]sg / k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] k'li6
kGw| cf]6f kf7 of]hgfsf] vfsf
tf]lsPsf kbflwsf/Laf6 k|ltj]bg k|dfl0ft
*= ljz]if ljb\ofnosf lzIfs tyf ;|f]t sIff ljb\ofnosf ;|f]t lzIfssf nflu Ps} k6sdf b'j} r/0fsf
tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] cj:yfdf z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df x'g] d"Nof\sg\sf nflu *) c\s /
ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltjb]g tof/Lsf nflu @) c\s x'g]5 .
(= ;xefuLn] k|fKt u/]sf] c\snfO{ lgDgcg';f/ >]0fL ljefhg ul/g]5 M
ljlzi6tf ;lxtsf] k|yd >]0fL M () c\s eGbf dfly
k|yd >]0fL M &% b]lv () c\s ;Dd
b\ljtLo >]0fL M ^) b]lv &% c\s ;Dd
;kmn M %) c\s jf ;f]eGbf dfly
!)= tflnddf ;kmn x'g b'j} r/0fsf b'j} v08df %) k|ltzt c\s NofPsf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .
lzIfs tflnd kf7\oqmd
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f
tx M k|fylds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M NEP-P-01-01
!= kl/ro
g]kfnL efiff ax';\Vos g]kfnLsf] dft[effiff xf] . of] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff klg xf] . Jojxf/df ax';\Vos g]kfnLn]] ljrf/
ljlgdo ubf{ oxL efiffnfO{ dfWod efiff agfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL efiff ljb\ofno txsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff klg xf] .
cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff ! b]lv sIff % df klg g]kfnL efiffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf kdf k7g kf7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; ljifosf]
;fKtflxs kf7\o ef/ * 3G6L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf] hDdf !)) k"0ff{\s tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; txdf g]kfnL l;sfpg'sf]
d'Vo k|of]hg j0f{ / cIf/ lrgf/L, z'b\bf]Rrf/0f, zAbfy{ / ;/n jfSosf] k|of]u tyf ;fdfGo eflifs bIftf clej[b\ lw ug'{ xf] .
plNnlvt kIfsf] l;sfO Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu afn aflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfOsf PsLs[t
sfo{snfk u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; s]Gb|n] k|fylds txdf k7g kf7g ug]{ lzIfsxsf nflu !)
lbgsf] lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k
/ sf}znnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf k|bz{g u/L kf7\oj|mdsf ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflnd sf];{sf ;Ifdtf

b; lbg] o; tflnddf ;lj|mo ;xefuL eO;s]kl5 ;xefuLx lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ . o;sf nflu b]xfosf ;Ifdtf
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
s= k|fylds txdf rfn' g]kfnL efiff kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf] lrgf/L
v= kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf eflifs l;kxsf] lzIf0fLo k|of]u
u= kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfOsf If]q / j|mdsf] hfgsf/L / pkof]u
3= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] pb\b]Zo, sfo{snfk / lg/Gt/ l;sfO d"Nof\sgsf] pkof]u
= j0f{ / cIf/ lrgf/Lsf tl/sf / k|of]u
r= sfo{d"ns Jofs/0fsf hfgsf/L tyf lzIf0fLo k|of]u
5= efiff l;sfOdf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L / pkof]u
h= eflifs l;k ljsf;df kf7\o k':tsafx]ssf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
em= k7g l;k ljsf;sf sfo{snfk lgwf{/0f / k|of]u
`= lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u
#= tflndsf ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

j|m=;= d'Vo ljifo j:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ;q kl/of]hgf sfo{
! rfn' kf7\oj|md / kf7\oj|mdsf] lrgf/L * kf7\oj|md /
kf7\o k':tssf] kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf kf7\o
lrgf/L k':tslarsf]
;fwf/0f pb\b]Zo
ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo cGt/
If]q / j|md ;DaGw
ljZn]if0f
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof
d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg
yk hfgsf/L
kf7\oj|mdsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
kf7\o k':tssf lrgf/L -sIff !% _
kf7\o k':tssf ljz]iftf -sIff ! %_
kf7sf] k|s[lt, gd'gf cEof;, eflifs l;k ljsf;sf nflu
ul/Psf] Joj:yf
kf7, eflifs l;k / efiff tTTjlarsf] cGt/;DaGw
kf7\oj|md / kf7\o k':tssf] tfnd]n tyf cGt/;DaGw
kf7\oj|mdsf] l;sfO pknlAw / kf7xsf] cGt/;DaGw
@ lzIfs lgb]{lzsf lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] lrgf/L @
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf
kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':ts / lzIfs lgb]{lzsflarsf]
cGt/;DaGw
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfkdf lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] pkof]u
# g]kfnL efiff g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf kf7xsf] pkof]u !)
lzIf0fdf kf7\o j0f{, cIf/ / dfqf lrgf/Lsf] n]vg / cEof;
k':tssf
kf7xsf] pkof]u k7g l;k ljsf; tyf pkof]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ub\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf kb\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x / ltgsf]
k|of]u
zAbe08f/ / jfSo /rgf lzIf0f
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
;fdfGo Jofjxfl/s n]vg
-sIff $ / %sf nflu lr7L, lgj]bg_
$ sfo{d"ns sfo{d"ns Jofs/0fsf] lrgf/L #
Jofs/0fsf] pkof]u Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfxsf] klxrfg / k|of]u
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f lzIf0fsf tl/sf
eflifs l;k ljsf;df sfo{d"ns Jofs/0fsf] pkof]u
kb;\ult / lj|mofsf] sfn
% bf];|f] efiffsf bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f / pkof]u @
kdf g]kfnL efiff bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo
lzIf0f efiff jf dft[efiffsf] pkof]u
^ lzIf0f of]hgf lzIf0f of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f #
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
& efiff lzIf0fdf kf7\o k':ts afx]ssf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 eflifs @
;"rgf / ;~rf/ l;ksf] pkof]u
k|ljlw efiff lzIf0fdf ;~rf/ k|ljlwxsf] pkof]u / ;"Id
lzIf0fsf kdf gd'gf cEof;
efiff lzIf0fdf kq klqsf tyf afn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf]
pkof]u
lnlvt k/LIff sfo{j|md -k/LIff ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ x'g] clGtd lbg
$% ldg]6_ clGtd ;qk5fl8
k/LIff x'g]
$= tflndsf ljlw
k|fylds txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfxsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b; lbg] lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6'
k]m; df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb}
b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
s= k|bz{g tyf gd'gf cEof; lzIf0f ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
u= 5nkmn tyf ;d"x sfo{ ljlw
3= kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
r= ;d:of ;dfwfg / :jcWoog ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\ sgdf ;xefuLsf] lgoldttf,
;lj|motf, ;dosf] kfng stf{, tflnd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf, ;"Id lzIf0f, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf] l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg /
k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf cfwf/;lxt dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf cfwf/df ;du| d"Nof\ sg ul/g] 5 .
tx M lgDg dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M NEP-P-02-01
!= kl/ro
g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] . of] ax';\Vos g]kfnLsf] ljrf/ ljlgdosf] dfWod efiff xf] . gkfnL efiff ljb\ ofno
txsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff klg xf] . lgDg dfWolds txsf] sIff ^ / sIff * df g]kfnL efiff ljifo clgjfo{ ljifosf
kdf k7g kf7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; ljifosf] ;fKtflxs kf7\o ef/ % 3G6L / hDdf !)) k"0ff{\s /x]sf] 5 . o; txdf
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Ifdtfx ljleGg df}lvs cleJolStsf] a'emfO, ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 JoSt ljifo j:t' / 36gfsf] ;'gfO /
k9fO, zb\wf]Rrf/0f, ljleGg ultljlwdf df}lvs cleJolSt, ;flxlTos /rgfsf] efjcg's"n k7g, Jojxf/f]kof]uL kq n]vg,
:jtGq /rgf, Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf] hfgsf/L, ;~rf/ lzNk / l;sfOsf nflu efiffsf] k|of]u tyf ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; u/L ;du| eflifs bIftf clej[b\lw ug'{ xf] . t;y{ plNnlvt kIfsf] l;sfO Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu afn aflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL
efifsf ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfOsf PsLs[t sfo{snfk u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; s]Gb|n] lgDg
dfWolds txdf k7g kf7g ug]{ lzIfsxsf nflu !) lbgsf] lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6
lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / sf}znnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf k|bz{g u/L kf7\ oj|mdsf ck]lIft
l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= lgDg dfWolds txdf rfn' g]kfnL efiff kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf] lrgf/L
v= kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf eflifs l;kxsf] ljwfut lzIf0fLo k|of]u / cEof;
3= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] pb\b]Zo, sfo{snfk / d"Nof\sgsf] lgwf{/0f / pkof]u
= lzIf0f l;sfOdf Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIf / ltgsf] hfgsf/L tyf lzIf0fLo k|of]u
r= efiff l;sfOdf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L / pkof]u
5= eflifs l;k ljsf;df kf7\o k':tsafx]ssf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
h= k7g sf}zn, /rgf sf}zn tyf zAbe08f/ ljsf;sf] k|of]u
em= l;sfO pb\b]Zocg'k lj|mofsnfksf] 5gf]6 / k|of]u

j|m=;= d'Vo ljifo j:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
! rfn' kf7\oj|md / kf7\oj|mdsf] lrgf/L % kf7\oj|md / kf7\o
kf7\o k':tssf] kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf k':ts larsf]
lrgf/L cGt/ ;DaGw
;Ifdtf / pb\b]Zo
If]q / j|md ljZn]if0f
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof
yk hfgsf/L
kf7\o k':tssf lrgf/L -sIff ^*_
kf7\o k':tssf ljz]iftf -sIff ^*_
kf7ssf] k|s[lt, gd'gf cEof;, eflifs l;k ljsf;sf nflu
ul/Psf] Joj:yf
cGt/;DaGw
# g]kfnL efiff g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf kf7ljwfxsf] pkof]u -s] s], !#
lzIf0fdf kf7\o lsg, s;/L_
k':tssf k7g l;k ljsf; tyf pkof]u
kf7ljwfsf]
pkof]u kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ub\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf kb\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ks ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
Jofjxfl/s n]vg -lr7L, lgj]bg_
Jofs/0fsf] pkof]u sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f lzIf0fsf tl/sf
kf7sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ Jofs/0f tTTjsf] klxrfg / ltgsf]
k|of]u
Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfx
-zAbfRrf/0f,zAbju{,kb;\ult,jfRo,sfn,kIf, efj, sf/s /
ljelSt,jfSo, zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljGof;_ ltgsf] klxrfg / k|of]u
zAbe08f/ / pvfg 6'Ssfsf] ;Gbe{k"0f{ k|of]u
% bf];|f] efiffsf kdf bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f / pkof]u !
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo
efiffsf] pkof]u
^ lzIf0f of]hgf lzIf0f of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f @
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
pkof]u
* d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof - k|sf/, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] @
pkof]u, gD;{ tyf dfkb08-Criterian and
Referanced test_ sf cfwf/df d"Nof\sg ug]{
k|lj|mofsf] lrgf/L_
hDdf #)
lnlvt k/LIff sfo{j|md -k/LIff ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ x'g] clGtd lbg clGtd
;qk5fl8 k/LIff x'g]
$% ldg]6_
$= tflndsf ljlw
lgDg dfWolds txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsxsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b; lbg lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{
k]m; 6' k]m; df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{
Wofg lbb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfjZostfcg';f/sf ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf cfwf/;lxt dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf cfwf/df ;du| d"Nof\ sg ul/g] 5 .
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M NEP-P-03-01
!= kl/ro
txsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff klg xf] . dfWolds txsf] sIff ( / sIff !) df g]kfnL efiff ljifo clgjfo{ ljifosf
a'emfO, zb\wf]Rrf/0f, ljleGg ultljlwdf df}lvs cleJolSt, ;flxlTos /rgfsf] efjcg's"n k7g, Jojxf/f]kof]uL kq n]vg,
:jtGq /rgf, Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t lgodsf] hfgsf/L, zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u tyf zAb e08f/ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L eflifs bIftf
clej[b\lw ug'{ xf] . t;y{ plNnlvt kIfsf] l;sfO Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu afn aflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL efifsf ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO /
n]vfOsf PsLs[t sfo{snfk u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; s]Gb|n] dfWolds txdf k7g kf7g ug]{
lzIfsxsf nflu !) lbgsf] lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf
lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / sf}zntfnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf k|bz{g u/L kf7\oj|mdsf ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{
;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= dfWolds txdf rfn' g]kfnL efiff kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o k':tssf] lrgf/L
v= kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf eflifs l;kxsf] ljwfut lzIf0fLo k|of]u / cEof;
3= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] pb\b]Zo, sfo{snfk / d"Nof\sgsf] lgwf{/0f / pkof]u
= lzIf0f l;sfOdf Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIf / ltgsf] hfgsf/L tyf lzIf0fLo k|of]u
r= efiff l;sfOdf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L / pkof]u
5= eflifs l;k ljsf;df kf7\o k':tsafx]ssf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
! rfn' kf7\oj|md / kf7\oj|mdsf] lrgf/L % kf7\oj|md / kf7\o
kf7\o k':tssf] kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf k':tslarsf] cGt/
lrgf/L ;DaGw ljZn]if0f
;Ifdtf / pb\b]Zo
If]q / j|md
;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof
yk hfgsf/L
kf7\o k':tssf lrgf/L -sIff ( / !)_
kf7\o k':tssf ljz]iftf -sIff ( / !)_
kf7ssf] k|s[lt, gd'gf cEof;, eflifs l;k ljsf;sf nflu
ul/Psf] Joj:yf
cGt/;DaGw
# g]kfnL efiff g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf kf7ljwfxsf] pkof]u -s] s], !#
lzIf0fdf kf7\o lsg, s;/L_
k':tssf k7g l;k ljsf; tyf pkof]u
kf7ljwfsf]
pkof]u kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ub\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf kb\o ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ks ljwfsf kf7\o j:t'x /
ltgsf] k|of]u
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
Jofjxfl/s n]vg -lr7L, lgj]bg, z'esfdgf, lgdGq0ff_
Jofs/0fsf] pkof]u Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfx -zAbju{,kb;\ult,jfRo,sfn,kIf,
efj, sf/s / ljelSt,jfSo, zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljGof;_ltgsf]
klxrfg / k|of]u
zAbe08f/ / pvfg 6'Ssfsf] ;Gbe{k"0f{ k|of]u
% bf];|f] efiffsf kdf bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f / pkof]u !
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f bf];|f] efiffsf kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo
efiffsf] pkof]u
^ lzIf0f of]hgf lzIf0f of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f @
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof;
pkof]u
* d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof- k|sf/, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] @
pkof]u, cIf/f\sg kb\wlt, gD;{ tyf dfkb08-
Criterian and Referanced test_sf cfwf/df
d"Nof\sg ug]{ k|lj|mofsf] lrgf/L_
hDdf #)
lnlvt k/LIff sfo{j|md -k/LIff ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ x'g] clGtd lbg clGtd
$% ldg]6_ ;qk5fl8 k/LIff x'g]
$= tflndsf ljlw
dfWolds txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfxsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b; lbg] lt; ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6'
k]m; df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb}
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\sgdf ;xefuLsf] lgoldttf,
;lj|motf, ;dosf] kfngstf{, tflnd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf, ;"Id lzIf0f, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf] l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg / k|ltj]bg
k]; u/]sf cfwf/;lxt dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf cfwf/df ;du| d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f-pRrf/0f lzIf0f_
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M NEP-M-03-01
!= kl/ro
lzIfsxsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ lbgsf] hDdf ^ ;qsf nflu ;d]t pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / sf}znnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf k|bz{g u/L kf7\ oj|mdsf
ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
b'O{ lbg] o; tflnddf ;lj|mo ;xefuL eO;s]kl5 ;xefuLx lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ . o;sf nflu b]xfosf] ;Ifdtf
s= pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf] kl/ro, ljlw, ;d:of ;dffg / k9fO;Fusf] ;DaGw af]w
#= ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f
! pRrf/0f lzIf0f pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf] kl/ro, pb\b]Zo, cfjZostf

/ dxTTj
pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf] tl/sf / kf7xsf] pkof]u
pRrf/0f sl7g x'g] zAb tyf kf7\o /rgfsf]
;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL
pRrf/0f bf]if / lg/fs/0fsf pkfo ^
pRrf/0f / k7gsf] ;DaGw
kf7df k|of]u ePsf ljleGg vfnsf zAbxsf]
pRrf/0f cEof;
ljleGg kf7xnfO{ pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf b[li6n]
pkof]u ug]{ lzNk
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof; / k|bz{g
hDdf ^ ;q
$= tflndsf ljlw
dfWolds txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfxsf nflu bf];|f] P]lR5s r/0fsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b'O{ lbg] ^ ;qsf nflu
tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6' k]m; df]8ndf g} cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu /
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
;lj|motf, ;dosf] kfngstf{, tflnd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf, ;"Id lzIf0f, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf] l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg / k|ltj] bg
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f-zAbe08f/ tyf pvfg 6'Ssf lzIf0f_
!= kl/ro
lzIfsxsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ lbgsf] hDdf ^ ;qsf nflu ;d]t zAbe08f/ tyf pvfg 6'Ssfsf ;Gbe{df tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf;
u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / sf}znnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf k|bz{g u/L
kf7\oj|mdsf ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= g]kfnL zAbe08f/sf] klxrfg / k|of]u / k9fO;Fusf] ;DaGw af]w

! zAbe08f/ tyf ;|f]t, agf]6 / sfo{sf b[li6n] zAbe08f/ klxrfg

pvfg 6'Ssf zAbsf] k|of]u / ;Gbe{
k|rlnt / :yfgLo pvfg 6'Ssfsf] klxrfg /
k|of]u
kf7\o k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf k|f7\oj|md ;Dab\w -
k|fljlws, kfl/eflifs, kof{ojfrL, ljk/Ltfy{s, cg]sfy{s,
;\lIfKt, cg's/0ffTds, >'lt;dleGgyL{, l;\uf], n3'tfjfrL,
;d"xjfrs_ zAbsf] cy{af]w tyf jfSodf k|of]u
zAbe08f/ j[b\lwsf nflu l;h{gfTds n]vg
kf7df k|of]u ePsf ljleGg vfnsf zAbe08f/
tyf pvfg 6'Ssfsf] cEof;
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof; / k|bz{g ^
hDdf ^ ;q
$= tflndsf ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f- lnlvt /rgf lzIf0f_
!= kl/ro
lzIfsxsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ lbgsf] hDdf ^ ;qsf nflu ;d]t lnlvt /rgf lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= ljleGg z}nL / ;+/rgfdf ;flxTos / ;flxTo]t/ :jtGq Pjd\ lgb]{lzt n]vg lzNksf] ljsf;

! lnlvt /rgf lzIf0f n]vgsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj

lgb]{lzt / :jtGq n]vg
ljwfut dfgs n]vg cEof; - syf, hLjgL, lgaGw,
lr7L, b}lgsL tyf ks ljwfsf] n]vg cEof;_
n]vg, ;Dkfbg tyf k'gM n]vg
n]vg z}nL klxrfg / cEof; ^
gd'gf n]vg cEof;
hDdf ^ ;q
$= tflndsf ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f-k7g l;k k|jw{g lzIf0f_
!= kl/ro
lzIfsxsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ lbgsf] hDdf ^ ;qsf nflu ;d]t k7g l;k k|jw{gsf ;Gbe{df tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ljleGg kf7sf] k7g l;k k|jw{gsf pkfosf] hfgsf/L / pkof]u

! k7g l;k k|jw{g k7g l;ksf] ;}b\wfflGts kl/ro

k9fOsf tl/sf / k|sf/
af]w tyf cleJolSt
lgwf{l/t kf7nfO{ k7g tTTjsf cfwf/df k7g
lzIf0f / sfo{snfk -Wjlg ;r]tLs/0f, j0f{ lje]bLs/0f,
zAbe08f/, k7g k|jfx, af]w, n]vfO_ ^
k7g l;k k|jw{gsf] kl/ro / cEof;
k9fOsf] d"Nof\sgsf tl/sf - CAS / o;sf
;fwgxEGRA /CB-EGRA _
hDdf ^ ;q
$= tflndsf ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
ljifo M g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f-zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljGof; / zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u_
!= kl/ro
lzIfsxsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ lbgsf] hDdf ^ ;qsf nflu ;d]t zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljGof; / zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u sf ;Gbe{df tflnd
sf];{sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf lzIf0f;u ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / sf}znnfO{ k|efjsf/L
kdf k|bz{g u/L kf7\oj|mdsf ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ;Ifdtf
s= zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u;lxt n]vgdf z'b\w j0f{ ljGof; tyf zAb lgdf0f{ lzNksf] pkof]u
! zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 zAb lgdf0f{ cEof; / k|of]u

ljGof; / d"n zAb / Jo'TkGg zAbsf] klxrfg, k|of]u /
zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u cEof;
g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf ;d:of / If]q
j0f{ ljGof; lgb]{lzsfsf]- z}nL k'l:tsf _ kl/ro
n]Vo j0f{ ljGof;sf ;'wf/sf If]q
z'b\wLs/0fsf nflu zAbsf]]zsf] k|of]u / pkof]u
kf7df k|of]u ePsf ljleGg vfnsf zAbxsf]
lgdf{0f k|lj|mof, k|of]u / cEof;
ljleGg kf7xnfO{ zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljGof; /
zAbsf]zsf] k|of]usf b[li6n] pkof]u ug]{ lzNk ^
gd'gf lzIf0f cEof; / k|bz{g
hDdf ^ ;q
$= tflndsf ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
Teacher Training Curriculum
Subject : English Language Teaching
Level : Primary Course Code No: ENG-P-01-01
1. Introduction
This training course is based on the curriculum of English for grade 1 to grade 5 prepared
by Curriculum Development Center. This course reflects the urgent needs of the teachers
teaching in the Primary Level for building confidence in teaching English for
communication and literacy. It follows the premise that a successful foreign language
teaching at primary level depends on the ability of the teachers to link it with the primary
curriculum. This means that the teaching of a foreign language at primary level has to be
child- and needs-oriented, holistic and communicative, experiential, playful, intercultural,
authentic and autonomous. For that, teachers need a sound know- how of how to deal with
the skills and aspects of language, and how to integrate them to enhance learners abilities
for communication and expression. This course is an attempt to reflect this very essence of
ELT in school education in Nepal.
2. Course Competencies
On completion of the training course, the participating teachers will be able to:
a. Show an understanding of aspects and skills of English Language Teaching (ELT)

relevant to Nepalese context
b. Analyze English curriculum and textbooks for primary level in terms of its
relevancy and appropriateness to the Nepalese context.
c. Develop competence and confidence for teaching fundamental skills and aspects
of English language teaching for communication and literacy.
d. Develop appropriate tasks and activities for teaching English.
3. Course Contents
Elaboration of Content
S.N Main Themes Content in Detail Weight
1. Overview of ELT Overview of the current English 4.5 hours
curriculum, textbook curriculum, textbook and teachers guide
and teachers guide of primary level in terms of focus,
structure, content relevancy and their
interrelationship
2. Teaching Language Aspects of language teaching 4.5 hours
skills and aspects Language skills and their importance in real
life
Integration of language skills in teaching
Teaching aids for teaching language skills
and aspects
Language games
3. Teaching listening Listening and hearing 7.5 hours
What makes listening difficult?
Sound files for listening
Listening comprehension
Listening techniques
Designing tasks and activities for
teaching listening
Assessing listening: techniques
Micro-teaching
4. Teaching speaking Designing relevant activities and tasks 6 hours
for developing communicative skills
Teaching pronunciation: techniques and
tasks
Fluency vs accuracy
Teaching language functions
Testing speaking skill: techniques
Micro-teaching
5. Teaching reading Reading: what and why? 7.5 hours
Techniques of reading: scanning,
skimming, reading for gist, reading for
main ideas
Silent reading vs loud reading
Reading comprehension
Designing appropriate reading activities
and tasks
Reading Para-orthographic texts
Testing reading: techniques
Micro-teaching
26
6. Teaching writing Activities for teaching writing in primary 6 hours
level:
Writing words and sentences
Writing simple postcards
Filling in forms with personal details
Writing simple notes and messages
Describing pictures/ scenes/ places/
people
Creative expression through writing
Mechanics of writing
Testing writing: techniques
Micro-teaching
7. Teaching vocabulary Aspects of teaching vocabulary: form, 4.5 hours
meaning, grammar, use
Techniques of teaching word meaning
teaching vocabulary.
Testing vocabulary: techniques
Micro-teaching
8. Teaching grammar The inductive and deductive approach 4.5 hours
of teaching grammar
Teaching of grammar in context
teaching grammar.
Testing grammar: techniques
Micro-teaching
4. Training Processes
The English teachers of Primary Level will be the expected participants of the training.
The training sessions shall be entirely based on the teachers need and the contents of the
course and curriculum. The following methods, strategies and techniques shall be
followed during the training:
10 days face to face training center based delivery and learning facilitation
Demonstration, interactive lecture, discussion
Group work, pair work and individual meaningful task based learning activities
Self-study exercises and project works
Case study, discovery and text based approach
Peer teaching/ micro teaching
27
28
Level : Lower Secondary Course Code No: ENG-P-02-01
1. Introduction
This training course is for the English teachers of lower secondary level and thus, is based on the
basic level curriculum of English. It aims for developing the lower secondary level teachers with
additional knowledge and skills in English language teaching. Furthermore, this course has been
developed in line with the recently developed teacher competencies. This course covers
knowledge, skill and practices related to teaching different language skills and aspects.
On completion of the course the participating teachers will be able to:
a. show an understanding of the difficulties and opportunities in English language teaching

in Nepal
b. show an understanding of the structure of basic level English curriculum and textbooks
c. experience and reflect on the methods and techniques demonstrated by the facilitators
d. apply the techniques to make short demonstration in the training and in their classroom
teaching
e. plan and teach language skills and aspects communicatively
f. design assessment tools for assessing language skills and aspects
29
3. Course Contents
Elaboration of Contents
S.N Main Themes Contents in Detail Weight
9. Curriculum and Characteristics of an ELT curriculum 4.5 hrs
Textbook Structure of Basic English Curriculum and Textbooks of Nepal
Co-relation of learning outcomes, textbook contents and text book text
adaptation (Practical activities)
Teaching without a textbook
10. ELT Methodology Different approaches, methods and techniques in ELT 6 hrs
Teaching English in Nepalese context : problems and prospects
Communicative approach of language teaching
Task/Project based approach
Functional approach
11. Teaching Listening Stages and techniques of teaching listening 6 hrs
Presentation of listening activities in the Basic English textbooks
Listening games
Types of listening texts in the Basic English textbooks (practical)
Design and delivery of a listening lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a listening test (Theory and Practice)
12. Teaching Speaking Language functions and their implication in speaking 6 hrs
Components of speaking
Stages and techniques of teaching speaking
Presentation of speaking activities in the Basic English textbooks
Speaking games
Functions in Basic English curriculum and the forms in the
textbooks (Practical)
Design and delivery of a speaking lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a speaking test (Theory and Practice)
13. Teaching Reading Reading sub-skills 6 hrs
Different kinds of reading texts in the Basic English textbooks and
their implication
Stages and techniques of teaching reading
Reading games
Design and delivery of a reading lesson (Practical tasks)
30
Designing of a reading test (Theory and Practice)
14. Teaching Writing Different kinds of writing texts and their implication 6 hrs
Stages of teaching writing
Techniques of teaching writing
Writing tasks in the Basic English textbooks
Writing games
Design and delivery of a writing lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a writing test and correction techniques (Theory and
Practice)
15. Teaching Active and passive vocabulary 3 hrs
Vocabulary Aspects of learning a word
Techniques of teaching vocabulary
Teaching of vocabulary in context
Presentation of vocabulary in Basic English textbooks
16. Teaching Grammar Teaching grammar 3 hrs
Grammar lesson in Basic English textbooks
Grammar games
Design and delivery of a grammar lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a grammar test (Theory and Practice)
17. Language Testing Types of language test 4.5 hrs
Test structure of English in Basic level
Qualities of a good test item
Types of comprehension questions
31
4. Methodology
This is the course for 10 days face-to-face training for the English teachers of lower secondary
level. The following methods will be adopted during the delivery of the training:
Short lecture followed by discussion
Demonstration
Discussion
Group work, pair work and individual work
Presentation
Micro teaching
32
Level : Secondary Course Code No: ENG-P-03-01
1. Introduction
This training course is based on the curriculum of English for Grade 9 and Grade 10 prepared by
Curriculum Development Centre. The teachers teaching English at the secondary level are the
beneficiary of the training. The skills contents of this course are selected on the basis of needs of
secondary level English teachers and subject contents the curriculum of this level cover. It is expected
that the teachers would equip themselves and refresh their knowledge on pedagogy through training
which eventually result in better pedagogical performance on their classes. It will also help teachers to
develop competencies for co-operation, criticality and positive thinking skills.
a. Analyze English curriculum and textbooks for secondary levels in terms of their relevancy
and appropriateness to the Nepalese context
b. Adapt the contents and textbook tasks so as to make them specific, relevant and learner
friendly
c. Apply and adapt the recent and influential ELT methods, approaches and techniques in their
teaching
d. Plan, teach and assess various skills and aspects of English language effectively
e. Construct and use assessment tools to assess students progress and learning vis--vis
expected learning outcomes, and provide feedback to the students
f. Inculcate in learners study skills for learning English inside and outside the school
environment
g. Use basic IT skills to explore, adapt and use teaching learning materials for the EFL
classrooms
33
3. Course Contents
Elaboration of Contents
Overview of Curriculum, Concept and elements of ELT curriculum 4.5 hrs
Textbook and Teachers' Guide Curriculum as a guide
Overview of the current English curriculum and textbooks of secondary
level
Use of curriculum, textbook and teachers' guide
Co-relation of learning outcomes, textbook contents and text book text
adaptation (Practical activities)
Current Trends in ELT Teaching English communicatively 4.5 hrs
Project/Task based approach to language teaching
Content and language integrated learning (CLIL)
Developing soft skills including critical thinking skills in EFL classroom
Remedial teaching and giving feedback
Teaching Listening Identifying Listening skill components in the curriculum and the textbooks 4.5 hrs
Listening skill and sub-skills
Activities for teaching listening
Stages of a listening activity
Integrating listening with other language skills/contents
Design and delivery of a listening lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a listening test (Theory and Practice)
Teaching Speaking Identifying speaking skill components in the curriculum and the textbook 4.5 hrs
Activities for teaching speaking
Stages of a speaking lesson
Features of successful speaking activity
Integrating speaking skills with other language skills/ contents
Design and delivery of a speaking lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a speaking test (Theory and Practice)
34
Teaching Reading Identifying reading skill components in the curriculum and the textbooks 7.5 hrs
Activities for teaching reading
Stages of a reading lesson
Integrating reading skills with other language skills/ contents
Types of reading tasks : extensive and intensive
Teaching vocabulary in context
Design and delivery of a reading lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a reading test (Theory and Practice)
Teaching Writing Identifying writing skill component in the curriculum and the textbooks 9 hrs
Activities for teaching writing
Stages of a writing activity
Integrating writing skills with other language skills/ contents
Enacting textbook specific writing activities
Design and delivery of a writing lesson (Practical tasks)
Designing of a writing test (Theory and Practice)
Teaching Grammar and Activities for teaching grammar and vocabulary 6 hrs
vocabulary Stages of a grammar lesson: Presentation- Practice Production (PPT)
Teaching vocabulary: awareness raising for learning vocabulary, presenting
new vocabulary, and consolidating the vocabulary learnt
Design and delivery of a grammar lessons and vocabulary (Practical
tasks)
Designing of a grammar test (Theory and Practice)
Evaluation in Language Existing evaluation system in English 4.5 hrs
Teaching Alternative assessment in language teaching
Test design principles and practices
Characteristics of a good test item
Detailed review of SLC English Test papers and marking scheme
Designing a complete set of test paper with marking scheme
35
4. Training Methodology
The English teachers of secondary level will be the expected participant of the training. The training
sessions shall be entirely based on the teachers needs and the contents of the course and curriculum. The
following methods, strategies and techniques shall be followed during the training:
Case study, discovery and text based approach
Peer teaching/ micro teaching
36
Course Tittle: Action research for English Language Teaching (ELT)
Level : Secondary Course Code No: ENG-M-03-01
1. Introduction
Action research has been a very popular teachers professional development strategy in the recent years.
Action research is a process of concurrently inquiring about problems and taking action to solve them. It
is a sustained, intentional, recursive, and dynamic process of inquiry in which the teacher takes an action,
purposefully and ethically, in the specific classroom context with the purpose to improve
teaching/learning. The contemporary paradigm for teacher development is also one of reflective enquiry
and practitioner research, in which action research occupies a central role. Therefore, action research is
believed to be the best tool to empower teachers to own professional knowledge; to conceptualize and
create knowledge; to interact around knowledge, to transform knowledge, and to apply knowledge. And,
it is made possible through the process of action inquiry. This module is designed to equip English
teachers in practicing of action research so that they can carry out it effectively and efficiently for the
improvement in English language teaching.
2. Course Competencies:
On completion of the course, the participating teachers will be able to:
a. Show an understanding of action research in relation to ELT
b. carry out action research for improvement in ELT and produce its report
c. Course Content
Elaboration of content
1 Action research in Action Research in ELT 9 hrs
ELT Identifying problem for action research
Developing intervention strategies
executing the strategies
Reflection and report writing
(Each of the contents involve practical activities)
The module will be presented in line with participatory approach; and the methods and techniques will be
selected accordingly. The following methods and techniques shall be followed during the training:
37
Discussion
Case study, discovery and task based approach
Experience sharing and reflective activity
5. Evaluation
Each session shall be participatory. So the participants shall be evaluated through their participation,
punctuality, contribution in learning and discussion, skill demonstration, peer/micro teaching, report
presentation and feedback sharing activities.
38
Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Improving ELT through

Continuous Professional Development
1. Introduction
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is more widely accepted as valid and effective
means of professional growth. It serves a longer term goal and seeks to facilitate the growth of
teachers understanding of teaching and of themselves as teachers. Real world teaching begins
only when teachers enter into the classrooms for professional teaching. The learning they had in
the training enables them to teach. In many instances, their knowledge and skills make sense but
in other cases, teachers face unprecedented challenges. To faces such challenges, teachers need
develop themselves. This module helps teachers in realizing various ways of professional
development available to them. It is expected that teachers will be more active so as to equip
themselves with up-to-date knowledge and skills required for teaching English as Foreign
Language.
a. show an understanding of continuous professional development

b. adapt different ways of CPD for improving ELT
3. Course Content
Elaboration of the content
Main Themes Content in Detail Weight
Improving ELT CPD: Concept and need 9 hrs.
through Continuous ways/strategies of CPD
Professional Joining a teachers club
Development Reading and practice
Self-reflection
Student feedback
Sharing of good/innovative practices
development of a class observation tool
Observation and feedback
Joining an online teaching forum
Mentoring/coaching
Meeting/seminar/conference
39
The module will be presented in line with participatory approach; and the methods and
techniques will be selected accordingly. The following methods and techniques shall be followed
during the training:
a. Demonstration, interactive lecture, discussion

b. Group work, pair work and individual meaningful task based learning activities
c. Self-study exercises and project works
d. Case study, discovery and task based approach
e. Experience sharing and reflective activity
5. Evaluation
Each session shall be participatory. So the participants shall be evaluated through their
participation, punctuality, contribution in learning and discussion, skill demonstration,
peer/micro teaching, report presentation and feedback sharing activities.
40
Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Developing soft skill through
English Language Teaching (ELT)
.
1. Introduction
Soft skills are the personal, cooperation, thinking, innovation and business skills, which a person
needs to succeed in self-development, social participation and professional life. The students who
possess good soft skills have the potential of performing well in their schooling and education, in
their family life, in the community, and at work. This module intends to enable the teachers in
designing activities that enhances the development of soft skills in students.
2. Course Competencies:
a. show an understanding of soft skills
b.Design ELT activities to enhance the development of soft skills in students
3. Course Contents
2. Developing soft Soft skill: concept and need 9 hrs.
skills through Status of soft skill integration in present
English language English curriculum and textbook
teaching Designing ELT lessons to enhance the
development of soft skills in students
The modules will be presented in line with participatory approach; and the methods and techniques
will be selected accordingly. The following methods and techniques shall be followed during the
training:
5. Evaluation
41
42
Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Use of ICT in ELT

1. Introduction
ICT has been one of the effective tools for professional development. So is the reason that the
academic community is moving on with the idea of integrating computer and other media resources
in teaching and learning. On this backstop, the teachers of English also have to be acquainted with
the skills of using appropriate ICT tools to their classroom to enhance students' learning. This
module intends to enhance the teachers' skills in using appropriate ICT tools so as to better the
classroom delivery and students' learning in English in Nepal.
a. show an understanding of ICT
b.identify and use appropriate ICT tools for ELT
3. Course Content
Use of ICT in ICT : concept and need 9 hrs.
ELT identifying appropriate means and
tools to use in ELT
Some useful websites for
downloading English language
teaching materials (print, audio,
audio and audio-visual and
applications)
ELT forum in social media
Free online courses
(www.moodle.org) for English
teachers
Video conference ( Skype)
Use of power point in English
classroom
Basic skill of window movie
43
making for English teachers
Use of you tube for teaching
English
Online dictionary
Use of digital or mobile camera for
teaching English
others
Micro teaching
The module will be presented in line with participatory approach and the methods and techniques
training:
5. Evaluation
44
Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Designing ELT lessons to address learning
diversities
1. Introduction
Each classroom has the students of diverse learning needs and effective classroom teaching relies on
the proper management of learning diversities of students. So, it is necessary to create the positive
atmosphere in the classroom fulfilling the multiple learning needs of children. However, creating a
positive and inclusive atmosphere in class addressing the different interests and multiple capabilities
of the children has always been a vital challenge to most of the teachers. This module is designed to
help the teachers for managing the class and creating positive and effective classroom atmosphere
for all categories and learning needs children.
a) show an understanding of diverse learning needs
b) design ELT lessons to address the diverse needs
3. Course Content
1 Designing ELT Identifying the students learning 9 hrs.
lessons to address diversities
Learning diversities Different ways of learning
Design and delivery of activities to
address the diversities
Micro teaching
The modules will be presented in line with participatory approach; and the methods and techniques
training:
45
5. Evaluation
46
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47
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48
k|of]u
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Plan, its use and Follow
49
up support)
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o; tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;xhstf{n] kf7kqx Tfof/ ug{] 5g\ . cfwf/e"t tx -sIff
!%_ sf] kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, j]j ;r{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} tflnd sIfdf cfjZos kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx
sf8{af]8{ k]kf/,s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/ nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy}
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pnl;l8, sDKo'6/, :df6{jf]8{, cflb pknJw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf /xg] 5 .
^= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

of] tflndsf clwsf+z ;qx ;xefuLxsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5g\ . tflndsf d'Vo ljlwxdf
k|bz{g, cfudg tyf lgudg, cGt/lj|mofTds JofVofg, 5nkmn -hf]8L, ;d"xut_, :jcWoog, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg,
JolStut sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, dfdnf cWoog, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, ;"Id lzIf0f, v]n, ;+uLt, sljtf,
uLtsf] k|of]u cflb h:tf ;xefuL s]lGb|t ljlw / k|lj|mof ckgfOg] 5 .
&= d"Nof\sg
x/]s ;qsf lqmofsnfkx ;xeflutfTds x'g] / lqmofsnfkxdf k|:t't ug{] bIftf, ;sf/fTds / ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf
cfwf/df ;xefuLxsf] k|lzIf0f u|x0fsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 . ;fy} ;Lk k|:t'tLs/0f, k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f,;sf/fTds
k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg nufotsf ck/LIf0f ;fwgx Dffkm{t\ tflndsf ;xefluxsf] bIftf clej[bl\wsf] dfkg ul/g] 5
.
50
s tflnd kf7\oqmd
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M MAT-P-02-01
!= kl/ro
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^*_ sf] ul0ft ljifosf]] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ lzIfssf]
kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;sf d'Vo ljifoj:t'xdf pSt kf7\oj|md ;dfj]z ul/g'sf]] ;Gbe{, cfjZostf, k];fut
Ifdtf ljsf;, kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifoj:t'xsf] ;xhLs/0f, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof, d"Nof\sg,
ljleGg of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 k|lzIfs tyf lzIfsxdf
ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{df ul0ftk|lt ?lr /fVg] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s
k|of]u ug]{ ljifoj:t'x o; tflnd kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . log} ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{df of] tflnd kf7\oj|md
ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\oj|md !) lbgsf] k|ToIf km]; 6' km]; tflnd / % lbgsf] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf
sfo{ u/L hDdf !% lbgsf] x'g]5 . of] tflnd sfo{j|md hDdf Ps dlxg] cjlwsf] !%!% lbgsf b'O{ r/0fx dWo]
klxnf] r/0fsf] !% lbg] tflnd sfo{j|md xf] .

u/fpg' o; tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu
;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ / ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf;u kl/lrt eO{ o;sf] k|of]u ug{, k|Zgkq ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{
o; tflndsf nflu tf]lsPsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x b]xfojdf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
j|m; d'Vo ljwf (Main Themes) ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f (Themes in Detail) tflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mofsnfk (P
(Weightage) Activities)
! tflnd sfo{j|md / tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] o; tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] kl/ro ! ;];g
51
kl/ro
@ ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s of] ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / ! ;];g
k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cf}lrTo
kf7\oj|md k|fkdf o;sf] qmd /
kf7\oj|md k|fkdf ul0ft ljifosf]] :yfg, qmd / ;DaGw
;DaGw, ul0ftsf] k|s[lt / cGo
ljifo;usf] ;DaGw
# kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f, / d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;

k|of]u
d'Vo tTjx
txut ;Ifdtf
sIffut l;sfO pknlAw / logLx larsf] cGt/;DaGw / leGgtfsf]
ljZn]if0f / d"Nof\sg
ljifoj:t'xsf] If]q / j|md tyf logLx larsf] cGt/;DaGw / leGgtfsf]
$ kf7\oj|md / cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tssf] cGt/;DaGw / lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;
cGt/;Gbe{ / lzIf0f k|of]u
l;sfOdf k|of]u kf7\oj|md / lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] cGt/;DaGw / lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u
kf7\oj|md / cGo ljifoj:t';u ;DalGwt ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / lzIf0f l;sfOdf
k|of]u
yk k|at{gfTds ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hL
% ljifout lzIf0f k|lj|mof tyf ljlw / kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf lzIf0f k|lj|mof tyf ljlw / ltgLxsf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf @ ;];g ;DefJo k|lj|mof / ljlws
logLxsf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u k|of]u gd'gf k|bz{g
cGo ;DefJo ;fGble{s lzIf0f ljlwsf] vf]hL / ltgLxsf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf
k|of]u
lzIfs tflnd / ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOdf ;'rgf k|ljlw (ICT) sf] k|of]u
!= Hofldlt @= lgb]{zf\s Hofldlt #= If]qldlt
$ kf7\oj|mdsf ljifoj:t'xsf] 1fg, & ;];g ;DefJo lj|mofsnfk / k
lj|mofsnfk, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, $= :yfgfGt/0f %= ;d"x ^= c\s ul0ft sfo{, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k
k|of]ufTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{{ / kl/of]]hgf sfo{sf] ;"rL
logLxsf] ;~rfng, ;xhLs/0f l;k &= tYof\s zf:q *= aLhul0ft gd'gf k|bz{g;d]t
/ lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u

ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/sf] k|Zg kq / pTt/ s'l~hsf
ljsf;sf] cEof;
k|Zgkq ljZn]if0f
52
& ;"Id l;If0f ;"Id lzIf0fsf] kl/ro / ;~rfng of]hgf % ;];g ljb\ofnodf lzIfs
;fyLx;+u ;"Id l;I
(Micro-teaching) ;"Id lzIf0fsf nflu ;d"xut tyf JolStut of]hgf lgdf{0f (Micro -teaching)
gd'gf k|bz{g, cjnf]sg kmf/fdsf] k|of]u / k[i7kf]if0f cbfg k|bfg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u
* tflnd sfof{Gjog of]hgf lgdf{0f tflndsf] JolStut sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f / k|of]u @ ;];g tflnd sfof{Gjog
tyf k|of]u / lg/Gt/ k|fljlws kl/dfh{g tyf sfof{Gj
lg/Gt/ k|fljlws ;xfotf
;xfotf (Training k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{
Implementation Action lzIfsx larsf] cGt/lj|mof
Plan, its use and Follow ljb\ofyL{sf cg'ejxsf] l;sfOdf k|of]u cflb .
up support)
( v'nf 5nkmn, tflnd d"Nof\sg / ck]Iff / tflndsf] d"Nof\sg @ ;];g

;dfkg
;dfkg
hDdf #) ;];g
%= tflnd ;fdu|L
o; tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;xhstf{n] kf7kqx Tfof/ ug{] 5g\ . dfWolds tx -sIff
(!)_ sf] kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, j]j ;r{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} tflnd sIfdf cfjZos kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx
Hofldlt aS;, sf8{af]8{ k]kf/,s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/ nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'G5g\ .
o;sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pnl;l8, sDKo'6/, :df6jf]8{, cflb pknJw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf /xg] 5 .

JolStut sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, dfdnf cWoog, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, ;"Id lzIf0f, v]n, ;+uLt, sljtf,
&= d"Nof\sg
ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

cfwf/df ;xefuLxsf] k|lzIf0f u|x0fsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 . ;fy} l;k k|:t'tLs/0f, k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f,;sf/fTds
53
k[i7kf]if0f cfbfg k|bfg nufotsf ck/LIf0f ;fwgx Dffkm{t\ tflndsf ;xefuLxsf] bIftf clej[bl\wsf] dfkg ul/g] 5
. ;xefuL d"Nof\sgsf] cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 M
54
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M MAT-P-03-01
!= kl/ro
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] dfWolds tx-sIff (!)_ sf] ul0ft ljifosf]] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ lzIfssf]
kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;sf d'Vo ljifoj:t'xdf pSt kf7\oj|md ;dfj]z ul/g'sf]] ;Gbe{, cfjZostf, k];fut
Ifdtf ljsf;, kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifoj:t'xsf] ;xhLs/0f, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof, d"Nof\sg,
ljleGg of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 k|lzIfs tyf lzIfsxdf
ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{df ul0ftk|lt ?lr /fVg] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s
k|of]u ug]{ ljifoj:t'x o; tflnd kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . log} ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{df of] tflnd kf7\oj|md
ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\oj|md !) lbgsf] k|ToIf km]; 6' km]; tflnd / % lbgsf] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf
sfo{ u/L hDdf !% lbgsf] x'g] 5 . of] tflnd sfo{j|md hDdf Ps dlxg] cjlwsf] !%!% lbgsf b'O{ r/0fx dWo]
klxnf] r/0fsf] !% lbg] tflnd sfo{j|md xf] .

u/fpg' o; tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu
;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ / ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf;u kl/lrt eO{ o;sf] k|of]u ug{, k|Zgkq ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{

o; tflndsf nflu tf]lsPsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
55
kl/ro
@ ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s of] ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / ! ;];g
k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, cf}lrTo
;DaGw, ul0ftsf] k|s[lt / cGo kf7\oj|md k|fkdf ul0ft ljifosf]] :yfg, qmd / ;DaGw
ljifo;usf] ;DaGw
# kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;

k|of]u
d'Vo tTTjx
txut ;Ifdtf
ljifoj:t'xsf] If]q / j|md / logLx larsf] cGt/;DaGw / leGgtfsf]
k|of]u
k|of]u
lzIfs tflnd / ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOdf ;"rgf k|ljlw (ICT) sf] k|of]u
$ kf7\oj|mdsf ljifoj:t'xsf] 1fg, != ;d"x & ;];g ;DefJo lj|mofsnfk / k
lj|mofsnfk, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, sfo{, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k
k|of]ufTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{{ / @= c\s ul0ft kl/of]]hgf sfo{sf] ;"rL
logLxsf] ;~rfng, ;xhLs/0f l;k gd'gf k|bz{g;d]t
/ lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u #= If]qldlt
$= aLhul0ft
%= Hofldlt
^= lqsf]0fldlt
&= tYof\szf:q
*= ;DefJotf

56
ljsf;sf] cEof;
k|Zgkq ljZn]if0f
& ;"Id l;If0f ;"Id lzIf0fsf] kl/ro / ;~rfng of]hgf % ;];g ljb\ofnodf lzIfs ;fyLx
;"Id l;If0f (Micro -tea
(Micro-teaching) ;"Id lzIf0fsf nflu ;d"xut tyf JolStut of]hgf lgdf{0f cEof; u/L k|ltj]bg tof
gd'gf k|bz{g, cjnf]sg kmf/fdsf] k|of]u / k[i7kf]if0f cbfg k|bfg
Implementation Action lzIfsx larsf] cGt/lj|mof
Plan, its use and Follow ljb\ofyL{sf cg'ejxsf] l;sfOdf k|of]u cflb .
up support)

;dfkg
;dfkg
hDdf #) ;];g
%= tflnd ;fdu|L
(!)_ sf] kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, j]j ;r{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} tflnd sIfdf cfjZos kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx
Hofldlt aS;, sf8{af]8{ k]k/,s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/ nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'G5g\ .
o;sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pnl;l8, sDKo'6/, :df6jf]8{, cflb pknAw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf /xg] 5 .
JolStut sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, dfdnf cWoog, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, ;"Id lzIf0f, v]n, ;\uLt, sljtf,
57
&= d"Nof\sg
. ;xefuL d"Nof\sgsf] cfwf/ dfly kl/ro v08df pNn]vePc g';f/ x'g] 5 .
58
ljifo M ul0ft lzIf0f-;d"x lzIf0f_
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M MAT-M-03-01
!= kl/ro
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] dfWolds tx -sIff (!)_ sf] ul0ft ljifosf]] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ lzIfssf]
Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw k|fKt ug{ ;3fp k'ofpgdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . o; txsf ljb\ofyL{xsf]
tf]lsPsf ;Ifdtf k'/f ug{sf nflu lzIfsxdf ;DalGwt ;Ifdtfx ljsf; ug]{ k|d'v pb\b]Zosf ;fy of] tflnd
kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df lzIfssf] cfjZostf, kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf / ljb\ofyL{nfO{ l;sfO sl7gfO x'gs
' f
;fy} lzIfsnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljifo j:t'xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L @ lbgsf] df]8'n/ sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf]
5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 lzIfsxdf ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ul0ftLo ljwfdf
ljb\ofyL{df ;d"xsf] wf/0ffk|lt ?lr hufpg]] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug]{ pb\b]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
!=!=@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ ;d"xsf] wf/0ff lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / ljb\ ofyL{sf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n
u/fpg' o; tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd
x'g]5g\ M
;d"xsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

;d"xsf] wf/0ff lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sng tyf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug{{ .
;d"xsf] wf/0ff ;DaGwL kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; u/L ;~rfng
ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;d"xsf] wf/0ff / pkof]usf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ .
!=!=#= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf (Main Themes) ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f (Themes in Detail) Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf s}lkmot
(Weightage) lj|mofsnfk
(Remarks)
(Project
Activities)
! ;d"xsf] cjwf/0ff / kl/ro @ lbg] df]8'n tflnd sfo{j|mdsf]] ;fdfGo ! ;];g gd'gf
kl/ro k|bz{g,
;fdu|L
pb\b]Zo
;\sng /
sfo{:yndf k/]sf ;d:of tyf ;xefuLsf k|of]u
ck]Iff
;d"xsf] wf/0ff lzIf0fsf nflu PsfO
59
of]hgf lgdf{0f
;d"xsf] cjwf/0ff
;d"xsf] cjwf/0ff ljb\ofyL{df ljsf; ug]{
tl/sf
@ ;d"xsf] wf/0ff lzIf0fsf ;d"xsf] wf/0ff lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos @ ;];g gd'gf
nflu ;fdu|L ;sng, ljsf; ;fdu|Lx k|bz{g,
/ k|of]u ;fdu|L
:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / ;fdu|Lx ;sng
;\sng /
;fdu|Lsf] k|ofu u/L ;d:of ljsf; / k|of]u
;dfwfg
# ;d"xsf] wf/0ff ;DaGwL ;d"xsf] k'g/fjnf]sg -review_ @ ;];g gd'gf
kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo k|bz{g,
j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;d"xsf lj|mofx ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk ljsf; / e]g lrqsf] k|of]uaf6 b'O{ ;d"xsf] k|of]u ;\sng /
;~rfng ug{ . ePsf ;fwf/0f ;d:ofxsf] xn k|of]u
e]g lrqsf] k|of]uaf6 @ / # cf]6f ;d"x
k|of]u ePsf zflAbs ;d:ofx
;d"x ;"q / logLxsf] cjwf/0ff lzIf0f
kl/ofhgf sfo{ tyf jf:tljs hLjgsf
;d:of ;+sng / ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL / o;sf]
lzIf0f
$ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;d"xsf] ! ;];g gd'gf
cfwf/df ;d"xsf] wf/0ffsf wf/0ff ;DaGwL k|Zgx ljsf; k|bz{g,
nflu k|Zgx ljsf; / k|of]u ;fdu|L
pTt/ s'l~hsf ljsf;
;\sng /
k|of]u
hDdf ^ ;];g
!=!=$= tflnd ;fdu|L

(!)_ sf] kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, a]j ;r{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} tflnd sIfdf cfjZos kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx
sf8{af]8{ k]kf/, s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hlk|G6, dfs{/, ;fOgk]g, ?n/, :s]n hl8t n7\7L, nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos
x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pnl;l8, sDKo"6/, :df6jf]8{, cflb pknAw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf
/xg] 5 .
@= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof
60
JolStut sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, cGj]if0f, ;"Id lzIf0f, v]n, ;\uLt, sljtf, uLtsf] k|of]u cflb h:tf ;xefuL s]lGb|t
ljlw / k|lj|mof ckgfOg] 5 .
#= d"Nof\sg ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg nufotsf ck/LIf0f ;fwgx Dffkm{t tflndsf ;xefluxsf] bIftf clej[b\lwsf] dfkg ul/g] 5
.
61
ljifo M ul0ft lzIf0f-If]q ldlt lzIf0f_
kl/ro
kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df lzIfssf] cfjZostf / kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf / ljb\ofyL{nfO{ l;sfO sl7gfO x'g'sf
;fy} lzIfsxnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljifo j:t'xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L @ lbgsf] df]8'n/ sf];{ ljsf;
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 lzIfsxdf ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ;DalGwt
ul0ftLo ljwfdf ljb\ofyL{df If]qldltk|lt ?lr hufpg]] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug]{ pb\b]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
!=!=!= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ If]qldlt lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{df ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg'
o; tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
If]qldltsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

If]qldlt lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sng tyf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug{ .
If]qldlt ;DaGwL ;d:of ljsf; ug{ / kl/of]hgf lbO{ ljb\ofyL{xf/f ;dfwfg ug{ .
If]qldltsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df If]qldlt l;sfOsf] d"Nof\sgsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ .
!=!=@= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mo

(Main Themes) (Themes in Detail) (Weightage) (Project Activities
! If]qldltsf] cjwf/0ff / @ lbg] df]8'n tflnd sfo{j|mdsf]] ;fdfGo kl/ro ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
kl/ro ;\sng / k|of]u
pb\b]Zo
If]qldlt lzIf0fsf nflu PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f
If]qldltsf] cjwf/0ff
If]qldltsf] cjwf/0ff ljb\ofyL{df ljsf; ug]{ tl/sf
62
@ If]qldlt lzIf0fsf nflu If]qldlt lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
;fdu|L ;sng, ljsf; / ;\sng / k|of]u
k|of]u :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / ;fdu|Lx ;+sng
lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:of ljsf; /
;dfwfg
If]qkmn;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;d:ofx -sfk]{6
cf]R5\ofpg], //f]ug ug]{, Knf:6/ ug]{ / pSt If]qdf
nfUg] nfut vr{ af/] lzIf0f
cfotsf/, juf{sf/ / j[Qfsf/ If]qsf] jl/kl/ aGg]
af6f]sf] If]qkmn tyf pSt If]qdf dfa{n cf]R5ofpg],
O6f 5fKg] jf cGo sfo{ / To;df x'g] cg'dflgt
vr{;DaGwL ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfoxsf]
lzIf0f
# If]qldltsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf lk|Hd, 3g (cube), if8\d'vf (cuboid_sf] ;txsf] @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
ljifo j:t'xsf lzIf0f If]qkmn, j|m; If]qkmn, cfotg lgsfNg] ;d:ofx ;\sng / k|of]u
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; / tyf kvf{n lgdf{0f ubf{ nfUg] O6fsf] ;\Vof /
;~rfng ug{ . tT;DaGwL cg'dflgt vr{;d]t lgsfNg] ;d:ofx
;dfwfg ;DaGwL lzIf0f
j]ngf -cylinder_, uf]nf (sphere_ cw{uf]nf
(hemisphere_, ;f]nL (cone_ / pSt 7f];
a:t'xaf6 ag]sf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' -a9Ldf b'O{cf]6f
dfq_ xsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn, jj|m ;txsf]
If]qkmn / cfotg;DaGwL ;d:ofxsf] lzIf0f
lk/fld8 -cfwf/ ju{ / ;dafx' lqe'h dfq_ sf] k"/f
;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotgsf[ kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf
jf:tljs hLjgsf ;d:of ;+sng / ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL
/ o;sf] lzIf0f
$ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df If]qldlt lzIf0fsf ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
cfwf/df If]qldlt lzIf0fsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; ;\sng / k|of]u
nflu k|Zgx ljsf; / k|of]u
pTt/ s'l~hsf ljsf;
hDdf ^ ;];g
!=!=#= tflnd ;fdu|L

sf8{af]8{ k]kf/, s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/, :s]n hl8t n7\7L, nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos
/xg] 5 .
63
k|bz{g, cfudg tyf lgudg, cGtlj|mofTds JofVofg, 5nkmn -hf]8L, ;d"xut_, :jcWoog, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg,

k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg nufotsf ck/LIf0f ;fwgx Dffkm{t tflndsf ;xefluxsf] bIftf clej[b\ lwsf] dfkg ul/g] 5
64
ljifo M ul0ft lzIf0f-lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0f_
!= kl/ro
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 lzIfsxdf ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ul0ftLo
ljwfdf ljb\ofyL{df lqsf]0fldltk|lt ?lr hufpg]] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug]{ pb\b]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .

ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{sf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg'
lqsf]0fldltsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sng tyf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug{{ .
lSngf]ld6/sf] k|of]u u/L prfO / b"l/sf ;d:of ljsf; ug{ / kl/of]hgf lbO{ ljb\ofyL{xf/f ;dfwfg ug{ .
lqsf]0fldltsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df lqsf]0fldlt If]qsf] d"Nof\sgsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ .
!=!= #= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mo

(Weightage) (Project Activities
(Main Themes) (Themes in Detail)
! lqsf]0fldltsf] cjwf/0ff / o; b'O{ lbg] df]8'n tflnd sfo{j|mdsf]] ;fdfGo kl/ro ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
pb\b]Zo
lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0fsf nflu PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f
lqsf]0fldltsf] cjwf/0ff
65
lqsf]0fldltsf] cjwf/0ff ljb\ofyL{df ljsf; ug]{
tl/sf
@ lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0fsf nflu lqsf]0fldlt lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
;fdu|L ;sng, ljsf; / ;\sng / k|of]u
k|of]u :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / ;fdu|Lx ;sng
lSngf]ld6/ lgdf{0f
lSngf]ld6/ / cGo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:of
ljsf; / ;dfwfg
# lqsf]0fldltsf kf7\oj|mdn] ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf cfwf/df lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftsf] @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf kl/ro lzIf0f ;\sng / k|of]u
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk
Sine, cosine, / tangent cg'kftx / o;
ljsf; / ;~rfng ug{ . ;DaGwL gfk tyf ;d:ofx lzIf0f
00 , 300 , 450, 600 / 900 sf] Sine, cosine,
/ tangent ePsf ;dsf]0f lqe'h ;DaGwL ;d:of
lzIf0f
lqsf]0fldtLo ;"q / logLxsf] cjwf/0f lzIf0f
;"q k|of]u u/L lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn, prfO
tyf b"/Lsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;DaGwL lzIf0f
kl/ofhgf sfo{ tyf jf:tljs hLjgsf ;d:of
;+sng / ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL / o;sf] lzIf0f
$ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df lqsf]0fldlt If]qsf ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
cfwf/df lqsf]0fldlt If]qsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; ;\sng / k|of]u
pTt/ s'l~hsf ljsf;
hDdf ^ ;];g
!=!=$= tflnd ;fdu|L

sf8{af]8{ k]kf/, s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/, lSngf]ld6/, :s]n hl8t n7\7L, Sine, cosine, /
tangent cg'kftxsf / o; nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pn\l;l8,
sDKo"6/, :df6jf]8,{ cflb pknAw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf /xg] 5 .
66

67
ljifo M ul0ft lzIf0f-tYo\szf:q lzIf0f_ sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M MAT-M-03-04
tx M dfWolds
!= kl/ro
ljwfdf ljb\ofyL{df tYof\s zf:qk|lt ?lr hufpg]] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug]{ pb\b]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
!=!=!= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ tYof\s zf:q lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{sf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n
u/fpg' o; tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd
x'g]5g\ M
tYof\s zf:qsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

tYof\s zf:q lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sng tyf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug{ .
/]vflrq, kfOrf6{, lx:6f]u|fd, / af/Djf/tf jj|m kl/ro lbg, lgdf{0f ug{ / o;sf Jojxfl/s ;d:of vf]hL
tyf ljsf; ug{ / kl/of]hgf lbO{ ljb\ofyL{xf/f ;dfwfg ug{ .
tYof\s zf:qsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df tYof\s zf:q If]qsf] d"Nof\sgsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ .
!=!=@= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mofs

(Weightage) (Project Activit
! tYof\s zf:qsf] cjwf/0ff / @ lbg] df]8'n tflnd sfo{j|mdsf]] ;fdfGo kl/ro ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
pb\b]Zo
tYof\s zf:q lzIf0fsf nflu PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f
tYof\s zf:qsf] cjwf/0ff
68
tYof\s zf:qsf] cjwf/0ff ljb\ofyL{df ljsf; ug]{
tl/sf
@ tYof\s zf:q lzIf0fsf tYof\s zf:q lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
nflu ;fdu|L ;sng, ljsf; ;fdu|Lxsf] vfhL / o;sf] k|of]u ;\sng / k|of]u
/ k|of]u
/]vflrq, kfOrf6{, lx:6f]u|fd, / af/Djf/tf jj|m
lgdf{0f
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:of ljsf; / ;dfwfg
# tYof\s zf:qsf kf7\oj|mdn] ;\slnt tYof\ssf] k|uf]uaf6 /]vflrq, kfOrf6{, @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lx:6f]u|fd / af/Daf/tf jj|msf] kl/ro / lgdf{0fsf] ;\sng / k|of]u
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk lzIf0f
ljsf; / ;~rfng ug{ . lx:6f]u|fd / af/Daf/tf jj|msf] k|of]uaf6 ;\slnt
tYof\ssf] hfgsf/Lxsf] lzIf0f
cjuL{s[t tYof\ssf] dWos, dlWosf, l/t /
rt'yf{+zxsf] u0fgf / ;d"xut tYof\ssf] t'ngf
sRrf tYof\snfO{ juL{s[t tYof\sdf kfGt/0f
dWodfgsf] k|of]uaf6 ul/g] tYof\ssf] ljZ]if0f /
lgisif{sf] lzIf0f
kl/ofhgf sfo{ tyf jf:tljs hLjgsf ;d:of
$ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df tYof\s zf:q ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
cfwf/df tYof\s zf:qsf If]qsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; ;\sng / k|of]u
nflu k|Zgxsf] ljsf; /
pTt/ s'l~hsf ljsf;
k|of]u
hDdf ^ ;];g
!=!=#= tflnd ;fdu|L

sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ljleGg /, u|fkm k]k/, s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/, ;fOgk]g, ?n/ cflb ;fdu|Lx cfjZos
/xg] 5 .

69
cfwf/df ;xefuLxsf] k|lzIf0f u|x0fsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 . ;fy} l;k k|:t'tLs/0f, k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f, ;sf/fTds
k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg nufotsf ck/LIf0f ;fwgx dfkm{t tflndsf ;xefluxsf] bIftf clej[b\lwsf] dfkg ul/g] 5 .
70
ljifo M ul0ft lzIf0f-;DefJotf lzIf0f_
!= kl/ro
ljwfdf ljb\ofyL{df ;DefJotfsf] l;sfOk|lt ?lr hufpg]] / o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug]{ pb\b]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .

ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ ;DefJotf af/]sf] l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{sf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg'
;DefJotfsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

;DefJotf lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sng tyf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f ug{{ .
;DefJotfsf ;d:of ljsf; ug{ / kl/of]hgf lbO{ ljb\ofyL{xf/f ;dfwfg ug{ .
;DefJotfsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;DefJotf If]qsf] d"Nof\sgsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ .
!=!= #= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mofs

(Weightage) (Project Activit
! ;DefJotfsf] cjwf/0ff / @ lbg] df]8'n tflnd sfo{j|mdsf]] ;fdfGo kl/ro ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
pb\b]Zo
;DefJotf lzIf0fsf nflu PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f
;DefJotfsf] cjwf/0ff
;DefJotfsf] cjwf/0ff ljb\ofyL{df ljsf; ug]{
tl/sf
@ ;DefJotf lzIf0fsf nflu ;DefJotf lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
;fdu|L ;sng, ljsf; / klxrfg ;\sng / k|of]u
:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / ;fdu|Lx ;sng
71
k|of]u
cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:of ljsf; /
;dfwfg
# ;DefJotfsf kf7\oj|mdn] ;fwf/0f ;DefJotfsf] k|of]u tyf ;DefJotf :s]n @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
tf]s]sf ljifo j:t'xsf] -)!_ sf] kl/ro ;\sng / k|of]u
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;DefJotfsf] cg'dfg, k|of]ufl>t ;DefJotf / s'g}
ljsf; / ;~rfng ug{ . 36gfsf] ;DefJotf
kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfxsf nflu ;DefJotfsf]
hf]8 l;b\wfGt / u'0fg l;b\wfGt ;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
;d:of
;DefJotf j[Iflrq ;DaGwL ;d:of -tLg 36gfdf b'O{
tx / b'O{ 36gfdf tLg tx;Dd dfq}_
;fwf/0f k/fl>t 36gfxsf] ;DefJotf ;DaGwL
;d:of -y}nf]af6 an lgsfNg]_
;DefJotfsf ;"q / logLxsf] cjwf/0ff lzIf0f
;"q k|of]u u/L ;DefJotfsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;DaGwL
lzIf0f
kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf jf:tljs hLjgsf ;d:of
$ ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;DefJotf If]qsf ! ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,
cfwf/df ;DefJotf If]qsf nflu k|Zgx ljsf; ;\sng / k|of]u
pTt/ s'l~hsf ljsf;
hDdf ^ ;];g
!=!=$= tflnd ;fdu|L

o; tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;xhstf{n] kf7kqx tof/ ug{] 5g\ . dfWolds tx -sIff
sf8{af]8{ k]kf/, s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/, :s]n hl8t n7\7L, / o; nufotsf ;fdu|Lx
cfjZos x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d]t -Pnl;l8, sDKo"6/, :df6jf]8{, cflb pknAw ;fdu|L_ ;d]tsf]
cfjZostf /xg] 5 .
72

73
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f
tx M k|fylds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SCI-P-01-01
]
! kl/ro M
ljZjdf k|To]s lbg gofF 1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO/fv]sf] x'G5 . To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj ljb\ ofnodf b}lgsf
kdf ;~rfng ul/g] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf kb{5 . lzIfsn] lg/Gt/ kdf cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg
/ l;knfO{ cWofjlws ug'{ k5{ . bIf lzIfsn] dfq afn aflnsfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ .
To;}n] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf sfo{qmd lgoldt kdf ;~rfng ug'{ k5{ . k|fylds txdf lj1fg
ljifo lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsxnfO{ nlIft u/L cfwf/e"t txsf] tflnd lbgsf nflu of] ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf]
5 . o; ;fdu|Ldf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u, lj1fgsf k|lqmofut l;kx, j}1flgs ;f]r /
k|j[lTt,;fdfGo k|ljlw, lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;hLj / jftfj/0f kl/of]hgf
sfo{, ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg nufotsf ljifo j:'tdf 5nkmn tyf cEof; ul/g]] 5 .
@ pb\b]Zo M
o; tflnd Kofs]hdf ;xefuL x'g] lzIfsx lgDg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u ug{ .
-v_ z}Ifl0fs of]hgf agfpg .
-u_ lj1fgsf k|lqmofut l;kx eGg / lzIf0f l;sfOdf pSt l;kxsf] k|of]u ug{ .
-3_ afn aflnsfxdf j}1flgs l;k / lrGtgsf] ljsf; ug{ / /}yfg] lj1fgsf] k|jw{g ug{ .
-_ ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'xsf] af/]df eGg .
-r_ jftfj/0fsf] dxTTj atfpg / o;sf] ;+/If0f ug{ .
-5_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTTj jtfpg / lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ .
-h_ ;fdfGo :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] dxTTj atfpg / ;+/If0f ug{ .
-em_ kl/of]hgf sfo{af/] atfpg / lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ .
-`_ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf t/Lsf atfpg / lzIf0f l;sfOdf ljb\ofyL{n] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg, l;k /
k|jl[ Ttsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ .
# tflndsf ljifoj:t' M
j|m=;= d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljifo j:t'sf]] lj:t[tLs/0f ;];g kl/of]hgf sfo{
;+Vof
! kf7\oj|md, lj1fg ljifosf kf7\oqmdsf # kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf
kf7\ok':ts, c\uxsf] klxrfg l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs ug{ kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L lgb]{lzsfsf] cGt/;DaGw, lgb]{lzsfn] s;/L dbt
u5{, tkfO{sf] cg'ejsf]
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] dxTTj, ;\sng / cfwf/df pbfx/0f ;lxt
k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
@ lzIf0f of]hgf / lj1fg ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo # sIff rf/ jf sIff
l;sfO ;fdu|Lx :t/df pknJw x'g] jf lgdf{0f ug{ kfFrsf] lj1fg ljifosf]
;lsg] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx s'g} tLg cf]6f kf7sf]
ljleGg z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f / kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog
ufO8 nfOg tof/
74
k|of]u, ug'{xf];\ .
kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf
# lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t k|lqmofut l;kx-Basic Science # POE l;k k/LIf0f ug{
k|lqmofut process skills_ pkof]uL x'g] rf/ cf]6f
l;kx-Science cjnf]sg -Observing _ lqmofsnfk tof/ ug'{xf];\
process skills_ cg'dfg ug'{ -Inferring_ .
dfkg -Measuring_
;~rf/-Communicating_
juL{s/0f ug'{-Classifying_
eljiojf0fL ug'{-Predicting_
Predict, Observe, Explain (POE)
$ k|fljlws tyf j}1fgLs ;f]r / clej[lTt - # sIff lzIf0fdf /}yfg}
j}1flgs lrGtg Scientific attitude) , lj1fg / cfw'lgs
j}1fgLs tyf k|fljlws ;fIf/tf - lj1fgsf] cGt/;daGw
Scientific and technological b]vfpg pkofuL x'g] kfFr
literacy_ cf]6f lqmofsnfk
/}yfg] lj1fg (Ethno science) n]Vg'xf];\ .
cfw'lgs lj1fgsf] cGt/;DaGw
afn aflnsfxdf j}1flgs l;k /
lrGtgsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;xof]uL
s]xL ls|ofsnfkx
% ;hLj j:t'x ;hLj j:t'sf] nIf0f # lj?jf / hgfj/xsf]
dflg;nfO{ hgfj/ / lj?jfaf6 x'g] auL{s/0f ug{sf nflu
kmfObfx pko'St x'g] rf6{ tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
lj?jfsf] juL{s/0f,
hgfj/sf] juL{s/0f
hLjg k|lqmof
^ jftfj/0f jftfj/0f / ;/;kmfO # tkfO{ a;]sf] jftfj/0fdf
hgfj/ / lj?jflarsf] cGt/;DaGw s] s;/L k|b"lift ePsf]
5 . jftfj/0fsf]
k|fs[lts k|sf]k - e"sDk, af9L ;/;KfmfO u/L ;+/I0f ug{
klx/f], cfunfuL _ tkfO{sf] ;d'bfoaf6 eP
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/]sf k|of; ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{xf];\.
& lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] kl/ro # k|fylds txdf cGtl/If
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] / dxTTj lj1fg ;DaGwL kf7
k|of]u lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIf0f ug{ pkof]uL x'g]
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx ;fdu|L OG6/g]6af6
vf]Hg'xf];\ . pSt
OG6/g]6 lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] ;fdu|Laf6 sIff lzIf0f
k|of]u tkfO{n] xfl;n u/]sf]
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df
k|ltj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
* ;fdfGo :yfgLo ;fdfGo :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] kl/ro / # kfgL 36\6, l9sL /
k|ljlw hftf]sf] gd'gf tof/
75
pkof]uLtf ug'{xf];\ .
sDkf]i6 dn, uf]j/ Uof;, ;fg
nufpg], zLt e08f/
kfgL 36\6, 6jf{Og, kDk;]6
l9sL, hftf], ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]
:yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u
( kl/of]hgf sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kl/ro, cf}lrTo / # k|fylds txdf k|fs[lts
dxTTj k|sf]k ;DaGwL kf7
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] r/0fk|lqmof lzIf0f ug{ pkof]uL x'g]
ltg cf]6f kl/of]hgf
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] l8hfOg gd'gf l8hfOg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]vg
!) ljb\ofyL{ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg kl/ro, cf}lrTo # lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nof\sg / cfjZostf d"Nof\sg ug{ pkof]uL
lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg x'g] js{l;6 tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL d"Nof\sgsf]
cf}lrTo, dxTTj, k|lqmof / k|of]u
pkrf/fTds lzIf0f
$ tflnd ;~rfng ljlw tyf k|lqmofM

of] tflnd ;xefuLxsf] k|ToIf ;xefuLtfdf ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] pgLxn] k|lzIfs;Fu cfdg]
;fdg] eO{ cGtlqm{of ug'{sf ;fy} ;xefuLx lar Pscfk;df cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt
ug]{ 5g\ . of] tflnd z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| jf cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|df ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] ;xefuLxn]
tflnd lngsf nflu pSt :yfgdf hDdf x'g' kg]{5 . ;xefuL lzIfsxsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf
;];gx ;~rfng ul/g] ePsfn] pgLxn] u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg]5g\ . tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf
j|mddf 5nkmn, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;d:of ;dfwfg, k|bz{g, k|of]ufTds sfo{, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, If]q
e|d0f nufotsf ljlwx ckgfOg]5g\ . !) lbg;Dd ;~rfng x'g] o; tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] cGTodf ;xefuL
d"Nof\sgsf nflu lnlvt k/LIff klg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
76
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SCI-P-02-01
!= kl/ro
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 afn aflnsfxsf] l;sfOdf a9f]Tt/L u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . lgDgdfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifo cWofkg/t lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf; ug{
cfwf/e"t Kofs]hsf] ljsf; ug]{ j|mddf d"ntM cfwf/e"t z}Ifl0fs ljlw Pjd\ k|ljlw, kf7\oj|md, kf7\k':ts,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, z}Ifl0fs of]hgf, sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg, lj1fg ljifodf k|of]ufTds
lj|mofsnfk cflb h:tf ljifoj:t'x ;dfj]z u/L of] lzIfs tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .

of] r/0fsf] tflnd k'/f ul/;s]kl5 lzIfsx lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. lgDgdfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifosf] kf7\oj|md k|of]u u/L lj1fg ljifo k|efjsf/L kdf
lzIf0f ug{,
2. ljb\ofyL{sf] pRrtd l;sfOsf nflu kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lxsf] k|of]u ug]{ pkfox
kTtf nufO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{,
3. jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L cWofkg ug{,
4. lj1fg lzIf0fdf ul/g] k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf] klxrfg, js{;L6 lgdf{0f / k|of]ufTds sfo{sf]
gd"gf k|bz{g ug{,
5. lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] l8hfOg u/L k|of]u ug{,
6. l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof\sg ug]{ tl/sfx kTtf nufpg,
7. j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;kx klxrfg u/L ;f] jdf]lhd lzIf0f s[ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{,
8. d"Nof\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L k|Zg kq lgdf{0f ug{,
9. lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{,
10. ljb\ofyL{sf] afn dgf]lj1fg tyf ax' af}l4stfdf cfwfl/t /xL k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f ug]{
tl/sfx kTtf nufpg .
#= tflndsf] ljifoj:t' M
j|m=;+= ljifoj:t'sf] ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
! lj1fg lgDgdfWolds txsf] lj1fg @ sIff ^, & / * sf]
kf7\oj|md ljifosf] lj1fg ljifosf] jflif{s
kf7\oj|mdsf] k|d'v c\ux / z}Ifl0fs of]hgf
ltgsf] k|of]u lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] pkof]u
jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f
@ lj1fg lj1fg kf7\o k':tssf] ;dLIff !
kf7\ok':ts ljb\ofyL{sf] pRrtd l;sfOsf
nflu kf7\ok':tssf] plrt k|of]u
lj1fg lzIf0fsf s]xL r'gf}tLx
# z}lIfs ;fdu|L lj1fg ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu # :yfgLo :t/df lgdf{0f
lgdf{0f / :yfgLo :t/df pknJw x'g] jf ug{ ;lsg] s'g} ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] z}lIfs lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf
k|of]u ;fdu|Lx k|of]u ug'{xf]; /
cgnfOg dfkm{t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] To;sf] 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg
77
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
l8lh6n ;fdu|L / ltgsf] ;+sng tof/ ug'{xf];\
lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf cfjZos
kg]{ cGo ;fdu|Lx / ltgsf]
pknJwtf
$ j}1flgs j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;ksf] kl/ro # j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf
k|ls|ofsf l;k cfwf/e"t j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;k ljsf; ug{
ljsf; l;kx -cjnf]sg, dfkg, ;xof]u k'Ug] s]xL
juL{s/0f, cfsng, k"jf{g'dfg ==_ lqmofsnfk lgdf{0f
j}1flgs l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u u/L sIffdf k|of]u
k'Ug] s]xL ls|ofsnfkx - ug'{xf];\
kf7\os|dsf] ljifoj:t'df
cfwfl/t_
b}lgs hLjg;Fu lj1fgsf] ;DjGw
% lj1fg lj1fg lzIf0fdf pko'St x'g] & lj1fg lzIf0fsf
lzIf0fsf ljleGg ljlwx -pNn]lvt pko'St ljlwx
pko'St ljlw k|To]os ljlwx kf7\os|ddf k|of]u u/L lzIf0f
tyf tl/sfx pNn]lvt pko'St ljifoj:t';Fu ug'{xf];
;DalGwt u/L pbfx/0fsf] kdf l;sfO pknlAw
;d]t k|:t't ug]{_ ;'wf/sf /0fgLltxsf]
pSt ljlwx k|of]u ubf{ lzIfsn] k/LIf0f k|of]u
Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx
lj1fg ljifodf l;sfO pknlAw
;'wf/sf /0fgLltx
^ lj1fg pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tsf] k|of]u u/L # k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf]
lzIf0fdf lj1fg ljifodf u/fpg ;lsg] sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u u/L
k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds sfo{x k|ltj]bg jf lel8of]
k|s[ltnfO{ g} lj1fgsf] k]z ug]{,
sfo{ k|of]uzfnfsf] kdf k|of]u ug{sf
nflu j}slNks k|of]ufTds
sfo{xsf] vf]hL
k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/fpgsf nflu
js{l;6sf] ljsf;
s]xL k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf]
k|bz{g
& lj1fg kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kl/ro, # kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
lzIf0fdf k|lj|mof, cf}lrTo l8hfOg u/L
kl/of]hgf sfo{ lj1fg lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ug{
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] l8hfOg nufpg] / k|ltj]bg
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]vg ug]{
/ k|:t'tLs/0f
* lj1fg lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf # lj1fg ljifosf]
lzIf0fdf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ lzIf0fsf nflu ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ tl/sfx / ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
k|ljlw cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lxsf] vf]hL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u
78
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
( ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof\sg M # ljlzi6Ls/0f
pknlAw cjwf/0ff / cEof; tflnsfdf cfwfl/t
d"Nof\sg ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO ;d:of /x]/ k|Zg kq lgdf{0f
klxrfg / pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ug'{xf];\
lgDgdfWolds txsf] lj1fg
ljifosf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf /
k|Zg kq lgdf{0f
!) afn dgf]lj1fg afn aflnsfxnfO{ lj1fg @ lj1fg cWofkgdf
/ l;sfO ljifok|lt clek|]l/t ug]{ pkfox ljb\ofyL{nfO{ clek|]l/t
lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ /f]rs / ug]{ ug]{ ljleGg
dgf]/~hgk"0f{ agfpg] s]xL pkfoxdf
ls|ofsnfkx ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg'xf];\
$= tflnd ;~rfng ljlw tyf k|ls|of M

tflnd k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/df cfwfl/t x'g]5 . o;sf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;xefuLx z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| jf
cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|df hDdf x'g'kg]{5 . ;xefuL lzIfsxsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf ;a} ;];gx ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . tflnd sfo{jm| d ;~rfngsf j|mddf 5nkmn, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;d:of ;dfwfg, k|bz{g, k|of]ufTds,
If]q e|d0f nufotsf ljlwx k|of]u ul/g]5 . tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgsf /0fgLltx
;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . !) lbgsf] sfo{j|md ;DkGg ePkl5 lnlvt k/LIff klg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
79
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SCI-P-03-01
!= kl/ro
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . dfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifo cWofkg/t lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf; ug{
cfwf/e"t Kofs]hsf] ljsf; ug]{ j|mddf d"ntM cfwf/e"t z}Ifl0fs ljlw Pjd\ k|ljlw, kf7\oj|md, kf7\k':ts,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, z}Ifl0fs of]hgf, sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg, lj1fg ljifodf k|of]ufTds
lj|mofsnfk cflb h:tf ljifo j:t'x ;dfj]z u/L of] lzIfs tflnd sf];{ sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Z\ o
11. dfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifosf] kf7\oj|md k|of]u u/L lj1fg ljifo k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f
ug{,
12. ljb\ofyL{sf] pRrtd l;sfOsf nflu kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lxsf] k|of]u ug]{ pkfox
kTtf nufO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{,
13. jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L cWofkg ug{,
14. lj1fg lzIf0fdf ul/g] k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf] klxrfg, js{l;6 lgdf{0f / k|of]ufTds sfo{sf]
gd'gf k|bz{g ug{,
15. lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] l8hfOg u/L k|of]u ug{,
16. l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof\sg ug]{ tl/sfx kTtf nufpg,
17. j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;kx klxrfg u/L ;f] jdf]lhd lzIf0f s[ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{,
18. d"Nof\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L k|Zg kq lgdf0f{ ug{,
19. lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{,
20. ljb\ofyL{sf] afn dgf]lj1fg tyf ax' af}b\lwstfdf cfwfl/t /xL k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f
ug]{ tl/sfx kTtf nufpg .
#= tflndsf] ljifo j:t' M

j|m=;+= ljifo j:t'sf] ljifo j:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
! lj1fg dfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifosf] @ sIff ( / !) sf]
kf7\oj|md kf7\oj|mdsf] k|d'v c\ux / lj1fg ljifosf] jflif{s
ltgsf] k|of]u z}Ifl0fs of]hgf
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] pkof]u lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\
jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f
@ lj1fg lj1fg kf7\o k':tssf] ;dLIff !
kf7\ok':ts ljb\ofyL{sf] pRrtd l;sfOsf
nflu kf7\ok':tssf] plrt k|of]u
lj1fg lzIf0fsf s]xL r'gf}tLx
# z}lIfs ;fdu|L lj1fg ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu # :yfgLo :t/df lgdf{0f
lgdf{0f / :yfgLo :t/df pknJw x'g] jf ug{ ;lsg] s'g} ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] z}lIfs lgdf0f{ u/L sIffdf
k|of]u ;fdu|Lx k|of]u ug'{xf]; /
cgnfOg dfkm{t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] To;sf] 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg
l8lh6n ;fdu|L / ltgsf] ;+sng tof/L ug'{xf];\
80
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf cfjZos
kg]{ cGo ;fdu|Lx / ltgsf]
pknAwtf
$ j}1flgs j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;ksf] kl/ro # j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf
k|ls|ofsf l;k cfwf/e"t j}1flgs k|ls|ofsf l;k ljsf; ug{
ljsf; l;kx -cjnf]sg, dfkg, ;xof]u k'Ug] s]xL
juL{s/0f, cfsng, k"jf{g'dfg ==_ lqmofsnfk lgdf{0f
j}1flgs l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u u/L sIffdf k|of]u
k'Ug] s]xL ls|ofsnfkx - ug'{xf];\
kf7\os|dsf] ljifo j:t'df
cfwfl/t_
b}lgs hLjg;Fu lj1fgsf] ;DjGw
% lj1fg lj1fg lzIf0fdf pko'St x'g] & lj1fg lzIf0fsf
lzIf0fsf ljleGg ljlwx -pNn]lvt pko'St ljlwx
pko'St ljlw k|To]os ljlwx kf7\os|ddf k|of]u u/L lzIf0f
tyf tl/sfx pNn]lvt pko'St ljifo j:t';Fu ug'{xf];
;DalGwt u/L pbfx/0fsf] kdf l;sfO pknlAw
;d]t k|:t't ug]{_ ;'wf/sf /0fgLltxsf]
pSt ljlwx k|of]u ubf{ lzIfsn] k/LIf0f k|of]u
Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx
lj1fg ljifodf l;sfO pknlAw
;'wf/sf /0fgLltx
^ lj1fg pknAw ;fwg;|f]tsf] k|of]u u/L # k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf]
lzIf0fdf lj1fg ljifodf u/fpg ;lsg] sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u u/L
k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds sfo{x k|ltj]bg jf lel8of]
k|s[ltnfO{ g} lj1fgsf] k]z ug]{,
sfo{ k|of]uzfnfsf] kdf k|of]u ug{sf
nflu a}slNks k|of]ufTds
sfo{xsf] vf]hL
k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/fpgsf nflu
js{l;6sf] ljsf;
s]lx k|of]ufTds sfo{xsf]
k|bz{g
& lj1fg kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kl/ro, # kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
lzIf0fdf k|lj|mof, cf}lrTo l8hfOg u/L
kl/of]hgf sfo{ lj1fg lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ug{
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] l8hfOg nufpg] / k|ltj]bg
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]vg ug]{
/ k|:t'tLs/0f
* lj1fg lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;"rgf tyf # lj1fg ljifosf]
lzIf0fdf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ lzIf0fsf nflu ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ tl/sfx / ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
k|ljlw cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lxsf] vf]hL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
81
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
( ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof\sg M # ljlzi6Ls/0f
pknlAw cjwf/0ff / cEof; tflnsfdf cfwfl/t
d"Nof\sg ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO ;d:of /x]/ k|Zg kq lgdf0f{
klxrfg / pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ug'{xf];\
dfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifosf]
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf / k|Zg kq
lgdf0f{
!) afn dgf]lj1fg afn aflnsfxnfO{ lj1fg @ lj1fg cWofkgdf
/ l;sfO ljifok|lt clek|]l/t ug]{ pkfox ljb\ofyL{nfO{ clek|]l/t
lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ /f]rs / ug]{ ug]{ ljleGg
dgf]/~hgk"0f{ agfpg] s]xL pkfoxdf
ls|ofsnfkx ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg'xf];\

;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . !) lbgsf] sfo{j|md ;DkGg ePkl5 lnlvt k/LIff klg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
82
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f-vuf]n zf:q Astronomy)
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SCI-M-03-01
!= kl/ro
dfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifodf ;dfj]z ePsf vuf]n zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'xsf] lzIf0fnfO{
k|efjsf/L, /f]rs / ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t agfpg ;DalGwt ljifosf lzIfsxdf sDKo'6/ l;d'n];gsf]
k|of]u u/L pSt ljifo lzIf0f ug]{ l;k ljsf; ug]{ d'Vo pb\b]Zon] of] @ lbgsf] df]8'n/ tflnd
sf];{sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf pb\b]Z\ o
dfWolds txsf] lj1fg ljifodf vuf]n zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' tyf lzIf0fdf
b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofxsf] klxrfg ug{
vuf]n zf:q lzIf0fdf sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t l;d'n];gxsf] dxTTj atfpg /
kf7\oj:t';Fu ;fGble{s l;d'n];gsf] 5gf}6 ug{
kf7\oqmdn] ;dfj]z u/]sf vuf]n zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0fdf sDKo'6/
l;d'n];gsf] k|efjsf/L kdf k|of]u ug{
s|=;+= ljifoj:t'sf] d'Vo If]q ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
-;];g_
! ljifoj:t'sf] kl/ro dfWolds txdf vuf]n !
zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg
vuf]n zf:q ljifoj:t'
lzIf0fdf b]lvPsf
;df:ofx
sDKo'6/ l;d'n];g / sDKo'6/ l;d'n];gsf] !
vuf]n zf:q lzIf0fdf kl/ro
k|of]u vuf]n zf:q lzIf0fdf
sDKo'6/ l;d'n];gsf]
dxTTj
vuf]n zf:q lzIf0fdf
pkof]u x'g ;Sg] ljleGg
l;d'n];gsf] k|:t'lt
vuf]n zf:q lzIf0fdf Celestia, Stellarium / $
pkof]uL ljleGg ICT Google earth sf] kl/ro
tools / lzIf0f oL tools x OG6/g]6af6

8fpgnf]8 ug]{ tl/sf
l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u
kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf
ljifoj:t' lzIf0fdf o;sf]
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf tyf
cEof;
83
$= tflnd ;~rfng ljlw tyf k|ls|ofM
tflnd ;xefuLxsf] ;ls|o ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ls|ofsnfkd'vL x'g]5 . o;sf] ;~rfngsf nflu
;xefuLx z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| jf cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|df hDdf x'g'kg]{5 . tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf j|mddf
5nkmn, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;d:of ;dfwfg, k|bz{g, k|of]ufTds nufotsf ljlwx k|of]u ul/g]5 . @
lbg;Dd pSt df]8'n ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
84
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f-hnjfo' kl/jt{g)
!= kl/ro
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjs} d'Vo rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;af/] dfWolds
txdf ljleGg ljifoj:t'x klg /flvPsf 5g\ . tL ljifoj:t' cWofkg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf afn
aflnsfxdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng ;DaGwL Jojxfl/s l;k ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ o;
df]8'ndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cjwf/0ff, c;/, Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox, cg's'ngsf pkfox l;sfpg'sf]
;fy} pSt ljifoj:t' lzIf0f ug]{ ljlw, ;fdu|L / tl/sfaf/] ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

of] df]8'nsf] tflnd k'/f u/]kl5 lzIfsx lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
21. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cjwf/0ff / ljZjJofkL kl/j]zsf] JofVof ug{,
22. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x vf]h tyf cWoog u/L kTtf nufpg,
23. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf pkfox k|:t't ug{,
24. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng ;DaGwL l;kljb\ofyL{xdf ljsf; u/fpg k|efjsf/L
lzIf0fsf tlf/sfx k"jf{Eof; ug{,
25. hnjfo' kl/jt{g lzIf0fsf lglDt cl8of] leh'cn ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hL, ;+sng / k|of]u ug{,
j|m=;+= ljifoj:t'sf] d"Vo ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
If]q -;];g_
! hnjfo' hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro ! hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljZjJofkL cj:yf kTtf nufpg
/ ljb\odfg kl/j]z n3' cWoog ug{
cj:yf :yfgLo txdf hnjfo' nufpg],
kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf
@ hnjfo' hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x ! hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
kl/jt{gsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x c;/sf] simulation
c;/x cWofkg ug]{ tl/sf u/L cWofkg ug{
nufpg],
# hnjfo' kl/jt{g hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf] ! hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's'ng cjwf/0ff, cg's'ngsf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ngsf pkfoxsf] b}lgs
pkfox hLjgdf pkof]u ug{
cWofkg ug{ ICT k|of]u l;sfpg],
$ hnjfo' kl/jt{g lzIf0f ljlw tyf /0fgLltx ! of]hgfab\w kdf
cg's'ng lzIf0f lzIf0fsf] ;+lIfKt of]hgf lzIf0f u/L k|efj
cfjZos ;fdu|L lgdf{0f sfo{ d"Nof\sg u/]/
tl/sf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{
nufpg],
% hnjfo' kl/jt{g cl8of] leh'cn ;fdu|Lsf] ! OG6/g]6af6 ;fdu|L
;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;+sng vf]hL sIffdf k|of]u
lzIf0fdf cl8of] OG6/g]6af6 ;fdu|L 8fpgnf]8 ug{ nufpg],
85
j|m=;+= ljifoj:t'sf] d"Vo ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
If]q -;];g_
leh'cn ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ cfjZos tof/L
;+sng / lgdf{0f
^ ;"Id lzIf0f dflysf] of]hgf / ;fdu|Lsf] ! lzIf0f / cg'ej
cEof; cfwf/df ;"Id lzIf0f cEof; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg
n]Vg nufpg],

;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . @ lbg;Dd pSt df]8n' ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
86
tflndsf] @ lbgsf] sfo{s|d
Session One Session 2 Session 3
Day
Break 12:00 - 12:15

10:30 12:00 12:15 - 1:45 2:30 - 4:00
Break 1:45 - 2:30

hnjfo' kl/jt{g M kl/ro hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng
1 / ljb\odfg cj:yf c;/x
2 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng ;"Id lzIf0f cEof;
lzIf0f ug]{ of]hgf lgdf{0f lzIf0fsf nflu cl8of]
b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ;+sng /
8fpgnf]8
87
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f-hLj lj1fg)
!= kl/ro
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . dfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifosf] hLjlj1fg cGtu{t hLjlj1fg lzIf0fdf
k|s[ltsf] cWoog ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' lzIf0f ug{ lzIfsxnfO{ sl7g dx;'; x'g] ePsf]n] pSt ljifo j:t'
lzIf0fsf nflu pko'St / k|efjsf/L tl/sfxsf] vf]hL u/L ;f];DaGwL l;k ljsf; ug{ of] df]8n
' ljsf;
ul/Psf] xf] .

26. hLjlj1fg lzIf0fdf jftfj/0fsf] :ynut cWoog u/L lzIf0f ug{ / pknAw ;hLjxnfO{
juL{s/0f ug{,
27. hLjlj1fg lzIf0fdf k|s[ltdf vfb\o zlSt ;~rfng k|lqmofaf/] JofVof u/L lzIf0f ug{,
28. hLjlj1fg lzIf0fdf ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ ;hLjxsf] cg's"ntfaf/] JofVof u/L lzIf0f
ug{,
29. hLjlj1fg lzIf0fdf k|s[ltsf] cWofkg ug]{ k|efjsf/L /0fgLltxsf] vf]hL / k|of]u ug{,
j|m= ljifoj:t'sf] ljifo j:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
;+= d'Vo If]q -;];g_
! ;hLjxsf] kfFr hut juL{s/0f k|0ffnL @ jftfj/0fdf pknAw
juL{s/0f kfFr hut juL{s/0f k|0ffnL ;hLjx ;+sng u/L
cGtu{t b]vfpg] df]8n tof/L cWofkg u/fpg
nufpg],
@ ;hLjxsf] ;hLjxsf] cg's"ntfsf]] kl/ro ! ;hLjxsf]

cg's"ntf hgfj/xsf] kfgLdf cg's"ntf cg's"ntfnfO{ cWoog
hgfj/xsf] hdLgdf cg's"ntf u/L lzIf0f ug{
jg:kltxsf] kfgLdf cg's"ntf nufpg]
jg:kltxsf] hdLgdf cg's"ntf
# kfl/l:ylts 3fF;] d}bfgsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL @ 3fF;] d}bfgsf]

k|0ffnL kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL /
vfb\o >[+vnf / vfb\o hfnsf] kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts
df]8n tof/L k|0ffnL cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg]
$ lzIf0f ug]{ vfb\o >[+vnf / vfb\o hfnsf ! v]n, kl/of]hgf /

k|efjsf/L lzIf0fdf v]n ljlw, Kofgn 5nkmn ljlw /
tl/sfx 3fF;] d}bfgsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL tl/sf k|of]u u/L
/ kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL lzIf0f ug{ nufpg],
kl/of]hgf ljlwsf] k|of]u
88
j|m= ljifoj:t'sf] ljifo j:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
;+= d'Vo If]q -;];g_
pSt kf7sf] lzIf0fdf Kofgn
5nkmn k|of]u

89
Session 1 Session 2 Session 3
Day
10:30 12:00 12:15 - 1:45 2:30 - 4:00
;hLjxsf] juL{s/0f M ;hLjxsf] juL{s/0f M ;hLjxsf] cg's"ntf M
1 hgfj/x;+u ;DalGwt jg:klt;+u ;DalGwt ;hLjxsf] cg's"ntfnfO{
Break 12:00 - 12:15
Break 1:45 - 2:30

ljifoj:t', df]8n lgdf{0f / ljifoj:t', df]8n lgdf{0f / cWoog u/L lzIf0f
lzIf0f tl/sf lzIf0f tl/sf
2 kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL M pSt kf7x lzIf0fdf v]n,
M vfb\o >[+vnf / 3fF;] d}bfgsf] kl/of]hgf / Kofgn 5nkmnsf]
vfb\o hfnsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / k|of]u
df]8n tof/L / kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts
lzIf0f k|0ffnL cjnf]sg
90
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f- wf/f ljb\ot' / r'DasTTj)
!= kl/ro
k|To]s lzIfsn] lg/Gt/ kdf cfkm'n] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg / l;knfO{ cWofjlws ug'{ k5{ . bIf lzIfsn] dfq
afn aflnsfxnfO{ u'0f:tl/o lzIff k|bfgug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf sfo{qmd lgoldt
kdf ;~rfng ug'{ k5{ . dfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifo lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsxnfO{ nlIft u/L ljifoj:t'df
s]lGb|t /x]/ @ lbg] of] tflnd ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . dfWolds txdf ef}lts lj1fg cGtu{t wf/f
ljb\o't / r'DasTTj ;DaGwL kf7nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L tof/ ul/Psf] o; df]8'ndf dfWolds txdf pSt
ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf s;/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ul/g] 5
.

of] df]8'nsf] tflnd k'/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
30. ljb\o't kl/ky / ltgsf] k|sf/ -;dfgfGt/ / >]0fLs|d h8fg_ af/]df k|of]ufTds kdf
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lzIf0f ug{ .
31. ;]nxsf] ;d"xLs/0f / o;sf] cfwf/df x'g] kf]6]lG;on km/s, ljb\o't rfk / ljb\o't k|jfx
;DaGwL Jojxfl/s ;d:ofxsf] lzIf0f ug{ .
32. wf/f ljb\o't, o;sf c;/x tyf u|fx:y ljb\o'tLs/0f ;DaGwL kf7x k|efjsf/L kdf
lzIf0f ug{] pkfo klxrg ug{ .
33. ljb\o't r'DasLo pkkfbg (Electro magnetic Induction) tyf km\n]ld8sf] bfof xftsf]
lgod tyf ltgsf] Jojxfl/s pkof]lutf ;DaGwL lzIf0f ug{ .
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
! ljb\o't ljb\o't kl/ky / o;sf] h8fg @ ;]nxsf]
kl/ky / -;dfgfGt/ / >]0fLs|d h8fg_ ;d"xLs/0fsf cfwf/df
h8fg ;]nxsf] ;d"xLs/0f tyf kf]6]lG;on km/s,
kf]6]lG;on km/s, ljb\o't rfk ljb\o't rfk / ljb\o't
/ ljb\o't k|jfx ;DaGwL k|jfxdf cfpg]
Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx km/snfO{ k|of]ufTds
u|fx:y ljb\o'tLs/0f, P;L / tl/sfn] lzIf0f u/L
l8;L s/]G6sf] leGgtf tyf ;f]sf] l6kf]6 tof/
ljb\o't vkt ug{'xf];\ .
@ wf/f wf/f ljb\o'tsf c;/x / # wf/f ljb\o't / o;sf]
ljb\o't / o;sf] Jojxfl/s pkof]u r'DasLo c;/ ;DaGwL
o;sf] ljb\o't ljR5]bg / ljb\o't n]kg ljleGg ;fdu|Lx
r'DasLo ljb\o'tsf] r'DasLo c;/ / ;8\sng u/L sIffdf
c;/ ljb\o't r'DasLo pkkfbg k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
km\n]ld8sf] bfof xftsf] lgod
ljb\o't h]g]/]6/ / df]6/
# gd"gf wf/f ljb\o't / r'DasTTj ! ljb\o't r'Das nufot
;fdu|L :f|f]t lzIf0f ug{ pkof]uL gd"gf ;|f]t cGo lzIf0f ;fdu|L
;fdu|L ;fdu|L ;\sng, vf]hL / lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf
ljsf; k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
91
ul/g]5 . tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf j|mddf 5nkmn, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;d:of ;dfwfg, k|bz{g, k|of]ufTds
nufotsf ljlwx k|of]u ul/g]5 . @ lbg;Dd ;~rfng x'g] o; tflndsf] cGTodf ;xefuL d"Nof\ sgsf]
nflu lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t lnOg]5 .
92
ljifo M lj1fg lzIf0f-k/df0f'sf] agf]6 / tTTjxsf] juL{s/0f)
!= kl/ro
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . dfWolds txdf lj1fg ljifosf] /;fogzf:q cGtu{t k/df0f'sf] agf]6 tyf
tTTjxsf] juL{s/0f / k]l/of]l8s tflnsf ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' lzIf0f ug{ lzIfsxnfO{ sl7g dx;'; x'g]
ePsf]n] pSt ljifoj:t' lzIf0fsf nflu pko'St / k|efjsf/L tl/sfxsf] vf]hL u/L ;f];DaGwL l;k ljsf;
ug{ of] df]8'n ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .

34. k/df0f'sf] agf]6sf] df]8n tof/ u/L lzIf0f ug{,
35. tTTjxsf] juL{s/0f u/L ltgLxsf] u'0f JofVof ug{,
36. k]l/of]l8s tflnsfnfO{ tTTjxsf] u'0f cWoogsf nflu l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] kdf k|of]u ug{,
37. k/df0f'sf] agf]6, tTTjxsf] juL{s/0f / k]l/of]l8s tflnsf cWofkg ug]{ k|efjsf/L
/0fgLltxsf] vf]hL / k|of]u ug{,
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
! k/df0f'sf] k/df0f'sf] agf]6 JofVof ! k/df0f'xsf] df]8n
agf]6 k/df0f'sf] agf]6 b]vfpg] df]8n tof/ u/L cWofkg
tof/L u/fpg nufpg],
tTTjxsf] On]S6f]t ljGof;
@ ;+o'Hotf ;+o'Hotfsf] kl/ro ! ;+o'Hotf tflnsf
;+o'Hotf cWofkg ubf{ cfOk/]sf tof/ u/L k|of]u ug{
;d:ofx kl/rfg / ;dfwfg nufpg] / o;sf
k/df0f'sf] agf]6 cg';f/ ;+o'Hotf cfwf/df lzIf0f
lgsfNg] tl/sf z}nLdf ;'wf/ ug{
nufpg],
# c0f';"q c0f';"q n]Vg] tl/sf ! c0f';'q l;sfpg ICT
c0f';"qsf] cWofkg ug{ ICT k|of]u sf] k|of]u ug{ nufpg],
$ k]l/of]l8s k]l/of]l8s tflnsfsf] kl/ro / ! k]l/of]l8s tflnsfsf]
tflnsf dxTTTj lgdf{0f, cWoog /
k]l/of]l8s tflnsf lgdf{0f k|lj|mof k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{
k]l/of]l8s tflnsfsf] lzIf0f nufpg]
;fdu|Lsf] kdf k|of]u
% tTTjxsf] tTTjxsf] On]S6f]g ljGof; / !
juL{s/0f k]l/of]l8s tflnsfdf juL{s/0f wft',
cwft' / cw{wft'
S, p, d, f -block tTTTjx
^ lzIf0f ug]{ k/df0f'sf] agf]6 lzIf0fdf v]n ljlw, ! v]n, kl/of]hgf /
k|efjsf/L k]l/of]l8s tflnsf / tTTjxsf] u'0f Kofgn 5nkmn ljlw /
lzIf0f ug{ kl/of]hgf ljlwsf] k|of]u tl/sf k|of]u u/L
93
d'Vo If]q -;];g_
tl/sfx pSt kf7sf] lzIf0fdf Kofgn lzIf0f ug{ nufpg],
5nkmn k|of]u

94
Session One Session 2 Session 3
Day
Break 12:00 - 12:15

10:30 12:00 12:15 - 1:45 2:30 - 4:00
Break 1:45 - 2:30

k/df0f'sf] agf]6 M ;+o'Hotf M ljifoj:t' / c0f';"q M n]Vg] tl/sf / k|efjsf/L
1 ljifoj:t', df]8n lgdf{0f / lzIf0f tl/sf lzIf0f
lzIf0f tl/sf
2 k]l/of]l8s tflnsf M l;sfO tTTjxsf] juL{s/0f M pSt kf7x lzIf0fdf v]n,
;fdu|Lsf] kdf ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L / kl/of]hgf / Kofgn 5nkmnsf]
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f k|of]u
95
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog
tx M k|fylds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SOC-P-01-01
!= kl/ro
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] d'Vo sfof{Gjog stf{ lzIfs xf] . lzIfsn] g} kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf / ;dfhsf] cfjZostf
cg';f/sf l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n x'g] u/L lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ x'Fbf lzIfsnfO{ ;do ;fk]If
cWofjlws u/fpFb} hfg' kb{5 . To;} u/L gj k|j]zL lzIfsxnfO{ kf7\qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos l;k ljsf;
ug'{ klg h?/L x'G5 . afn aflnsfdf pgLxsf] tx, pd]/, l;sfO Ifdtf, JolStut ljleGgtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f
ug'{ hl6n sfo{ xf] . o;nfO{ ;xh 9+uaf6 cl3 a9fpg lzIfsdf klg ljz]if 1fg l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g'
h?/L x'G5 . To;}u/L kl/jlt{t ljZj kl/j]zdf ljsf; ePsf gofF ljlw / k|ljlwnfO{ cfTdf;fy ub{} ljZj ;d'bfodf
k|lt:kwL{ lzIfs x'gsf nflu o:tf tflndxsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . k9\g] / n]Vg] k/Dk/fut lzIf0f kb\wltaf6 dfly
p7]/ afn aflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'g] u/L l;sfpg] l;k lzIfsdf x'g' h?/L 5 .
ljutdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf tflndxn] o; sfo{nfO{ s]xL dbt u/]sf] 5 . To;df yk phf{ k|bfg ug{' /
tflnddf l;s]sf 1fg l;k / wf/0ffsf] k|of]u sIff sf]7fdf h:tfsf] To:t} ug'{ cfhsf] r'gf}tL xf] . pSt r'gf}tLsf]
;fdgf ub}{ ;do ;fk]If afn aflnsfxsf] l;sfO pknlAw clej[b\lw ug{ lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu of]
tflnd ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o; tflndn] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] kf7\oj|md cg';f/sf 1fg l;k /
wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ dbt ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog
ljifosf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo c;n gful/s tof/ kfg'{ xf] . o;sf nflu afn aflnsfdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg],
l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg], ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g ;Sg], ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] / ;do ;fk]If ;dfof]hg x'Fb} cfkm\gf] b]z ljsf;df
;xefuL x'g k|]l/t ug]{ h:tf ;Ifdtfx Pj+ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljz]if
k|sf/sf] lzIf0f l;sfO l;k / /0fgLltsf] cfjZos x'g] x'gfn] ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g, ljZjdf ljsf; ePsf] gjLgtd
k|ljlw / ;dfhsf] ck]Iff ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ afn aflnsfdf cfjZos 1fg l;k wf/0ff xfl;n ug{ o; tflndn]
;xof]u ub{5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
;fdflhs cWoog ljifo;Fu kl/lrt x'g

;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] ljifout ;Ifdtfx;Fu kl/lrt x'g
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw, k|ljlw / /0fgLlt;Fu kl/lrt eO{ sIffdf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjoo
ug{
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf cfjZos k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] klxrfg, ;+sng,
lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{
lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{
k|fylds txdf sIff lzIf0f / sIff lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Thematic approach sf] af/]df
kl/lrt x'g / To;sf] k|of]u ug{
gS;f lzIf0fsf] ljlw / k|ljlw xfl;n ug{
kf7\oj|md cg';f/sf ljifoj:t'x h:t} ;fdlhs d"No dfGotf, P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t', cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
h:tf ljifo lzIf0f l;sfOsf l;k xfl;n ug{
;fdflh cWoog ljifo leq ;dfj]z ePsf] zflGt, dfgj clwsf/ / gful/s lzIff ;DalGw ljifoj:t'
klxrfg u/L ;f] ljifoj:t' l;sfOsf l;k xfl;n ug{
AffnaflnsfxnfO{ ljktdf ;'/lIft x'g] pkfo l;sfpg
afn aflnsfsf] pd]/, tx, Ifdtf cg';f/sf kl/of]hgfsfo{ ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{
96
k|fylds txdf cfjZos k|efjsf/L ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg k|lj|mofsf] k|of]u ug{
#= ljifoj:t'
j|m=;+= l;sfO pknlAw d'Vo ljifo ljifo j:t' lj:t[tLs/0f :yfgLocfjZos ;];g s}lkmot
j:t' ;fdu|L;+efljt ef/
ls|ofsnfk
! ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs ;fdflhs cWoog k|fylds txdf
ljifo;Fu kl/lrt x'g cWoog ljifosf] kl/ro ;fdflhs
ljifosf] ;fdflhs cWoog / cWoog
kl/ro ;fdflhs lj1fg ljifosf]
larsf] km/s cf}lrTo /
k|fylds txdf dxTTj emNsg]
;fdflhs cWoog rf6{ jf
ljifosf] cf}lrTo / :nfO8x
dxTTj ;fdflhs
cWoog
ljifosf]
kf7\oqmd
@ ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs ;fdflh cWoog ;fdflhs

ljifosf] ljifout cWoog ljifosf] ;Ifdtfx cWoog
;Ifdtfx;Fu kl/lrt ljifosf] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf]
x'g kf7\ oqmd ljifosf] txut / kf7\oqmd,
/ o;sf] sIffut kf7\ok':ts,
k|of]u pb\b]Zo;Ifdtfl; lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
sfO pknlAwx / / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
/fli6o pb\b]Zo;Fusf]
;DaGw
Kf7\oqmd /
kf7\ok':ts tyf
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf]
k|of]u
# ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs pko'St lzIf0f kf7\ok':ts
ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO cWog ;fdu| L sf] klxrfg k'/fgf kq
ljlw, k|ljlw / ljifsf] vf]hL / tof/L klqsf
/0fgLlt;Fu kl/lrt eO{ lzIf0f pko'St lzIf0f :yfgLo ;+3
sIffdf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjoo l;sfO ljlwx ;+:yfsf kl/ro
ug{ /0fgLlt ltgsf] lzIf0f cEof; k'l:tsfx
sIff lzIf0f / sIff sIff lzIf0f kf7 cg';f/sf
lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ lzIf0f sIff lzIf0fsf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
;lsg] Thematic cjwf/0f ;a} ljifosf]
sIff lzIf0fdf kf7\oqmd,
approach sf] af/]df Thematic kf7\ok':ts /
kl/lrt x'g / To;sf] lzIfs
k|of]u ug{ approach
lgb]{lzsf
Thematic z}lIfs ;fdu|L
approach lgdf{0fsf nflu
cg';f/ lzIf0f ug{ cfjZos
cfjZos of]hgf cfwf/e"t
lgdf{0f / sRrf
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;fdu|Lx
97
tof/L
lzIf0f l;sfO
lj|mofsnfk th'{df /
k|of]u
$ ;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0f sIff lzIf0fsf]
ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO cEof; cjwf/0f cg';f/
l;k ljsf; ug{ lzIf0f cEof;
% kf7\oj|md cg';f/sf xfd|f xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No / :yfgLo
ljifoj:t'x h:t} ;fdflhs dfGotfx rfnrng emNsg]
;fdlhs d"No dfGotf, d"No / xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No / lrq, rnlrq,
P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t', dfGot dfGotfx lzIf0f t:jL/, ;fdu|Lx
cfly{s lj|mofsnfk l;sfOsf ljlw
h:tf ljifo j:t' k|ljlwx
^ ;DalGw 1fg k|fKt u/L P]ltxfl;s P]ltxfl;s ljifo j:t' P]ltsfl;s /
lzIf0f l;sfOsf l;k ljifoj:t' lzIf0f k"/ftfTjLs
xfl;n ug{ ljlw,;fdu|L / cEof; j:t'sf gd'gf
& cfly{s cfly{s lj|mofsnfk k;n, v]tLkftL,
lj|mofsnfk ;DalGw ljifo j:t' sf/vfgfdf k|of]u
lzIf0f x'g] ;fdfGo
ljlw,;fdu|L / cEof; j:t'sf gd'gfx
* gS;f lzIf0fsf] ljlw / gS;f gS;fsf] kl/ro ljleGg k|sf/sf
k|ljlw xfl;n ug{ cWoog ; ;fgf afn gS;fx
lzIf0f aflnsfnfO{ ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ /
gS;fsf] cjwf/0f l;sfpg
cfkm\gf] 3/, ljBfno, cfjZos
;d'bfo / lhNnfsf] ;fdu|Lx
gS;f sf]g{, ptfg{ /
tYox eg{
gS;fdf ;+s]tsf]
k|of]u / cEof;
( k|fylds txdf cfjZos ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg lg/Gt/
k|efjsf/L ljBfyL{ l;sfOsf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgsf
d"Nof\sg k|lj|mofsf] n]vfhf]vf d"Nof\sg / ;fwgx
k|of]u ug{ clen]lvs/0f
lnlvt tyf df}lvs
k/LIffsf] tof/L /
k|of]u
!) afn aflnsfsf] pd]/, k|fylds sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf
tx, Ifdtf cg';f/sf txdf afn aflnsfnfO{
kl/of]hgfsfo{ ljlwsf] ljifo j:t' u/fpg ;lsg]
k|of]u ug{ cg';f/sf kl/of]hgf sfo{ /
kl/of]hgf ;fd'bflos sfo{x
sfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
;fd'bflos cEof;
sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
d"Nof\sg
!! AffnaflnsfxnfO{ ljkt ljkt Joj:yfkgsf] ljkt
ljktdf ;'/lIft x'g] Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff Joj:yfkgdf
pkfo l;sfpg ljBfnodf jf 3/df k|of]u x'g]
ljkt Joj:yfkgsf] ;fdfGo
k"j{ tof/L / ;fjwfgL, ;fdu|Lx
98
k|fylds txsf afn
aflnsfdf ljkt
Jo:yfkg ;Fu
;DalGwt l;k
$= tflndsf] ljlw /0fgLlt

o; tflnddf k|fylds txsf lzIfsx ;xefuL x'g] x'gfn] tL lzIfsn] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ /
kf7\oqmdsf] pb\b]Zo cg'ksf l;sfO pknlAw Pjd\ ljifout ;Ifdtf xfl;n x'g] u/L lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{
;~rfng ug{ ljz]if l;ksf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] ;f] cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ cl3 a9fpg lgDgfg';f/sf
lzIf0f l;sfO ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
v]n ljlw
;d"x sfo{ ljlw
k|of]ufTds ljlw
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw
k|bz{g ljlw
5nkmn ljlw
clego ljlw
If]q e|d0f ljlw
36gf cWoog ljlw
vf]h, cg';Gwfg ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg n]vfhf]vf
tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xefuLxsf] lg/Gt/ / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . lzIfsdf
ljsf; ePsf] 1fg l;k / wf/0ffsf] cj:yf, l;sfOdf ;lj|motf, cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf / To;sf] sIffdf k|of]usf]
cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL d"Nof\sg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . k/Dk/fut kdf rNb} cfPsf] k|df0f kq k|fKt
ug{sf nflu dfq tflnd lng] ;F:sf/af6 Ps sbd dfly p7]/ tflndsf l;knfO{ sIffdf k|of]u u/]sf cfwf/df
lgoldt / lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg ul//x]g] k|0ffnLsf] Ps c+zsf] kdf of] d"Nof\sg /xg] 5 . d"Nof\sgsf] lj:t[t
cfwf/ kl/ro v08df pNn]v eP cg';/ x'g]5 .
99
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SOC-P-02-01
!= kl/roM
of] tflndsf];{ lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu tflnd ;+rfng ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o;n]
;fdflhs cWoog ljifo lzIf0fdf ;+nUg lzIfsxsf] ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ cfzf lnOPsf] 5 .
o;af6 ljifoj:t'sf] cltl/St 1fg, k|of]ufTds l;k tyf clej[ltsf] ljsf; u/L l;sf? ;dIf
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k'/\ofO{ l;sf?xsf] Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg d2t k'/\ofpg]
ljZjf; 5 . To;}u/L ;dflhs cWoog ljifon] :jb]z tyf ljZjdf cfPsf] ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g
tyf ;dfhsf] rfxgf / ljZjdf cfPsf] gljgtd k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ ePsf]n] tflndsf] sf];{nfO{
;dofg's'n, kl/jt{g / ultzLn agfpg' cfjZos ePsf]n] o; 9FFrfsf] sf];{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .
@= pb\b]ZoM
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t' k|efjsf/L kdf ljb\ofyL{ ;dIf k|:t't ug{ .
:yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ .
ljifoj:t'cg';f/ pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf}6 u/L k|of]u ug{ .
Kf7\os|d / kf7\ok':tscg'k ;d;fdlos ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ .
ljsf;fTds ls|ofsnfkxdf ;xefuL eO{ ;xof]u k'/ofpg .
;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg'k of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ .
zflGt ;b\efj ;xsfo{, ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, ljZjjGw'Tj / dfgjclwsf/sf] dd{ cg'k
;fdflhsJojxf/ ug{ .
l;sf?n] u/]sf ljleGg ls|ofsnfkxsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ .
#= ljifoj:t'M
d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f :yfgLo ;fdu|L ;+efljt c+sef/
ls|ofsnfk
! xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh :yfgLolgsfo u7g k|ls|of
ljsf;sfk"jf{wf/
If]lqoljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
@ Xfd|f] ;fdflhsd"No / wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf snfs[ltsf ;fdfg,
dfGotf ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ;fF:s[ltse]ife"iff,wd{;+u
/fli6o uf}/j ;DjlGwt;fdu|Lx
# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt
;fdfwfg GbJoj:yfkg
$ Gful/s r]tgf ;+ljwfg, df}lnsxs, clwsf/
/ st{Jo
/fHosfk|d'vc+ux
% Xfd|f] k[YjL cIff+z / b]zfGt/ Eff]u6], ;'Gtnf
100
g]kfnsf] hnjfo', hnjfo'
kl/jt{g
dxfb]z-ef}lts, cfly{s /
;fdflhshggLjg_
ljkbJoj:yfkg
gS;fsfo{
^ Xfd|f] ljut k|flrg g]kfn
dfgj ;Eotf -l;Gw', gfO{n,
x\jf\xf],d];f]kf]6fldof, /f]d_
dWosflng g]kfnsf] snf /
;+:s[lt
& Xfd|f] cfly{s k|fs[lts ;|f]t Df6f], kfgL, vlgh, sf7,
ls|ofsnfk cly{s ls|ofsnfk h8La'6L
s[lif, pBf]u / Jokf/ jLr
;DjGw
Jofkfl/s ls|ofsnfk
* Xfd|f] cGt/f{li6o ;fs{ / g]kfn
;DaGw / ;xof]u g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw /
;xof]u
( hg;\VoflzIffsf] hg;+VoflzIff kl~hs/0f
kl/ro / hg;f+lVosL-tTj,dfkg /
hg;f\lVoscj:yf k|ls|of_
hg;+VoftYof+ssf ;|f]t
!) hg\Vof j[b\lw / hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsfsf/0f /
Joj:yfkg c;/
hg;+VofJoj:yfkg
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg
kfl/jfl/s hLjglzIff
!! z}lIfs ;fdu|L / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro,
lzIf0f ljlwx dxTj
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf], k|sf/,
lgdf{0f, ;|f]t / k|of]u
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]
kdfdlN6ldl8of
lzIf0f ljlwsf] kl/ro, k|sf/
;fdflhscWoog lzIf0fdf
;'xfpFbf] lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 .
!@ d"Nof\sg d"Nof\sgsf] kl/ro, k|sf/
d"Nof\sgsf] k|of]u
d"Nof\sgsf;fwg / k|ljlwx
!# ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;fdflhscWoog lzIf0fdf
ICT sf] k|of]u
!$ ljlzli6s/0f tflnsf / ljlzli6s/0f tflnsfsf]
101
o;sf] k|of]u kl/ro
ljlzli6s/0f tflnsfsf]
dxTj
ljlzli6s/0f tflnsfsf]
k|of]u
$= tflndljlwM
of] tflndsf];{sf ;xefuLeg]sflgDgdfWoldslzIfsx X'g]5g\ . of] tflndlzIfsxsf] cfjZostf,
ljifoj:t' / kf7\os|ddfcfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfngx'g]5 . tflnddflgDglsl;dsfljlw, tl/sf /
/0fgLltx Tflndcjlwe/ cjnDjgul/g]5 .
s= tflnd s]Gb|dfcfwfl/t !) lbgsf] cfdg] ;fdg] F2Ftflnd / kfFrlbg] ljbofnodfcfwfl/t
SelfTeachingtflndlgDgvfsfcg';f/ x'g]5 .
k|bz{g
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw
5nkmn
Group work, Pair work, Individual work
:jcWoogls|ofsnfk
kl/of]hgfsfo{
DffdnfcWoog
Vff]h cg';Gwfg
e"ldsfclego
gS;fcWoogljlw
Peer teaching/micro teaching
If]q e|d0f, cjnf]sg h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
%= d"Nof\sgM
ug{sf nflu dfq tflnd lng] ;F:sf/af6 Ps sbd dfly p7]/ tflndsf l;knfO{ sIffdf k|of]u u/]sf cfwf/df
lgoldt / lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg ul//x]g] k|0ffnLsf] Ps c+zsf] kdf of] d"Nof\sg /xg] 5 . d"Nof\sgsf] lj:t[t
cfwf/ kl/ro v08df pNn]v eP cg';/ x'g]5 .
102
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M SOC-P-03-01
!=kl/ro
lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf;sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug{ of] kf7\os|dljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . of] sf];{n] ;fdflhs
cWoog lzIffsf ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lzIfssf] ;Ifdtf clej[ltsf nflu ljifoj:t'sf] cltl/tm 1fg
,k|of]ufTds l;kx tyf lzIfssf] clej[lt ljsf; u/L l;sf? ;dIf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k'/\ofO{ l;sf?xsf]
Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg db\t k'/\ofpg'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs cWoog lzIffn] b]zsf]
;d;fdlos kl/jt{g ljZjdf cfPsf] gljgtd\ k|ljlw ;dfhsf] dfu Pjd rfxgfnfO{ ;d]6g' kg]{ ePsfn] of]
kf7\os|d;dofg's'n , ultlzn / kl/jt{gzLn x'g cfjZos 5 .
@=pb\b]Zo
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t' k|efjsf/L kdf ljb\ofyL{ ;dIf k|:t't ug{ .

:yfgLo;fd|uLsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ .
ljifoj:t'cg';f/ pko'tm lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf}6 u/L k|of]u ug{ .
kf7os|d / kf7ok':ts cg'k ;d;fdlxs ;'rgf k|jfx ug{ .
ljsf;fTds ls|ofsnfkxdf ;xefuL eO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg .
;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg'k of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ .
zflGt,;b\efj ;xsfo{,;xof]u, ;dbf/L, ljZjjGw'Tj / dfgjclwsf/sf] dd{ cg'k ;fdflhsJojxf/ ug{
;fdflhs ;DaGw / Gsf sf/0fx klxNofO{ G ;dfwfgsf ljleGg /0fgLlt cjnDagug{ .
l;sf?n] u/]sf ljleGg ls|ofsnfkxsf] d"Nofsg ug{ .
#=ljifoj:t'
d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f :yfgLo ;fdu|L ;];g
;+efljt ef/
ls|ofsnfk
! xfdL,xfd|f] ljsf; / If]lqo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
;d'bfo / /fi6 lbuf] ljsf;
@ ljsf;sf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/xsf] kl/ro

k"jf{wf/x g]kfndf ljsf;sf sl7gfO{ tyf ;dfwfgsf
pkfox
# xfd|f] k/Dk/f, xfd|f] l/ltl/jfh -nf]s tyf zf:qLo
;fdflhs d"No snf_
/ dfGotfx ;f:s[lts ;Dkbf
wd{lg/k]Iftf
/fli6o lje'ltx
$ ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf
;d:of / pkfox
;dfwfg ;fdflhs ljs[ltx
% gful/s r]tgf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg
sfo{kflnsf,Gofokflnsf /
Joj:yflksfsf] u7g k|lqmof
103
;j}wflgs c+uxsf] kl/ro /
/fhlglts bnx
^ xfd|f] k[YjL g]kfnsf] w/ftlno :jk

ljZjsf] xfjf kfgL / w/ftlno
ljljwtf
k|fs[lts k|sf]k - e'sDk, jfl9klx/f]
e'Io xfjfx'/L_
gS;f sfo{ / Unf]j k|of]u
& xfd|f] ljut g]kfnsf] Plss/0f cleofg
/f0ffzf;gsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx
/ o;n] kf/]sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s k|efj
* cfly{s s[lif, pwff]u / Jofkf/ - dxTj, ;d:o
lqmofsnfk / k|jw{gsf, pkfox_
ko{56g If]qsf] dxTj / ;Defjgfx
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTj ;Defjgf /
r'gf}ltx
ul/lj lgjf/0f / /f]huf/ k|j{wgsf
If]qx
( cGt/fli6o ;fs{ /fi6x / g]kfnsf bft[;+:yfx
;DjGw zflGt / cGt/fli6o zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu
;xof]u g]kfnn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3
ljZjdf 36]sf ;d;fdoLs 36gfx
!) z}lIfs ;fd|uL / z}lIfs ;fd|uLsf] kl/ro
lzIf0f ljlwx ;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0fdf dxTj,
lgdf{0f / k|of]u
lzIf0f ljlwsf] kl/ro
lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|sf/
;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0fdf pko'St
lzIf0f ljl3sf] 5gf}6 / k|of]u
!! d"Nof\sg d"Nof\sgsf kl/ro
d"Nof\sgsf k|sf/
;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0fdf lg/Gt/
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg
;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0fdf d"Nof\sg
k|ljlw / ;fwgx
!@ ;'rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u
$= tflndsf] ljlw
of] tflnd sf];{sf ;xefuL eg]sf dfWolds txsf lzIfsx x'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf,
ljifo j:t' / kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5 . o; tlnddf lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf,
/0fgLltxsf] tflnd cjlwe/ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 M
s= tflnd s]Gb|df cfwfl/t b; lbgsf] F2F tflnd / % lbg] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t Self teaching vfsf
tflnd x'g] x'bf
k|bz{g
104
k|Zgf]t/ ljlw
5nkmn
Group work Pair work, Individual work
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
kl/of]hgf sfo{
dfdnf cWoog,
vf]h cg':gwfg
e'ldsf clego
gS;f cWoog ljlw
Peer teachng/micro teaching
If]q e|d0f,cjnf]sg h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
%= d"Nof\sg
tflnd cjlwe/ ;xefuLn] b]vfpg] lj|mofsnfk h:tf] p;sf] ;xeflutf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;do kfngsf]
cj:yf, 5nkmndf /x]sf] p;sf] contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] Report, k|c sf] l/kf]6{, ;fy}
p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
105
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog -lu|8cg';f/ k|Zg lgdf{0f / k|of]u _
!= kl/ro
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] k|lj|mofsf] d'Vo sfof{Gjog stf{ lzIfs xf] . lzIfsn] g} kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf / ;dfhsf]
cfjZostf cg';f/sf l;sfO pknlJwx xfl;n x'g] u/L lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ x'Fbf lzIfsnfO{ ;do
;fk]If cWofjlws u/fpFb} hfg' kb{5 . To;} u/L gjk|j]zL lzIfsxnfO{ sIffsf] jf:tljstf cg';f/ kf7\ qmdsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos l;k ljsf; ug'{ klg h?/L x'G5 . afnaflnsfdf pgLxsf] tx, pd]/, l;sfO Ifdtf /
JolStut ljleGgtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ ug'{ hl6n sfo{ xf] . o;nfO{ ;xh 9+uaf6 cl3 a9fpg
lzIfsdf klg ljz]if 1fg l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g' h?/L x'G5 . To;}u/L kl/jlt{t ljZj kl/j]zdf ljsf; ePsf
gofF ljlw / k|ljlwnfO{ cfTdf;fy ub{} ljZj ;d'bfodf k|lt:kwL{ lzIfs aGgsf nflu klg o:tf tflndxsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . k9\g] / n]Vg] k/Dk/fut lzIf0f k4ltaf6 dflu p7]/ afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'g] u/L
l;sfpg] l;k lzIfsdf ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 .
lzIfsn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx ef]lu/x]sf] x'G5 . tL ;d:ofxsf] ;dgf ug{ /
ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt gof tyf ;d;fdlos ljifoxnfO{ sIffdf k|efjsf/L 9\uaf6 s;/L l;sfpg] eGg]
;DaGwdf p;nfO{ yk d2tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] lzIfssf jf:tljs / ;d:of jf cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg
x'g] u/L 5f]6f] cjlwsf] b'Olbg] yk df]8n ' / tflndsf] dfWodaf6 d2t ug{ of] df]8'nsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . ljutdf
l6lk8L tflnd nufot dfWolds lzIfsxsf] ljleGg tflnd tyf, 5nkmn / e]63f6xdf lzIfsn] /fv]sf] wf/0ff
/ dfu u/]sf] cfwf/df k|jl] zsf k/LIffsf] lu|8 cg';f/ k|Zg lgdf{0f / To;sf] hjfkm n]Vg] tl/sfsf] af/]df Ps
5'6\6} df]8'nsf] ljsf; ug'{ k]g]{ b]lvPsf]n] of] df]8'nsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; tflndn] lzIfsxnfO{ k|Zg lgdf{0f / pTt/ n]Vg] l;ksf] ljsf; eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ ljBfyLnfO{ cEof; u/fpg
d2t k'Ug] 5 eg] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ljBfyL{ cg'tL0f{ x'g] jf sd c+s Nofpg] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwgdf d2t
k'Ug] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d'Vo p2]Zo c;n gful/s agfpg] xf] . c;n gful/s
x'gsf] nflu afnaflnsfdf cfjZos 1fg l;k / wf/0fsf] ljsf; sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] /x]5 / l;sfO sd ePsf
ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L yk ;xof]u u/]/ l;sfO pknlJw a9fpg d2t ug]{ eGg] sfo{df klg o; df]8n ' / tflndn] d2t
ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] l;sfO pknlJw / ;Ifdtf;Fu kl/lrt x'g .

;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d"Nof\sg k|lqmof / ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf (specification grid) ;Fu
kl/lrt x'g
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d"Nof\sg ;fwgsf] klxrfg ug{ .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf (specification grid) cg';f/ k|Zg / pTt/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f ug{ .
tof/ ePsf k|Zg (Item) xsf] k/LIf0f / ;'wf/ ug{ .
#= ljifoj:t'
j|m=;+ l;sfO pknlJw d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t' :yfgLocfjZo ;Defljt d'Vo c+s
= lj:t[tLs/0f s ;fdu|Lsf] lqmofsnfk ;];
k|of]u g
ef/
106
! ;fdflhs ljifout l;sfO ;fdflh cWoog ;fdflhs Kf7\oqmddf !
cWoog pknlJw / ljifosf] ljifout cWoog pNn]lvt
ljifosf] ;Ifdtfx ;Ifdtfx ljifosf] l;sfO
ljifout ;fdflhs cWoog kf7\oqmd, pknlJwsf]
l;sfO ljifosf] txut / kf7\ok':ts, cWoog
pknlJw / sIffut lzIfs Kf7\ok':ts /
;Ifdtfx;Fu p2] Z o;Ifdtfl; lgb]{lzsf / lzIfs
kl/lrt x'g sfO pknlJwx / ;Gbe{ ;fdu| L lgb]{lzsfdf
/fli6o p2]Zo Socio pNn]lvt
;Fusf] ;DaGw metric l;sfO pknlJw
Socio metric chart sf]
/ ;Ifdtfsf]
chart cWoog /
gd'gf 5nkmn
@ ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs !
cWoog cWoog ljifosf] ljifosf] d"Nof\sg ;fdflhs cWoog
ljifosf] d"Nof\sg ljlw, ljlwx cWoog ljifosf]
d"Nof\sg k|lqmof, ;fwg / ;fwgx ljifosf] d"Nof\sg
ljlw, k|lqmof, ;fdu|Lsf] Socio metric d"Nof\sg ljlw, k|lqmof,
;fwg / check list ljlwxsf] rf6{ ;fwg tyf
;fdu|Lsf] klxrfg / tyf gd'gf ;fdu|Lsf]
ljlzi6Ls/0f
;fdflhs
klxrfg / tflnsf / o;sf] ;fwgxsf] af/]df 5nkmn
ljlzi6Ls/0f cWoog ljifosf] k|of]u gd'gf Socio
tflnsf ljlzi6Ls/0f l;sfOsf tx Socio metric
(specificati tflnsf cg';f/sf k|Zgx metric chart /
on grid) ;Fu (specificatio / k|sf/x check list check list
kl/lrt x'g pTt/ s' l ~hsf sf] gd'gf sf] k|of]u
n grid)
;fdflhs af/]df 5nkmn
cWoog ;fdflhs
ljifosf] cWoog
ljlzi6Ls/0f ljifosf]
tflnsf ljlzi6Ls/0f
ljutsf jif{df tflnsfdf
;f]lwPsf ePsf] Joj:yf
k|Zgxsf] af/]df 5nkmn
;\ufnf] ljutdf
pTt/ ;f]lwPsf
s'l~hsfsf] k|Zgx /
gd'gf ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf aLrsf]
t'ngfTds
cWoog /
5nkmn
# ljlzi6Ls/0f ljlzi6Ls/0f kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo ljlzi6Ls/0f ljlzi6Ls/0f @
tflnsf tflnsf jf l;sfO pknlJw tflnsf tflnsf
(specificati (specificatio cg';f/ k|Zgsf tx kf7\oqmd (specificati
/ k|sf/ ldnfP/ sfkL / snd on grid)
on grid) n grid) cg';f/ k|Zg lgdf{0f Go'h lk|G6 / cg';f/ k|Zg /
cg';f/ k|Zg / k|Zg / pTt/ k|Zg cg';f/sf dfs{/
pTt/ s'l~hsf pTt/ s'l~hsf
s'l~hsf lgdf{0f pQ/ s'l~hsf Kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f cEof;
lgdf{0f ug{ . lgdf{0f sIff ( / !) ag]sf
k|Zgxsf]
107
k|:t'tLs/0f
5nkmn /
;'wf/
tof/ ePsf tof/ ePsf k|Zg k|Zgxsf] kl/If0f ljlzi6Ls/0f :yfgLo @
k|Zg (Item) (Item) xsf] / cfjZos ;'wf/ tflnsf ljBfnosf 306
xsf] k/LIf0f k/LIf0f / ;'wf/ lgdf{0f ePsf ljBfyL{xnfO{ f
/ ;'wf/ ug{ . k|Zgx tof/ kfl/Psf
pTt/ k'l:tsf k|Zgsf] ef/
sndx cg';f/
Dfs{ n]h/ ljefhg u/L
al9df @)
ldg]6sf] k/LIff
lng]
ljBfyL{n]
n]v]sf
pTt/sf]
;d"xut kdf
k/LIf0f u/L
df{s{ n]h/
tof/ kfg]{
ljBfyL{n]
n]v]sf] hjfkm
/ pTt/
s'l~hsfsf]
tfnd]n,
k|Zgsf]
sl7gfOkg,
;fGble{st
;d]tsf]
cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f u/L
k|Zgx ;'wf/
u/L k|:t'lt /
5nkmn ug]{
$= tflndsf] ljlw /0fgLlt

o; tflnddf dfWolds txsf lzIfsx ;xefuL x'g] x'gfn] tL lzIfsn] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ /
kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo cg'ksf l;sfO pknlJw Pjd\ ljifout ;Ifdtf xfl;n eof] ePg egL n]vf hf]vfug{ / ug{
lg/Gt/ l;sfO ug{ ljz]if l;ksf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] ;f] cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{ cl3 a9fpg
lgDgfg';f/sf ;xeflutfd'ns ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ug{' kb{5 .
;d"x sfo{ ljlw

k|of]ufTds cEof; ljlw
k|bz{g ljlw
5nkmn ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg n]vfhf]vf
108
ug{sf nflu dfq tflnd lng] ;F:sf/af6 dfly p7]/ tflndsf l;knfO{ sIffdf k|of]u u/]sf cfwf/df lgoldt /
lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg ul//xg] k|0ffnLsf] Ps c+zsf] kdf of] d"Nof\sg /xg] 5 .
109
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog - zflGt,dfgj clwsf/,gful/s lzIff _
!=kl/ro
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x dfk{mt\ ljb\ofno txdf sfo{/t lzIfsxnfO{ k];fut ljsf; u/L
pgLxsf] ;Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug{ tflnd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljb\ofyL{xdf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf l;sfO pknlAwx
xfl;n u/fpg, ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f lj|mofsnfkx ;~rfng ug{ lzIfsxnfO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflndn] ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5
. ljb\odfg G lx+;f Pjd\ cl:y/tfsf] h/h/ cj:yfaf6 b]znfO{ kfGt/0f ug{ zflGt clx+;f dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe'lt
u/fpg cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn gful/ssf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] xF'bf o; ;DaGwdf afn
aflnsfnfO{ ljb\ofno txb]lv g} 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ / d"Nosf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsPdf x/]s JolSt,kl/jf/,;d'bfo / ;du|
b]zdf zflGt x'g ;Sg] xF'bf zflGt,dfgj clwsf/,gful/s lzIff ;DaGwL lzIfsxnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg of] @ lbg] df]8\o'n/ sf];{
ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
dflj txsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;fdflhs cWoogsf l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n u/fpg To; txsf lzIfsxnfO{ a9L
pkof]uL x'g] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut lh1f;fx, pedagogical 1fg k|jfxsf ;fy} lzIf0fdf
refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@=sf];{sf] pb\b]Zo
of] sf;{ k'/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg lnlvt l;k xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
s=zflGt lzIff, dfgjclwsf/ gful/s lzIffsf] dxTjsf] af/]df ;r]t u/fpg' .
v= G ;dfwfgsf] lglDt 1fg,l;k,clej[lt,d"Noxsf] ljsf; u/fpg' .
u= zflGt lzIff, dfgjclwsf/ gful/s lzIffsf] ljifoj:t'xnfO{ lzIf0f ls|ofsnfkdf PsLs[t ug{ ;Ifd jgfpg' .
#=ljifo j:t'
j|m d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifo If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;];g cg'dflgt
=;+ ef/ lj|mofsnfk
=
! zflGt lzIff, zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff @
G ;dfwfg tyf Joj:yfkg
zflGt If]qsf] kdf ljb\ofno
ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg
@ dfgj clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff #
dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;Dab\w ;\3 ;+:yfx
cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / a}wflgs clwsf/
110
afn clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/
afn clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] If]qdf
ePsf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx
# gful/s lzIff gful/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff !

gful/ssf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L
nf]stflGqs cEof;
;'zf;g
$=tflnd ;~rfng ljlw
of] tflndsf ;xefuL dfWolds txsf lzIfsx x'g]5g\ . tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf, ljifo j:t' /
kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5 . o; tflnddf lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf, /0fgLltxsf] k|of]uaf6
;~rfng ul/g] 5 M
k|bz{g
k|Zgf]t/ ljlw
5nkmn
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
vf]h cg':gwfg
e'ldsf clego
If]q e|d0f,cjnf]sg h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
%=d"Nof\sg
tflnd cjlwe/ ;xefuLn] b]vfpg] lj|mofsnfk h:tf] p;sf] ;xeflutf, l;sfOdf ;ls|otf, ;do kfngsf] cj:yf,
5nkmndf /x]sf] p;sf] contribution,;"Id lzIf0f cEof;, ljb\ofnosf] Report, k|c sf] l/kf]6{, ;fy}
p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
111
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog - gS;f / Unf]j _
!= kl/roM
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|n] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x dfkm{t ljb\ofno txdf sfo{/t lzIfsxnfO{
k];fut ljsf; u/L pgLxsf] ;Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug{, kf7\os|dn] tf]s]sf l;sfO pknlAwxnfO{
ljb\ofyL{xdf xfl;n u/fpg, ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ls|ofsnfkx ;+rfng ug{ lzIfsxnfO{
tflnd dfkm{t ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf]5 . To;} cg'k ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ gS;f
/ Unf]jsf] cWoog ug{ l;sfpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] lzIfs :jo+n] gS;f / Unf]asf] cWoog u/L ljleGg
ljlwxsf] k|of]u u/]/ gS;f agfpg] tyf ef}uflns ;+s]t k|of]u ug]{ ;Lk xfl;n ug{ ;xh x'g]
ePsf]n] lzIfsxnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg of] b'O{ lbg] df]8\o'n/ sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o;n] df=lj= txsf] kf7\os|dn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;fdflhs cWoogsf l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n u/fpg
To; txsf lzIfsxnfO{ a9L pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut
lh1f;fx, Pedagogical 1fg k|jfxsf ;fy} lzIf0fdf Refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u
ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] .
@= pb\b]ZoM
of] tflnd k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg lnlvt l;k xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
s= gS;f / Unf]jsf] kl/ro lbg .
v=gS;f / Unf]jsf]] lzIf0f ug{ .
u=:s]nsf] k|of]u ug{ .
3= gS;f lgdf{0f ljlw k|of]u u/L gS;f agfpg .
= gS;fdf lbOPsf tYox ;+s]tx k|of]u u/L e/]/ b]vfpg .
#= ljifoj:t'M
s|=;+= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifo If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Eff/ ;+efljt ls|ofsnfk
! Unf]j Unf]jsf] kl/ro ! ;xefuLxnfO{
Unf]jsf] cWoog Unf]jsf] kl/ro n]vL
;d"xdf k|:t'tug{
nufpg]
;xefuLxnfO{
Unf]j lbP/ cWoog
112
ug{ nufpg]
@= gS;f gS;fsf] kl/ro, k|sf/ @ ;xefuLxnfO{

gS;fsf] kl/ro n]vL
;d"xdf k|:t'tug{
nufpg]
gS;fsf] cWoog ;xefuLxnfO{
gS;fdf k|of]u x'g] ;+s]tx gS;f cWoog u/L
To;df k|of]u ePsf
:s]nsf] k|of]u ;+s]tx l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg] .
ljleGg k|sf/sf
:s]nx ;d"xut
kdf lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg] / cGtdf
;xhstf{n] lh1fzf
d]6fpg] .
# gS;fsfo{ gS;flgdf{0f ljlwx -!) # ljleGg ljlw k|of]u
ljlw_ u/L ;xefuLxnfO{
gS;f lgdf{0f u/L
k|Zt't ug{ nufpg] .
g]kfnsf]
:jtGqgS;flgdf{0f
g]kfnsf] gS;flgdf{0f snf u/L lbOPsf tYox
gS;feg]{ sfo{ eg{ nufpg] / csf]{
;d"xnfO{
d"Nof\sgug{
nufpg] .
$= tflndljlwM
of] tflnd sf];{sf ;xefuL eg]sf lgDg dfWolds lzIfsx X'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf]
cfjZostf, ljifoj:t' / kf7\os|ddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g]5 . tflndd lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw,
tl/sf / /0fgLltx Tflndcjlwe/ cjnDjgul/g]5 .
113
s= tflnd s]Gb|dfcfwfl/t !) lbgsf] cfdg] ;fdg] tflnd / kfFrlbg] ljbofnodf cfwfl/t tflnd
lgDg vfsfcg';f/ x'g]5 .
k|bz{g
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw
5nkmn
:jcWoogls|ofsnfk
kl/of]hgfsfo{
DffdnfcWoog
Vff]h cg';Gwfg
e"ldsfclego
gS;fcWoogljlw
k|of]ufTds sfo{
%= d"Nof\sgM
o; tflndsf] d"Nof\sg ;xefuLn] tflnd cjlwe/ b]vfpg] ls|ofsnfkdf lge{/ /xg]5 . h:tf]
;xefuLsf] ;ls|otf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;dosf] kfngf, 5nkmdf /x]sf] p;sf]
Contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] k|=c= l/kf]6{sf ;fy} p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{
;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ ;xefuLsf] d"No\+sg ul/g]5 .
114
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog - k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sg _
!= kl/ro
;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljleGg ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] PsLs[t ljifo xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog
df= lj= -sIff (!)_ txsf] kf7\oqmdn] ;}b\wflGts / k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sgsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . df= lj= txdf
;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sg gofF cjwf/0ff ePsf]n] ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ o;sf] hfgsf/L
d"Nof\sgdf ljleGg k|lqmof ;DaGwdf cled'vLs/0f x'g ;s]df dfq k|of]ufTds sfo{n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;S5 .
log} kIfxnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ;fdflhs cWoogsf] k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sgsf ljljw kIf;Fu lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/
u/fpg, k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sg ug{] tl/sfx lzIfsnfO{ k|bfg u/L k|efjsf/L d"Nof\sg kb\wlt :yflkt ug{ o;
tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf] pb\b]Zo
o; tflnd kZrft lzIfsx lgDg s'/fxdf ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
1. k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sgsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj atfpg .
2. k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sgsf If]qx klxrfg ug{ .
3. k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sg / lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg larsf] ;DaGw klxrfg ug{ .
4. k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sgsf gd'gfx k|:t't ug{ .
#= tflndsf] ljifoj:t'
qm= ;= ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ;];g kl/of]hgf sfo{
! k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds !
d"Nof\sg d"Nof\sgsf]
kl/ro,
dxTTj /
cfjZostf
@ k|of]ufTds vf]hd"ns @
d"Nof\sgsf l;h{gfTds
If]qx sfo{
l;kd"ns
;fd'lxs
sfo{df
;xeflutfd"n
s
gd'gf
Jofjxf/ k|b{zg
# k|of]ufTds s:tf] < !

d"Nof\sg / lsg <
115
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nof\sgsf]
;DaGw
$ k|of]ufTds s]xL gd"gfx @
d"Nof\sgsf] k|:t't
gd"gf k|:tl't
$= tflndljlwM
of] tflnd sf];{sf ;xefuL eg]sf lgDg dfWolds lzIfsx X'g]5g\ . of] tflnd
lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf, ljifoj:t' / kf7\os|ddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g]5 .
tflndd lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf / /0fgLltx Tflndcjlwe/ cjnDjgul/g]5 .
s= tflnd s]Gb|dfcfwfl/t !) lbgsf] cfdg] ;fdg] tflnd / kfFrlbg] ljbofnodf
cfwfl/t tflnd lgDg vfsfcg';f/ x'g]5 .
k|bz{g
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw
5nkmn
:jcWoog ls|ofsnfk
kl/of]hgfsfo{
DffdnfcWoog
Vff]h cg';Gwfg
e"ldsfclego
gS;fcWoogljlw
k|of]ufTds sfo{
%= d"Nof\sgM
o; tflndsf] d"Nof\sg ;xefuLn] tflnd cjlwe/ b]vfpg] ls|ofsnfkdf lge{/
/xg]5 . h:tf] ;xefuLsf] ;ls|otf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;dosf] kfngf,
5nkmdf /x]sf] p;sf] Contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] k|=c=
l/kf]6{sf ;fy} p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ ;xefuLsf] d"No\sg
ul/g]5 .
116
117
ljifo M ;fdflhs cWoog - g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ _
!= kl/ro
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] PsLs[t ljifosf] klxrfg agfPsf] 5 . o; ljifodf gful/s lzIff;Fu
;DalGwt w]/} ljifoj:t'x PsLs[t kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ljifoj:t'x
gful/s lzIff;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifoj:t' x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L e} xfn sfof{Gjogdf 5 .
sltko ;Gb{e, k|fjwfg / df}lns xssf ljifox kl/jlt{t 5g\ . oL kl/jlt{t k|fjwfgnfO{ a'g, dgg\ ug{ /
sfof{Gjog ug{ Pj+ sIffsf]7fdf To;sf] k|ltlaDag ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] pb\b]Zon] of] ;+ljwfg;Fu
;DjlGwt @ lbg] tflnd ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf] pb\b]Zox
!= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd atfpg
@= jt{dfg ;+ljwfg k|bt df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug{
#= /fHosf c\ux / ltgLxsf] sfo{x pNn]v ug{
$= ;"rgfsf] xs / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;hu /xg
%= ljleGg ;Da}wflgs lgsfoxsf] gfd / ltgLxsf] sfo{ atfpg
^= blno Joj:yfsf] k|fjwfg;Fu kl/lrt x'g
#= tflndsf] ljifoj:t'x
qm=;= ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ;];g kl/of]hgf

sfo{
!= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs g]kfnsf] j}wflgs sfg'g @))$ !
ljsf;qmd cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))&
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!%
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
@= df}lns xs df}lns xs @
gful/s xs
;"rgfsf] xs
#= /fHosf c\ux Joj:yflksf @
sfo{kflnsf
Gofokflnsf
ltg c\ux larsf] cGt/ ;DaGw
$= ;+j}wflgs c=b'=c= cfof]u !
lgsfox dxfn]vf kl/Ifs
118
nf]s;]jf cfof]u
lgjf{rg cfof]u
/fli6o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljlQo cfof]u
cGo cfof]ux - /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6o blnt
cfof]u, /f= ;dfj]zL cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt
cfof]u, dw]zL yf?, d'l:nd cfof]u
;+ljwfg cg';f/ /fhlglts bn ;DalGw Jo:yf
$= of] tflnd sf];{sf ;xefuL eg]sf lgDg dfWolds lzIfsx X'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf,
ljifoj:t' / kf7\os|ddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g]5 . tflndd lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf / /0fgLltx
Tflndcjlwe/ cjnDjgul/g]5 .
s= tflnd s]Gb|dfcfwfl/t !) lbgsf] cfdg] ;fdg] tflnd / kfFrlbg] ljbofnodf cfwfl/t tflnd lgDg
vfsfcg';f/ x'g]5 .
1. 5nkmn
2. vf]hcGj]if0f
3. ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg
4. dlit:s dGyg
5. k|Zgf]Tt/
6. e"ldsf clegogf6s
7. gd'gf lzIf0f
of] tflnd sf];{sf ;xefuL eg]sf lgDg dfWolds lzIfsx X'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf]
cfjZostf, ljifoj:t' / kf7\os|ddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g]5 . tflndd lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw,
tl/sf / /0fgLltx Tflndcjlwe/ cjnDjgul/g]5 .
s= tflnd s]Gb|dfcfwfl/t !) lbgsf] cfdg] ;fdg] tflnd / kfFrlbg] ljbofnodf cfwfl/t tflnd
lgDg vfsfcg';f/ x'g]5 .
%= d"Nof\sgM
o; tflndsf] d"Nof\sg ;xefuLn] tflnd cjlwe/ b]vfpg] ls|ofsnfkdf lge{/ /xg]5 . h:tf]
;xefuLsf] ;ls|otf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;dosf] kfngf, 5nkmdf /x]sf] p;sf]
Contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] k|=c= l/kf]6{sf ;fy} p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{
;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ ;xefuLsf] d"No\+sg ul/g]5 .
119
ljifo M :jf:Yo, hg;\Vof / jftfj/0f
tx M dfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M HPE-P-03-01
!= kl/ro
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|f/f :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffsf] PsLs[t kf7\qmd clgjfo{ ljifosf] dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_
df nfu' xF'b}] 5 . of] tflnd sf];{ o;} kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eO{ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljifo ;}b\wflGts ;fy} Jojxfl/s tyf
hLjgf]kof]uL ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf sltko ljifo j:t' lzIf0f ug{ lzIfsdf ljz]if sf}znsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ of] tflnd sf];{af6
lzIfsxdf ljleGg ;d;fdlos tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg tyf l;k k|bfg ug]{ s'zntfdf clej[b\lw x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] tflnd k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsxdf lgDg sfo{s'zntfdf clej[b\lw x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= :jfhjf lzIffsf] ljb\odfg kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts tyf lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/L jt{dfg kl/j]zdf o;sf ljifo
j:t'sf] ;fGble{stf cf}+Nofpg ;Sg]5g\ .
@= kf7\os|dn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf ;d;fdlos ljifo j:t'x klxrfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= :jfhjf lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljb\odfg k|lqmof klxrfg u/L yk k|efjsf/L ljsNkx klxrfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
$= :jfhjf lzIffsf] sIff ( / !) sf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ljifo j:t' ;DaGwL 1fg, l;k xfl;n u/L k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 lzIf0f ug]{
tl/sf cjnDag ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
%= :j:Yo ,hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff lZfIf0fsf nflu lzIf0f ljlwx /0fgLltx 5gf}6 u/L lzIf0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
^= :j:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffdf ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf nflu lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sgsf ;fwg 5gf}6 u/L
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]d5g\ .
#= ljifo j:t'
qm=;+= zLif{s pkzLif{s ef/ kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= kf7\os|d, kf7\os|dsf] cjwf/0ff / o;sf tTTjx !;q
kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\os|d lgb]{lzsfsf] kdf
lzIfs
lgb]{lzsfsf] :jfhjfsf] kf7\os|d / o;sf] ljZn]if0f
k'g/fjnf]sg kf7\os|dsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
kf7\os|d / kf7\ok':ts
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u
@= :jfhjf :jfhjf lzIf0fsf] ljb\odfg cj:yf !
lzIf0fsf] lzIf0f ljlw ;q
ljb\odfg z}lIfs ;fdu|L
cj:yf / d"Nof\sg k|ls|of
;d:ofx ljb\odfg ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx
#= :jf:Yo, :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f lzIffsf] kl/ro !;q
hg;+Vof / :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f lzIffsf] dxTTj
jftfj/0f
lzIffsf] :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof / jftfj/0fjLrsf]
cjwf/0ff cGt/;DaGw
$= hg;f+lVosL, hg;+Vof kl/jt{g Nofpg] sf/s tTTjx @ != tkfO{sf] ;d'bfosf] cj:yf cWoog u/L
hg;+Vof a;fO ;/fOaf6 c;/ kg]{ If]qx ;q ToxfF a;fO;/fOn] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf]
kl/jt{g / b]lvG5 < ;f] s'/f ;d]6\b} Ps k|ltj]bg
Joj:yfkg hg;f+lVosL tTTj, k|ls|of / dfkg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
tLj| hg;+Vof j[b\lwsf] kl/0ffd / hg;+Vof
Joj:yfkg
%= Hfg;+Vof dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; @ != tkfO{{ a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfgsf] glhs
jftfj/0f / hg;+Vof jftfj/0f / ljsf; ultljlw ;q kg]{ s'g} Ps 7'nf] pb\of]usf] e|d0f u/L
ljsf; ;f] pb\of]usf] cjnf]sg kZrft o;n]
lbuf] ljsf; pb\of]u leq hgzlSt s;/L Joj:yfkg
u/]sf] 5 ;f] tof/ u/L pQm pb\of]un]
jftfj/0fdf kf/]sf] c;/ kQf nufO{
120
lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ pQm
c;/x Go'lgs/0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5
;f] sf] af/]df Ps k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
^= Gf]kfnsf] ;x/Ls/0f / o;sf c;/x -tYof\s /fVg]_ ! != tkfO{sf] ;d'bfodf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
hg;f\lVos Eff}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;\Vofsf] ;q tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ljb\ofdfg cj:yf
l:ylt / l:ylt / kl/l:ylts k|0ffnL tyf To;n] To;sf] nflu rflnPsf sbdxsf]
jftfj/0f jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj klxrfg u/L Pp6f cg';GwfgfTds n]v
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg
&= kfl/jfl/s hLjg eljiosf nflu kl/jf/ of]hgf ! != tkfO{sf] cfgf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf
lzIff kfl/jfl/s of]hgf lgdf{0fdf dlxnfsf] ;q j[4j[4fsf] tYof\s ;+sng ug'{xf];\ /
;+nUgtf pgLxsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ef]Ug'k/]sf
;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf]
j[4fj:yf / o;sf] ;'/Iff k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
@= dlxnfsf] ;;St e"ldsf /xg] u/L

tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] nflu pko'St x'g]
kfl/jfl/s of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ .
*= Kf|fs[lts ;|f]t k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ tyf ;Def/ ! != dfgjLo lqmofsnfkxaf6 k|fs[lts
tyf h}ljs h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cjwf/0ff ;q ;|f]tdf k/]sf c;/x ;DaGwL ljleGg
ljljwtf yl/sf lrqx Kfqklqsf tyf
b'ne{ kz'kG5L / jg:kltx -l:ylt, dxTTj kf]:6/xaf6 ;+sng u/L ljleGg ;d"x
/ ;+/If0f_ agfO ;d"xut kdf k|b'if0f, jgh\un
h}ljs ljljwtfdf k/]sf k|lts"n c;/ tyf ljgfz, af9L tyf klx/f], r/g If]qsf]
Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox ljgfz, hldgsf] ljgfz, jGohGt"df
x|f; cflb ;DaGwL c;/ / o;sf]
;dfwfgsf pkfosf] af/]df Ps k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
@= glhs}sf] /fli6o lgs'~h, jGohGt" cf/If,

lzsf/ cf/If jf ;+/If0f If]q dWo] s'g}
Ps :yfgsf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ / ToxFf
kfOg] jg:klt tyf jGohGt"xsf] ;"rL
tof/ kfg'{xf];\, ltgLx dWo] s'g s'g
hLjx b"n{e k|f0fL tyf jg:kltdf
kb{5g\ ;f] 5'ofO logLxsf] dxTTj,
b"n{e x'gfsf] sf/0f / ;+/If0f ug]{
pkfoxsf] jf/]df Ps k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
(= Jfftfj/0fLo Kf|b'if0f / k|b"if0fsf] Joj:yfkg ! !=ljb\ofnosf] glhs kg]{
:jf:Yo / 7f]; kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg ;q pb\of]usnsf/vfgfsf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\,
/f]ux pSt pb\of]usnsf/vfgfn]
Jfftfj/0faf6 ;+qmldt x'g] /f]ux jftfj/0fdf kf/]sf k|b'if0fsf] klxrfg
x}hf u/L o;af6 dflg; nufot\ cGo
8]\u' hLjhGt"sf] :jf:Yodf kg{ uPsf]
efO/n PGn'PGhf k|lts"n c;/x klxrfg u/L o:tf
c;/xnfO{ s;/L Go"lgs/0f ug{
;lsG5, ;f] sf] af/]df Ps k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
!)= lszf]/fj:yf, lszf]/ lszf]/Lxsf] # != glhssf] ljb\ofnodf uP/
of}g tyf k|hgg ;d:of ;q lszf]/fj:yfsf] lszf]/ lszf]/Lx;Fu
:jf:Yo lzIff ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmn (Focus Group
;fgf] pd]/dfljjfxx'g] Discussion) u/L pgLxn] ef]u]sf
c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ ;d:of / of}g;Fu ;DalGwt
bf}t/L bafa lh1f;fxsf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
of}g b'Jo{jxf/
@= glhssf] c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL, pk
:jf:Yo rf}sLdfuO{ ToxfFsf k|d'v;Fu
Joj:yfkg e]6]/ ;'/lIftdft[TTj, gjhft lzz'sf]
121
x]/rfx,k|hgg\ k|0ffnLdf x'g] ;+qmds
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx /f]u tyf of}ghGo /f]usf] af/]df
;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/ 5nkmn u/L Pp6f k|ltj]bgtof/
l;h{gfTds lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf ug'{xf];\ .
bf}t/L lzIff
of}g lzIff
of}lgstfsf] kl/ro
of}g efjgf / OR5f
:jKgbf]if x:td}y'g
k|hgg :jf:Yo
kl/jf/ of]hgf
;'/lIft dft[Tj
!!= pkef]Stf gSsnL 8fS6/ @ #= pkef]Uo ;fdfgk|ltljb\ofyL{xsf] ;r]tgf

clwsf/ / xfgLsf/s pTkfbgx ;q / v/fant ;DaGwLk|ZgfjnLlgdf{0f u/]/
:jf:Yosf] glhssf] ljb\ofnodf uO{
;+/If0f v/fa nt ljb\ofyL{xsf] 1fg / wf/0ff klxrfg
gSsnL :jf:Yo Joj;foLx u/L k|ltj]bgtof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
vfb\o ld;fj6
pkef]Stmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$
pkef]Stmfsf] bfloTj
:j:ys/ hLjg ofkgsf] of]hgf
:jf:Yo / cy{ larsf] ;DaGw

:j:y k];fJoj;fo
kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw
kfl/jfl/s cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{
w'd|kfg / nfu'kbfy{
cjwf/0ff
w'd|kfg / nfu'kbfy{ tkm{ nfUgfsf
;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs sf/0fx
!@= ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ kf]if0f / ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ $ != zlSt lbg] vfgf, z/L/sf] /Iff ug]{ vfgf
/ ;'/lIft hLjg ;q / z/L/ j[lb\b ug]{ vfgfsf gd'gfx
z}nL kf]if0fsf] kl/ro ;+sng u/L ljb\ofyL{nfO{ sIffdf
vfgfsf] juL{s/0f k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg] / To;n] l;sfOdf
kf}li6s tTTj / ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ ;d]6\b} k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{
;Gt'lnt cfxf/'sf] dxTTj nufpg] .
@=lzIfsn] cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf]

;'/lIft hLjg z}nL / :j:Yfs/ hLjgofkgsf] :j:Yfs/ hLjgofkgsf] nflu Ps of]hgf
of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufO{ ;f]sf] 5f]6f] sfo{Gjog
cJf:yf ;d]t ;d]6L Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{
;Gt'lnt ef]hg .
Jofofd / v]ns'b
:jf:Yo kl/If0f #= ljb\ofyL{nfO{ e"sDk jf cGo ljkb;Fu
:j:Yfs/ hLjgofkgsf] of]hgf s] lsg ;DalGwt cEof; ug{ nufO{ ;f]sf]
/ s;/L < pknlAwnfO{ ;d]6b} Ps n]v tof/ kfg'{xf];
.
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
hf]lvdsf] cjwf/0ff
122
hf]lvdsf k|sf/x
e"sDk
cfunfuL
af9L
klx/f]
r6\of
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox
!#= :j:Yo, hg;+Vof jo:s l;sfO l;b\bfGt, & != sIff ( / !) sf] :j:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf
tyf jftfj/0f k|jrg ;q jftfj/0f lzIff kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts
lzIff lZfIf0f cWoog u/L
ljlwx 5nkmn k|jrg,5nkmn,k|Zgf]Tt/,k|bz{g,;d:of
/0fgLltx k|Zgf]Tt/ ;dfwfg,vf]h tyf cGj]if0f ,clego
k|bz{g ,syf syg,v]n,e"ldsf lgjf{x,36gf
;d:of ;dfwfg cWoog,kl/of]hgf sfo{,If]q e|d0f ljlw
vf]h tyf cGj]if0f k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{ ljifo j:t'xsf]
clego ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf]; . lo ljlwx k|of]u
u/L lzIf0f ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx n]Vg'xf];
syf syg .
v]n
e"ldsf lgjf{x @= sIff ( / !) sf] :j:Yo ,hg;+Vof tyf
36gf cWoog jftfj/0f lzIff kf7\oqmd /
kl/of]hgf sfo{ kf7\o k' : ts cWoog u/L lh+u; ljlw
k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{ ljifo j:t'xsf]
If]q e|d0f
;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf]; . s'g}{ Pp6f ljifo
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ljlwx / ;xof]ufTds
j:t' 5gf}6u/L lh+u; ljlw k|of]u u/L
l;sfO /0fgLltx
lzIf0f ug{ lqofsnfkx n]Vg'xg]; . oL
lrof lj>fd ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ubf{ ePsf
lh+u; kmfObfx ljb\ofyL{x ;u 5nkmn u/L
lardf snd -ca d]/f] kfnf]_ n]Vg'xf];\ .
dlitis dGyg
b|'t n]vg #= sIff ( / !) sf] :j:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf
;f]Rg],hf]8L agfpg] / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
jftfj/0f lzIff kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts
(TPS)
cWoog u/L lrof lj>fd ljlw k|of]u
u/L lzIf0f ug]{ ljifo j:t'xsf] ;"rL
u|flkm6L tof/ kfg'{xf]; . s'g}{ Pp6f ljifo j:t'
d"No /]vf :yfg -Value Line_ 5gf}6u/L lrof lj>fd ljlw k|of]u u/L
tftf] s';L{ lzIf0f ug{ lqofsnfkx n]Vg'x]f; . lo
a'Fbf ;\s]t ;lxt k9fO ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ubf{ ePsf
pk/f]St ljlwxdf cfwfl/t gd'gf lzIf0f kmfObfx ljb\ofyL{x ;u 5nkmnu/L
n]Vg'xf]; .
$= dfly pNn]v ePsf ljlw dWo] s'g} @

j6f ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ /
k|fKt cg'ejnfO{ ;d]6\b} Ps k|ltj]bg
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!$= :j:Yo, hg;+Vof lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg sf ;fwg k|of]u # != sIff ( / !) sf] ::j:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf
tyf jftfj/0f lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg sf ;fwg k|of]u ;q jftfj/0f lzIff sf] ;}bflGts k/LIffsf]
lzIff lZfIf0fdf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf cg';f/ Ps
ljb\ofyL{ ljlzli6s/0f tflnsf Ps ;]6 k|Zg kq tof/ kf/L s'g} Ps
d"Nof\sgsf kl/of]hgfsfo{ / k|of]ufTds d"Nof\sg k|ls|of sIffsf] k/LIff ;+rfng ug'{xf];\ .
tl/sfx k/LIffkmnsf] cfwf/df k|Zg kq
ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
@= sIff ( / !) sf] ::j:Yo ,hg;+Vof tyf

jftfj/0f lzIff sf] @% k"0f{f\ssf]
k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] nflu sIffut
kl/of]hgfsfo{x tof/ kfg'{xf]; .
ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ ;d"xut kdf
123
kl/of]hgf ;DkGg ug{ nufO d"Nof\sg
ug'{xf]; / d"Nof\sg k|ltj]bg tof/
kfg'{xf]; .
$= tflnd ;+~rfng ljlw / k|ls|of

tflnd cjlwdf lgDg ljlwx cjnDjg ug{ ;lsg]5 . ljifo j:t'sf] dfu / ;xefuLsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ljlw ;d]t k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!) lbgsf] km]; 6' km]; tflnd ;q ;+rfng

k|bz{g, /rgfTds 5nkmn / JofVof
;d"x sfo{
36gf cWoog
clego
:jfWofog
kl/of]hgf sfo{
;"Id lzIf0f
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ljlwx
% tflndsf ljifo j:t' / lzIfs ;Ifdtfsf] cfk;L ;DaGw
kf7\oqmdsf ljifo j:t' tflnd sf];{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;xefuL lzIfsxdf ljifo j:t' ;DaGwL uxg 1fg xfl;n x'g]
ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
:jfhjfsf] lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg lzIf0f ljlwx tflnd sf];{df ;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf lzIf0f l;sfOsf
tf}/tl/sf ;DaGwL 1fg, l;sf? ;DaGwL 1fg, l;sfO jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff ug{
;lsG5 .
% sfo{ lbg a/fa/sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ tflnddf ;dfj]; ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;xefuL lzIfsxdf ;+rf/ tyf ;xsfo{ l;k, lg/Gt/
l;sfO / k];fut l;k h:tf ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
124
ljifo M k];f,Joj;fo / k|ljlw
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M OBT-P-02-01
!= kl/ro
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno txsf] cfwf/e"t tx-sIff ^*_ sf] k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t
eO{ lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw k|fKt u/fpg s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . o; txsf ljb\ofyL{xsf]
tf]lsPsf ;Ifdtf k'/f ug{sf] nflu k|lzIfs / lzIfsxdf ;DalGwt ;Ifdtfx ljsf; ug]{ k|d'v pb\ b]Zosf ;fy of]
tflnd kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;sf d'Vo ljifoj:t'xdf pSt kf7\oj|md ;dfj]z ul/g'sf]] ;Gbe{, cfjZostf,
k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;, kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifoj:t'xsf] ;xhLs/0f, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof,
d"Nof\sg, ljleGg of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 k|lzIfs tyf
lzIfsxdf 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;sf/fTds clej[lTt ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{df >d k|lt ;Ddfg / nufj a9fO{ ljb\ofno
lzIffnfO{ pTkfbgd"vL agfpg ;}b\wflGts tyf k|of]ufTds ljifoj:t'x o; tflnd kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljsf; u/]sf] o; ljifosf] kf7\oj|mddf %) k|lt;t ;}b\wflGts / %) k|lt;t k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] Joj:yf u/]sfn] k|lzIf0f, tflnd, lzIf0f l;sfO / ljifout ;fdu|L ljsf; ubf{;d]t k|of]ufTds sfo{nfO{ ljz]if
kdf k|fyldstf lbg h?/L b]lvG5 . log} ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{df of] tflnd kf7\oj|md ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\oj|md
!) lbgsf] k|ToIf km]; 6' km]; tflnd / % lbgsf] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/L hDdf !% lbgsf] x'g] 5 .
of] tflnd sfo{j|md hDdf Ps dlxg] cjlwsf] !%!% lbgsf b'O{ r/0fx dWo] klxnf] r/0fsf] !% lbg] tflnd sfo{j|md
xf] .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw ljifosf] ljb\ofno lzIffsf] ljsl;t kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg / ljb\ofyL{sf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg' xf] . o;sf nflu ;xefuLx lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{
;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^*_df ;dfj]z ul/g'sf] ;Gbe{, k[i7e"ld
tyf cfjZostf / cf}lrTo atfpg / ljZn]if0f ug{ .
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;u kl/lrt eO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ /
cGt/;DaGw kTtf nufpg .
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] lzIf0f k|lj|mof / ljlw;u kl/lrt eO{ lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf
k|of]u ug{ .
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ / ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf;u kl/lrt eO{ o;sf]
k|of]u ug{, k|Zgkq ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ / k|Zg kq ljZn]if0f u/L lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ .
k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu ljleGg of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L / sfof{Gjog ug{ .
@=^ k];f Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, lj|mofsnfk, k|of]ufTds
sfo{, ;xhLs/0f l;k / ;f]cg';f/sf] d"Nof\sg ug{ .
125

kl/ro
@ ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff ^*df of] ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{sf] ;Gbe{, P]ltxf;s ! ;];g
k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, k[i7e"ld, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo
;DaGw kf7\oj|md k|fkdf k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] :yfg, qmd / ;DaGw
# k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;
kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f, / d"Nof\sg k|of]u
d'Vo tTTjx
txut ;Ifdtf
ljifoj:t'xsf] If]q / j|md, logLx larsf] cGt/;DaGw / leGgtfsf]
k];fut lzIff
Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f
k|ljlw lzIff
k|of]u
k|of]u
lzIfs tflnd / ljb\ofyL{ l;sfOdf ;'rgf k|ljlw (ICT) sf] k|of]u
$ kf7\oj|mdsf ljifoj:t'xsf] 1fg, ljifout ljwfsf k|lzIfs tyf ;|f]t JolStaf6 k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] k|bz{g / & ;];g ;DefJo lj|mofsnfk / k
lj|mofsnfk, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, cEof; sfo{sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f ty
k|of]ufTds sfo{ / logLxsf] k|bz{g;d]t
;~rfng, ;xhLs/0f l;k / lzIf0f If]q ! M k];fut lzIff (Professional/Occupational Education/
l;sfOdf k|of]u Career Education)
k];fut lzIff
lzIff tflnd / /f]huf/L
126
k];fsf] 5gf]6 tyf of]hgf k|ls|of
If]q @ M Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f (Business/Vocational Orientation)
;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k(Soft Skills)

Joj;fo
Jofkf/ / ahf/ Joj:yfkg
gf]6 M 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ ljifo ! b]lv * ;Ddaf6 s'g} $ cf]6f dfq .
!= t/sf/L v]tL
@= kmnk'mn v]tL
#= ;'Vvf t/sf/L, kmnk'mn tyf vfB ;fdu|L tof/L
$= k'mn tyf h8La'6L v]tL
%= kz'kGIfL :ofxf/ / x]/rfx
^= l;Nksnf
&= df6f]sf] sfd
*= l;nfO a'gfO
If]q # M k|ljlw lzIff (Technical Education)
!= :yfgLo k|ljlw
@= cfw'lgs k|ljlw

d"Nof\sgsf] glthfsf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|of]u
ljsf;sf] cEof;
k|Zgkq ljZn]if0f
^ k];f Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIffdf k];f Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIffdf jflif{s of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u # ;];g
of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u
k];f Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIffdf PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u
k];f Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIffdf b}lgs kf7 of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf
k|of]u
& ;"Id l;If0f ;"Id lzIf0fsf] kl/ro / ;~rfng of]hgf % ;];g ljb\ofnodf lzIfs
;fyLx;u ;"Id l;I
(Micro-teaching) ;"Id lzIf0fsf nflu ;d"xut tyf JolStut of]hgf lgdf{0f (Micro -teaching)
gd'gf k|bz{g, cjnf]sg kmf/fdsf] k|of]u / k[i7kf]if0f cbfg k|bfg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u
127
lzIfsx larsf] cGt/lj|mof
Implementation Action
Plan, its use and Follow ;d'bfosf ;|f]t JolStxsf] kl/rfng
up support) ljb\ofyL{sf cg'ejxsf] l;sfOdf k|of]u cflb .

;dfkg
;dfkg
hDdf #) ;];g
dfly plNnlvt ljifoj:t'xnfO{ km]; 6' km]; !) lbg / % lbg] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/L !% lbg]
tflndsf nflu lj|mofsnfkxsf] sfo{tflnsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 M
%= tflnd ;fdu|L
o; tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df ;xhLs/0f stf{n] kf7kqx Tfof/ ug{] 5g\ . sIff ^* sf] k];f, Joj;fo /
k|ljlw lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd, sIff ^, & / * sf] k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf,
z}hljs]af6 ljsl;t lel8of], j]j ;r{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} tflnd sIfdf cfjZos kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx sf8{af]8{
k]kf/,s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go'hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/ nufotsf ;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} Pnl;l8,
sDKo'6/ ;d]tsf] cfjZostf /xg] 5 .

k|bz{g, cGt/lj|mofTds JofVofg, 5nkmn -hf]8L, ;d"xut_, :jcWoog, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, JolStut sfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, dfdnf cWoog, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, ;"Id lzIf0f, v]n, ;+uLt, sljtf, uLtsf] k|of]u cflb
h:tf ;xefuL s]lGb|t ljlw / k|lj|mof ckgfOg] 5 .
&= d"Nof\sg
ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

cfwf/df ;xefuLxsf] k|lzIf0f u|x0fsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g]5 . ;fy} l;k k|:t'tLs/0f, k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f,;sf/fTds
.
128
ljifo M sIff lzIf0f
tx M k|fylds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M GEN-P-01-01
!=kl/roM
e/v/ e/v/ cfdf a'afsf] sfv / 3/sf] jftfj/0f 5f]8]/ gf}nf],ckl/lrt ,cghfg jftfj/0fdf
cfPsf afn aflnsfx ljb\ofnodf 3/ s} h:tf] dfof ddtf, :ofFxf/ ;';f/ , x]/rfx ;'/Iff rfxG5g\ .
pgLxsf] dgf]efjcg';f/ dgf]/~hgfTds t/Lsfjf6 lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ljb\ofnon] ul/lbPdf afn
aflnsfx ljb\ofnodf lgoldt x'g'sf ;fy} pgLxsf] l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . xfn k|fylds txdf
b]lvPsf] sIff 5f]8g] pRr b/ -Droup out_ afn aflnsfsf] dgf]efjcg';f/ lzIf0f ug{ g;Sg'sf ;fy}
lzIf0fdf pko'St sIff Joj:yf x'g g;Sg' g} xf] . afn aflnsfxsf] dgf]efj a'emg / ;f] cg'k
lzIf0f lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu Pp6f sIffdf Pp6} lzIfsn] lzIf0f ubf{ hlt yfxf x'G5 Tolt ljifout
lzIfsnfO{ yfxf gx'g ;S5 . t;y{ sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd sIff lzIf0f a9L k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . log}
kIfnfO{ dgg u/L sIff lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lzIf0f snf, t/Lsf, l;kx lzIfsxnfO{ k|bfg
u/L k|efjsf/L lzIf0f tyf sIff Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd u/fpg of] !) lbg] sIff lzIf0f tflndsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflndsf pb\b\]Zox M
sIff lzIf0f tflnd lnO{ ;s]kl5 lzIfsx lgDg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g M
sIff lzIf0fsf] cjwf/0ff ,o;sf] dxTTj / cfjZostf atfpg .
sIff lzIf0fdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf klxrfg u/L sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkg ug{ . - sIff sf]7f
;hfj6,a;fO Joj:yfkg, ;fdfu|L Jj:yfkg cflb_
% b]lv & jif{sf afn aflnsfsf] dgf]j[lTt / ltlgxsf] l;sfO k|ls|of lar kl/lrt eO{ ;f]
cg';f/ lzIf0f ug{ .
sIff lzIf0fsf l;kx xfl;n u/L afnd}qL jftfj/0f ;[h0ff ug{ / dgf]/~hgfTds
afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwjf6 PsLs[t -Theme_ cyjf ljifout cfwf/df l;sfO ls|ofsnfk
tof/ u/L k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f ug{ .
lrq sf]g{, afnuLt ufpg], v]n v]nfpg], sIff lzIf0fsf nflu dgf]/~hgfTds agfpg
cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs ;fdfu|L lgdf{0f ug{ .
kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts Pj+ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L;u kl/lrt eO{ PsLs[t -Theme_ cyjf ljifout
cfwf/df z}lIfs of]hgf tyf b}lgs sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{ .
ljb\ofyL{xsf] l;sfO ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg ug{ tYof\s
cWofjlws Pj+ Jojl:yt /fVg / k|ltj]bg lbg .
#= tflndsf ljifoj:t'M
qm=; ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ;];g kl/of]hgf sfo{
=
-!=#)306f_
!= sIff lzIf0f sIff lzIf0fsf] cjwf/0ff -s]_ @ ;];g
dxTTj / cfjZostf -kmfO{bf _
sIff lzIf0fsf ljz]iftfx
sIff lzIf0fsf ;d:of / To:sf] ;dfwfg
129
sIff lzIfssf nflu ljz]if l;k
cGo lzIf0f kb\wlt;usf] ;DaGw
ax'sIff lzIf0f / ljifout lzIf0f
@= sIff lzIf0fdf ljleGg lzIfs ! 306f
lgsfosf] e"ldsf k|=c=
lj=Jo=;=
cleefjs
#= Jojxf/ ljZn]if0f % b]lv & jif{sf afn aflnsfsf] dgf]j[lTt ! ;];g
/ ltgLxsf] l;sfO k|ls|of -zf/Ll/s
cj:yf,af}b\lws cj:yf dgf]j}1flgs /
;fdflhs cj:yfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f_
$= Joj:yfkg sIff Joj:yfkg -sIff sf]7fsf] # ;];g
;hfj6,a;fO Joj:yf_
;d"x lgdf{0f
ljifout ;dGjo Pj+ Joj:yfkg
lzIfs Joj:yfkg cflb .
%= kf7\oqmd,kf7\ok':ts k|fylds tx sIff !# -vf; u/L sIff ( ;];g

tyf lzIfs lgb]{lzsf lzIf0f ul/g] sIffsf]_ kf7\oqmdsf] cWoog
kf7\oqmdsf] 9frf
ljifo
l;sfO ;Ifdtf
lzIf0f ljlw
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg cflb
kf7\ok':ts
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
PsLs[t lzIf0f of]hgf -Theme) sf]
cfwf/ / ljifosf] cfwf/df jflif{sdfl;s
z}lIfs of]hgf tyf b}lgs sfo{tflnsf
lgdf0f{ .
lzIf0fsf] dfWod
^= lzIf0f ljlw tyf sIff lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] * ;];g
z}lIfs ;fdfu|L afns]lGb|t dgf]/~hgfTds lzIf0f
ljlwlqmofsnfk klxrfg .
ljifout / Theme sf] kl/ro, lgdf{0f,
lyddf cfwf/Lt gd'gf lqmofsnfk lgdf{0f,
k|b{zg Theme wise pedagogy_
lyd tyf ljifodf cfwfl/t afnuLt, afn
syf, v]n, g[Todf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
lqmofsnfk lgdf0f{ / k|:t'tLs/0f .
afn aflnsfsf] l;sfOdf sl7gfOsf
130
If]qxkIfx klxrfg / lzIf0f
lqmofsnfk lgdf{0f .
ICT sf] k|of]u k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] If]q,
ljifoj:t' tyf kf7sf] klxrfg /
lqmofsnfk lgdf0f{ / k|:t't .
z}lIfs ;fdfu|L 5gf}6 tyf tof/L
-;+sng, lgdf{0f_ k|of]u .
&= ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg @ ;];g
clen]vLs/0f
Supporting System
Councling -parents & student
*= k|ltj]bg s] s] sf] agfpg] / sf] s;nfO{ lbg] ! ;];g
-cleefjs, lzIfs, k|=c= cflb_
(= cEof; lzIf0fsIff cEof; lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f # ;];g

cjnf]sg sIff lzIf0f nfu' ePsf ljb\ofnosf]
cjnf]sg
cEof; lzIf0f, sIff cjnf]sg tyf
k[i7kf]if0f
tflnd k/LIff
$= tflnd ;~rfng ljlw tyf k|ls|of M o; tflnddf ;xeuL s]lGb|t lqmofsnfkx 5gf}6 u/L
tflndsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ :k:6 kdf Jojxf/Ls 1fg, l;k lbO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg lzIf0f ljlw
tyf lqmofsnfk 5gf}6 ug]{ M h:t}
afnuLt
afn syf
gf6s
clego
lrq sf]g]{
afn v]n
k|b{zg ljlw
cjnf]sg cflb .
131
ljifo M l;h{gfTds snf lzIf0f
!=kl/ro
k|fylds txsf] sIff ! b]lv sIff % ;Ddsf] kf7\os|ddf l;h{gfTds snf ljifo lzIfssf] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . of] ljifo lzIf0f ug{] k|fylds txsf lzIfsxsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs hgzlSt
ljsf; s]Gb|n] of] b; lbg] tflndsf] sf;{ ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . z}hljs]n] ljleGg tflnd s]Gb| dfkm{t
k|fylds txsf lzIfsxsf] tflnd dfu ;+sng u/]sf]df of] ljifosf] tflnd rflxof] eg]/ clwsf+z
lzIfsxn] dfu b]Vffpg' ePsf] 5 . b; lbg] tflnd cjlwsf l;h{gfTd snf ljifo cGt/ut
kf7\os|ddf /x]sf ;\uLt cGt/ut ufog, jfbg, g[To / clego / b[Zosnf cGt/utsf /]vf lrq,
/ 5kfO{, cf]l/ufdL, a'gfO{, df6f]sf] sfd, lgdf{0f;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;d]l6g] 5 . o; tflndaf6
lzIfsxn] ljifoj:t';DaGwL hfgsf/L lng'sf ;fy} cGo ljifox lzIf0f ubf{ of] ljifosf] pkof]u
s;/L ug]{ eGg] Joj;flos 1fg, l;k k|fKt ug'{ x'g]5 . o; tflndn] lzIfsdf l;h{gfTds, afnd}qL
ls|ofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ug]{ ;Ifdtf ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .
@= pb\b\Z] o M
of] tflnd ;DkGg e};s]kl5 ;xeflux lgDg s'/fdf ;Ifd x'g]5g .
s l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf ;}b\wlGts kIfx l;t kl/rt eO b}lgs hLjgdf l;h{gfTds snfsf]
dxTTj atfpg .
v_ {l;h{gfTds snf laifodf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t' tyf ls|ofsnfkxnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
of]hgf tof/ u/L afnd}qL tl/sfaf6 lzIf0f ug{
u_ :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/L l;h{gfTds snf k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf cEof; ug{
3_ l;h{gfTds snf ljifonfO{ ljleGg ljifoxdf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf cEof; ug{
_ ljljw k|ltef ePsf ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ pkrf/fTds, ;xof]ufTds ls|ofsnfk ;+rfng ug{
132
#=ljifoj:t'
j|m=;+= lj|mof lj|mofsnfk lj:t[tLs/0f lj|mofsnfks
snfk
!= ;\uLt
snf
!=! Uffog / :j/ / tfnsf] cfwf/e"t cEof; g]kfnL kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf slj
jfbg /fli6o ufg, sIffut uLt / :yfgLo uLt ufog noab\w u/L ufpg] cEof; u/fp
cEof;
sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd g]kfnL ljifosf] ljleGg
kf7df ePsf sljtf / afnuLtx ;'/ / tfndf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] ufpF3/df r
ufog cEof; ;\sng u/L ufpg] cEof; u/fp
g]kfnL / c\u|]hL ljifodf zAbfy{ lzIf0fsf nflu
noab\w u/L cEof;
c\u|]hL ljifodf sljtf / afnuLtx (rhymes) g]kfnsf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts cj;
;'/ tfna4 u/L ufog cEof;
xf]nL, Nxf];f/, pef}nL, pwf}nL, OT
ul0ftdf c\ssf] cEof;, ;"qx OToflb k|of]u
u/L noa4 cEof; / k/Dk/fut uLtx ;DalGwt lj
lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffdf vfgf, nufO{ sIffdf cEof; u/fpg] . O
jftfj/0fLo / JolStut ;/;kmfO, kf]if0f /
:jf:Yo, k|fylds pkrf/ OToflbsf af/]df uLt
tof/ u/L ;'/ / tfndf ufog cEof;
zf/Ll/s lzIffdf v]nsf] lgod, v]Ng] tl/sfsf
af/]df noa4 uLt ;lxt cEof; .
!=@ g[To / g[Tosf cfwf/e"t rfnxsf] cEof; ljb\ofyL{nfO{ afnuLt / sljtfx
clego gd:sf/ g[Tosf] cEof; JolStut tyf ;fd'lxs kdf u
/fli6o uLt, sIffut uLt, :yfgLo uLt / g]kfnL
ljifodf ePsf afnuLtxdf ljleGg cfsf/
kl/jt{g u/L (different choreography ) lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ pgLxn] h
;fd'lxs / Psn g[Tosf] cEof; syf, / r'6lsnf eGg nufpg] /
ljleGg ljifoxdf ePsf syfx, 36gfx,
hgfj/ / kfqxsf] clego ug]{ cEof;
ljleGg k];fdf ;+nUg JolStxs
133
8fS6/ / la/fdL, lzIfs, / ljb\o
@= b[Zosnf
@=! /]vf lrq HofdLlto cfsf/df cfwfl/t ljleGg cfs[ltx HofldtLo cfsf/sf kmnk"mn h:t
ljlEfGg ljifoxdf ;fGble{s /]vflrq / gf;kftL, km;L{, d'nf, eG6f, l3/f
cfs[ltx tof/ u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kdf / lrq agfpg nufpg] .
sIff ls|ofsnfksf] kdf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
k'mn, kmn, ?vsf] cjnf]sg u/fO
/]vflrq tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
@= /sf] /;DaGwL ljleGg k|of]ux h:t}M Pp6f /dfly g]kfnLdf ePsf syfxsf] cfwf/
@ k|of]u csf]{ / xfNg], / 5ls{g], k'mSg], / ld;fpg]
cflb k|of]ux b'O{cf]6f k|fylds / (Primary
colour) bf];|f] / (Secondary colour) ld>0f ljifout kdf ljleGg lrqxs
u/]/ agfpg] cEof;
/ 5gf]6 u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf k|of]ux ug]{
cEof;
s'g} /nfO{ uf8f tyf lkmSsf agfpg] cEof;
cfgf] sNkgf / j}olSts ;f]rfOnfO{ lrqsf
dfWodaf6 cleJolSt s'g} ljifodfly ;fd'lxs
kdf lrq (Mural art) lgdf{0f
@=# 5kfO 5kfO{sf] kl/ro / k|sf/ ul0ft lzIf0fdf ljleGg ul0ftLo

d'5]sf] lk7f] cyjf df6f]nfO{ ;Dd kf/]/ To;dfly ug]{ / hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu, le
86\k]g, l;Gsf cflbn] a'6\6f sf]/L To;dfly /
xfNg / To;sf] 5fk lgsfNg] sfo{ .
cfn', d'nf, km;L{ cflbsf] ;txdf a'6\6f sf6L 5kfO o:t} u/L cGo ljifodf klg ug]{
sfo{ .
ljleGg k|sf/sf kftxdf / /fvL cfs[lt jf
;+of]hg u/L 5kfO sfo{ .
afSnf] sfuhdf cfs[lt jf a'6\6f agfO{ sf6L
(Stencil) 5kfO sfo{ .
134
@= a'gfO lsl;dsf sfuhsf] k6\6L sf6L ;fwf/0f rf]of a'Gg] ljleGg HofldtLo cfsf/df a'gfO
$ lsl;dn] tndfly u/L a'gfO ug]{ sfo{ lj|mofsnfkx cEof; u/fpg] .
sfuhsf] k6\6Laf6 ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf j:t' h:t} M
aS;, 8fnf], k\vf cflbsf] lgdf{0f
:yfgLo If]qdf kfOg] nrsbf/ j:t'x h:t} M a'gfOsf j:t'sf cfwf/df y/Ly/L
gl/jnsf kft, 3fF;, pv'sf] ktf, wfuf], Knfl:6s ;f+:s[lts cj:yfxsf] hfgsf/L
cflbaf6 a'gfO
ljleGg ljifoxdf /x]sf j:t'xsf] cfs[ltx
tof/ u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf kdf k|of]u ug]{ .
@= lgdf{0f;D tf/sf 6'j|mfxnfO{ a\ufP/ ljleGg cfs[ltsf lj1fg tyf :jf:Yodf tf/xaf6
% aGwL /]vf\sg / cfjZoscg';f/ hf]8L lqcfoflds cfs[ltx lgdf{0f u/L z}lIfs ;f
sfd :jk lgdf{0f OToflb .
Pp6} afSnf] sfuhaf6 cfs[lt lgdf{0f
sfuhsf] a6\6faf6 hgfj/, 3/, k'n, dfG5], ;jf/L
;fwg cflb lgdf{0f
:jtGq kaf6 ljleGg j:t'x sf6]/ jf 6fF;]/
ljleGg cfsf/sf j:t'x lgdf{0f
l;lnG8/ cfsf/df afSnf] sfuh df]8]/ To;df c
j:t' of sfuhsf c l;lnG8/x, sf]gx jf
a6\6fx hf]8]/ hgfj/ h:tf] a'lemg] cfs[lt lgdf{0f
n6\7Lx ;\sng u/L 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ ljleGg
cfs[ltx lgdf{0f
jleGg ljifoxdf /x]sf j:t'xsf] cfs[ltx
tof/ u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf kdf k|of]u ug]{ .
@= sfuh cf]l/ufdLsf] kl/ro / cfwf/e"t l;kxsf] r/fsf] cf]l/ufdL agfO{ cfjfh
^ ;DaGwL cEof; ljb\ofyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ j:t'sf]
sfo{ - cf]l/ufdLsf lsl;d tyf juL{s/0f / To;sf] af/]df lnlvt j0f{g
cf]l/ufdL_ g]kfnL kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf tyf :yfgLo lrq agfPdf r/f cfsfzdf
k/lj]zdf ePsf hgfj/, r/f, df5f, 3/ tyf lj1fgdf cfgf] 3/ j/k/ /
cGo j:t'xsf] cf]l/ufdL tof/ u/L z}lIfs 6f]kL, r/f], km"n OToflb sf] c
;fdu|Lsf] kdf k|of]u ;lhj / lglh{j 5'6\ofpg nu
ul0ft ljifodf ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ dg kg]{ cf]l/ufdL hgfj/sf] cf]l/ufdL agfpg n
tof/ u/L ;+Vofsf] 1fg / hf]8 36fp cEof; vfG5g, sxfF a:5g egL 5n
cGo ljifoxdf kf7;Fu ;DalGwt cfl/ufdL :jf:Yo lzIffdf 8:6lagsf] c
tof/ u/fpg] / z}lIfs ;fdu|L kdf k|of]u ljwL / kmfObfsf af/]df 5nk
.
c|]hL kfs'kfs'sf] cf]l/ufdL t
135
conversation cEof; u/f
@= Dff6f]sf] Dff6f]sf] snf kl/ro / df6f]sf] k|sf/ ljleGg HofldtLo cfsf/x
& sfd Df6f] tof/ ug]{ tl/sf / cfjZos ;fdu|Lx n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
Dff6f]af6 ljleGg cfs[lt agfpg] ljlwx ufO{, dfG5], r/f], 3/ OToflb
ljb\ofyL{xn] df6f]af6 cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf jrg / ax'jrgsf] x nfu]/
ljleGg j:t'xsf] lgdf{0f . h:t}M /fd /fdx . r/f] r/
3/x .
h:t} M h/f, kmnk"mn, hgfj/ cflb
ljleGg vfg]s'/fx tyf kmn
df6f]df ljleGg k|sf/sf a'6\6fxsf] nufpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] . k
lgdf{0f .
df6f]sf] kftfdf km/skm/s a'6\6f jf Texture /fli6o lrGxxsf] gd"gf agf
lgdf{0f nufpg] . OToflb .
df6f]af6 lgdf{0f ePsf ljleGg j:t'xdf plrt
/sf] k|of]u
k|fylds txdf ljifoxdf ePsf / ;'xfpg]
zAbx rog u/L df6f]sf] gd"gf agfpg] /
ljifout lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] kdf k|of]u ug]{ .
@= sf]nfh / sf]nfh / df]Hofssf] kl/ro / leGgtf lrg]hfg]sf JolStxsf] kmf]6f

* df]Hofs sf]nfh / df]Hofs tof/ ug]{ ljlw / cEof; h:t}M tof/ u/L k/Lro u/fpg] .
sf]nfh agfpg' cl3 cfwf/ sfuh (Base) df dg kg]{ r/f, df5f, 3/ cflbs
lrqsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f sf]nfh tof/ u/L gfd eGg
k|fs[lts tyf s[lqd j:t'x ;fu;Fu} k|of]u u/L :yfgLo kl/j]zsf ljleGg lr
sf]nfhsf] /rgf tof/ ug{ nufpg] . ltgsf] g
sf]nfhsf nflu pko'St sfuh 5gf]6 u/L jfVof ug{ nufpg] .
pko'St tl/sfn] s6fORoftfO . ljleGg k|sf/sf n'ufx nuf
ljleGg lsl;dsf sfuhnfO{ sf6]/Rof6]/ 6fF;L tof/ u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] . l
cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ cfs[lt lgdf{0f gfd ;f]Wg] .
sk8f wf]uf], af]/f, Knfl:6s cflbsf] k|of]u u/L o;} u/L lrqsf] dfWodaf6 /
sf]nfh lgdf{0f u/fpg] . n]Vg nufpg] .
ljleGg /sf u]8fu'8L /\uLg l;;f a'6\6f cflb ljleGg vfg] j:t'x h:t} 3
k|of]u u/L sf]nfh lrq lgdf{0f rfprfp, rsn]6, lj:s'6, r'O
df]Hofs tof/ u/L tL vfgfa
ljleGg ljifoxdf ePsf lrqx, zAbx, 5nkmn ug]{, eGg nufpg] /
;fdu|Lx k|of]u u/L sf]nfh / df]Hofs tof/
u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|sf] kdf k|of]u / cEof; sf]nfhdf 3/df kflnPsf hg
ltgLxn] s] vfG5g, sxfF a:
136
n]Vg nufpg] . OToflb .
@= :yfgLo
( ljifoj:t'
b|i6JoM
kf7\os|d / kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df lj|mofsnfkx tof/ u/L df]8\o'n
ljsf; ug]{ .
df]8o\ 'nsf x/]s lj|mofsnfkxnfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] sfo{;Fu cfab\w ug]{ .
Psn jf ;fd'lxs kdf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kdf lj|mofsnfkx u/fpg] .
$= tflnd ljlw M
l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf] tflndaf6 lzIfsxdf o; ljifosf] 1fgfTds kIf eGbf l;kut
kIfdf Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ kg]{ ePsf]n] o; ljifosf] tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/
k|bfg ug{' kb{5 h;sf nflu lgDg tflnd ljlwx pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg
l;k k|bz{g
l;k cEof;
I do, We do and You do .
;d'xsfo{, :jcWoog, vf]h, bf}+t/L;\usf] sfo{, 5nkmn, k|bz{gL cflb
tflnd ljlwx pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= d"Nof\sg M
o; ljifosf] tflnd ;xeflutfd"ns x'g] ePsfn] x/]s ;qdf ;xefuLxsf ls|ofsnfk
cjnf]sg ug'{ kb{5 . tflnd lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ePsf] d"Nof\sgsf kb\wlt o; ljifosf]
tflnddf pkof]u ul/g]5 .
137
ljifo M lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
!= kl/ro
l;sfOsf ljleGg kb\wltxdWo] lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ lj|mofsnfkdf ;dfj]z u/L
ul/g] lzIf0f Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ kb\wlt xf] . of] clt{, pkb]z, k|jrg tyf efif0fsf dfk{mt\ ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{
ljlwxeGbf km/s ;|f]t xf] . o; kb\wltdf lzIfs jfrs / ;fws geP/ Pp6f s'zn ;xhstf{ aGb5, h;n]
ljb\ofyL{xsf] glhsaf6 lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg u/L ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ k|bfg ub{5 . ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ k|ToIf l;sfO
k|lj|mofdf ;+nUg u/fP/ kf7\oj|mdsf ljifo j:t'cg';f/ ljleGg cg'ej cfh{g ug{{ ;xof]u ub{5 . 3f]Sg], s07
ug]{ h:tf efgl;s sfo{nfO{ o;df dxTTj x'b}g . o; kb\wltsf] d"n pb\b]Zo s'g ljifosf s'g kf7xdf s]
eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] ;f]sf af/]df k|ToIf lj|mofsnfkaf6 l;sfO cg'ej cfh{g ug'{ xf] .
lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk bf];|f] ljZj o'b\wtfsf g} a]nfotL David Horsburgh n]
ef/tdf k|of]u u/]sf lyP . pgn] r]GgfO / j]\nf]/df of] sfo{j|md nfu' u/]sf lyP . of] kb\wlt sfof{Gjog ug{
pgn] ljljwtfo'St kf7\oj|md h;df pgn]] ;\uLt, sfi7snf, l;nfO, au}rf, c\u|]hL, ul0ft, ;+:s[t, :yfgLo
efiff ;dfj]z u/L hLjgf]kof]u lzIff k|bfg ug]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ;'?cft u/]sf lyP .
kf7\oj|mddf ePsf ljifo j:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ cfk\mgf] cleIfdtf j[b\lw ug{ / :jl;sfO u/fpg ljleGg
:jcWoog ;fdu|Lsf] klg Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . k|fylds txsf ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO l;k
ljsf;, ;"rgf k|0ffnL l;b\wfGtcg';f/ vf]hd"ns l;sfO, cg'ejaf6 wf/0ff lgdf{0f, ;lj|mo l;sfO, k|fKt ;|f]t
;fwgsf] clwstd\ pkof]u, ax'cg'ej pkof]u / ;fdflhs sfd u/fpg] l;k ljsf;sf] d"n pb\b]Zo /fvL of]
!) lbg] k|fylds lzIfs tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] l;sfO u/fpbf d'Vo u/]/ vf]hd"ns
(Exploratry), lgdf{0ffTds (Constructives), / cleJolStk/s (Expressional) x'g ;Sb5g\ . oL s'g} klg
lj|mofsnfk u/fpbf d'Vo s]Gb|Lotf eg] cg'ej ug]{ (Experiencity), dgg ug]{ (Momorizing) / af]w
(Understanding) k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kb{5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
s= lj|mofsnfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] ax'cfoflds k|of]hg af]w ug'{,
v= Psn ljifout lj|mofsnfk tyf PsLs[t kdf cGt/ ljifok/s lj|mofsnfk lgdf{0f / pkof]u ug'{,
u= ljljw lj|mofsnfk dfk{mt\ kf7\oj|mdsf l;sfO pknlAw k'/f ug]{ tl/sfx cjnDag ug'{ .
#= ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; lj|mofsnfk lj|mofsnfk lj:t[tLs/0f ef/

306f
! v]n v]/ / l;sfO larsf] cGt/;DaGw $=#)
eflifs v]n,
ul0ftLo v]nx
lj1fg / ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf v]nx
138
l;h{gfTds v]nx
:jfYo / zf/Ll/s ;DaGwL v]nx
@ vf]h tyf vf]h tyf kl/of]hgfsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf $=#)
kl/of]hgf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|lj|mof
sIff leq / sIff aflx/ ul/g] -ljifout_ kl/of]hgf
sfo{x
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f k|lj|mof
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] pkof]u tyf clen]vLs/0f
# ;dfnf]rgfTds ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r kl/ro / dxTTj #=))
;f]r / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rdf k|of]u x'g] /0fgLlt /
cGt/lj|mof lj|mofsnfkx
;sf/fTds ;f]r / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkx
$ cjnf]sg sIffleq / sIff aflx/ ul/g] cjnf]sg #=))
cjnf]sg kZrftsf] gS;f\sg
k|:t'lt, 5nkmn, lgisif{ k|lj|mof / clen]vLs/0f
% ;xof]ufTds ;xof]ufTds l;sfO kl/ro / dxTTj $=#)
l;sfO o;sf /0fgLlt / lj|mofsnfkx
^ PsLs[t l;sfO PsLs[t l;sfOsf] cjwf/0f / cf}lrTo (=))
PsLs[t / lyddf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] leGgtf /
lj|mofsnfksf gd'gfx
& k|of]ufTds sfo{ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] sfo{of]hgf tof/L $=#)
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg
kl/of]hgf / cjnf]sg sfo{fnfO{ k|of]ufTds sfo{;Fu
;dfof]hg
* clego tyf ljifout kdf gf6s / clego ug{ ;lsg] If]qx $=#)
gf6s gf6s tyf clego k|:t't ubf{ ljrf/ k'ofpg' kg]{
s'/fx
s]xL gf6s tyf clegosf] lj|mofsnfkx
( k|bz{gL ljifout s'gf lgdf{0f tl/sf / To;sf] Joj:yfkg #=))
ljb\ofyL{n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|Lsf] k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf
;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg
!) ;j]{If0f ;j]{If0fsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj #=))
;j]{If0fsf ;fwg
139
;j]{If0f ug{ ;lsg] If]qx
;j]{If0fsf] gd'gf
;j]{If0fsf] pkof]u
ljifo;Fusf] ;dfof]hg
$= k|lzIf0f ljlw
s= v]n ljlw
v= kl/of]hgf ljlw
u= syfsyg ljlw
3= 5nkmn ljlw
= ;j]{If0f ljlw
r= k|of]ufTds sfo{
5= PsLs[t lzIf0f ljlw
h= cjnf]sg ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg M
o; ljifosf] tflnd ;xeflutfd"ns x'g] ePsfn] x/]s ;qdf ;xefuLxsf ls|ofsnfk
cjnf]sg ug'{ kb{5 . tflnd lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ePsf] d"Nof\sgsf kb\wlt o; ljifosf]
tflnddf pkof]u ul/g]5 .

ljifo M uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff
!=kl/ro
g]kfn Pp6f ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs tyf ax'wfld{s d'n's xf] . oxfF lxGb', af}b\w, O:nfd, ls/ft, lj|ml:rog, h}g
cflb wd{ dfGg] dflg;sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o:tf wfld{s ;d'bfo dWo] s]xLn] cfgf afn aflnsfnfO{ cfgf]
wd{ ;F:s[lt ;DaGwL lzIff lbg wfld{s jf k/dk/fut ljb\ofno ;~rfng ul/cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
o:tf k/Dk/fut ljb\ofnoxsf] ;~rfng Jojl:yt ug{ / ToxfFaf6 lbOg] lzIffnfO{ :t/o'St agfpg k|of;
yfn]sf] 5 . o;}sf] kmn:jk sltko k/Dk/fut ljb\ofnox /fli6o lzIffsf] d"n wf/df cfPsf 5g\ / ToxfF
wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifosf ;fy} d"n wf/sf ljifosf] klg k7g kf7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ljb\ofnoxdf wfld{s ljifoxsf] lzIf0f l;sfO k/Dk/fut kd} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ljb\ofyL{xn] oL ljifodf l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f 3f]s]/ ofb ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLxdf oL ljifosf] ;xh / cy{k"0f{
140
l;sfOsf nflu lzIf0f l;sfOsf k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt lzIfssf nflu pko'St
tflnd cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf af}b\w wd{;Fu ;DalGwt ljb\ofnox -uf]Gkf_ sf] k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6
uf]Gkf lzIff kf7\oj|md ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\oj|md leq k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|mdn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/
;fdflhs cWoog / l;h{gfTds snf ljifodf yk ug{ ;lsg] @) k|ltzt :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf uf]Gkf lzIff
cg's"nsf ljifo j:t' yk ul/Psf 5g\ / :yfgLo ljifodf ef]6 efiff ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljxf/sf nflu uf]Gkf
lzIff kf7\oj|mddf h:t} ljxf/ lzIffcg';f/sf ljifo j:t' / :yfgLo ljifodf kfnL efiff ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]
cj:yf 5 . uf]Gkf tyf ljxf/df k7g kf7g x'g] af}b\w wd{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' / ef]6kfnL efiffsf]
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ ;DalGwt lzIfssf nflu tflndsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . o; tflndnfO{ Jojl:yt
/ kl/0ffdd"vL agfpg] ;Gb{edf o; uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff lzIfs tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; tflnd
sf];{df ljb\ofyL{df wfld{s cfr/0f ljsf; / bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos x'g] lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlw
tyf k|lj|mof ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= tflnd sf];{sf] pb\b]Zo
o; tflndsf] d"n pb\b]Zo ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIffsf wfld{s ljifo k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f
l;sfO ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsdf lgDgcg';f/sf k];fut 1fg l;k / bIftf ljsf;
u/fpg' x'g]5 M
@=!= uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf af/]df kl/lrt u/fpg] .
@=@= ef]6kfnL efiff l;sfOsf nflu bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf cfwf/e"t l;k ljsf; u/fpg] .
@=#= ljb\ofyL{df af}b\w wd{sf cfwf/e"t cfr/0f ljsf; u/fpg pkof]uL lzIf0f l;sfO l;k klxrfg /
k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] .
#= tflnd sf];{sf ljifo j:t'

#=!= uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff kf7\oj|md kl/ro M
#=@= bf];|f] efiff -ef]6kfnL efiff_ lzIf0fM
#=#= ;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0f
#=$= l;h{gfTds snf lzIf0f M
#=%= wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifosf] lzIf0fdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uM
$= tflndsf lj|mofsnfk
cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg M s'/fsfgL tyf 5nkmn
141
;d"x sfo{
dfdnf cWoog
clego
k|bz{gM ljleGg wfld{s :yn, k|fy{gf, wfld{s kf7 tyf wfld{s lj|mofsnfk
kl/of]hgf sfo{
v]n M zAb / lrq Doflr, cGtfIf/L, zAb ;\sng cflb
;'Gg] / af]Ng] cEof; (drilling) M j0f{, zAb, jfSo, uLt, syf
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf k|ljlw -df]afOn tyf sDo'6/ dfkm{t_ k|of]usf] cEof;
lzIf0f cEof;
%= ljifo j:t' lj:t[tLs/0f
l;= g+= ljifo j:t' ljifo j:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ;Defljt tflnd ef/
lj|mofsnfk
! kf7\oj|md kl/ro / kf7\oj|md kl/ro ;d"x sfo{ / # 3G6f
uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff k|fylds 5nkmn @ ;];g
kf7\oj|md txsf] pb\b]Zo
uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff k|fylds
txsf ljifo
uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIff k|fylds
txsf wfld{s ljifo
lzIffsf] dfWod
lzIf0f l;sfOdf kf7\ok':ts,
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg ;d"x sfo{ / # 3G6f
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg\ 5nkmn @ ;];g
k|lj|mofM l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf, lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
k7gkf7g;Fu} x'g] d"Nof\g\, d"Nof\sg clen]v
cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Tt/ kmf/d k|of]usf]
cflbaf6 x'g] d"Nof\sg\ cEof;
eflifs l;k / cfr/0fsf]
d"Nof\sgsf pkof]uL k|lj|mof
k|lj|mofdf clen]v k|lj|mof,
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/roM ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn # 3G6f
:yfgLo txaf6 lgdf{0f / - k|fylds txsf] d"n @ ;];g
sfof{Gjog ul/g] kf7\oj|md kf7\oj|mddf /x]sf] @)
k|fylds lzIffdf :yfgLo k|ltzt :yfgLo
kf7\oj|md M :yfgLo ljifo / kf7\oj|msf] k|fjwfg
142
:yfgLo @) k|ltztsf nflu / uf]Gkf ljxf/
kf7\oef/ lzIff kf7\oj|mddf
uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIffcg';f/sf yk ul/Psf cfgf
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] @) cfjZostfsf ljifo
k|lt;tdf ;dfof]hg ul/Psf j:t' klxrfgsf
af}b\w wd{ ;DaGwL ljifo j:t' nflu_
klxrfg
uf]Gkf ljxf/ lzIffcg';f/sf
l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf] @)
k|ltztdf ;dfof]hg ul/Psf
af}b\w wd{ ;DaGwL ljifo j:t'
klxrfg
@ ef]6kfnL efiff af}b\w wd{df ef]6kfnL efiff ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cfjZostf 5nkmn ! ;];g
ef]6kfnL efiffsf vf;
ljz]iftf
efiffsf rf/ l;k
klxnf] tyf bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f
l;sfOdf km/s
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] ef]6kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf ;'gfO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
;'gfO af]nfO l;k af]nfO l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk klxrfg ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] ;'gfO ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
af]nfO l;k ljsf;sf] lzIf0f @ ;];g
l;sfO
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] ef]6kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf k9fO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
k9fO l;k lzIf0f l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
lj|mofsnfk klxrfg ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] k9fO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
ljsf;sf] lzIf0f l;sfO @ ;];g
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] ef]6kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
n]vfO l;k lzIf0f n]vfO l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
tof/L
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] n]vfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
ljsf;sf nflu lzIf0f l;sfO @ ;];g
ef]6kfnL efiffsf] ef]6kfnL efiffsf zAb e08f/ ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
zAb e08f/ ljsf;sf ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk 5nkmn ! ;];g
143
nflu lzIf0f cGtfIf/L, zAb
;\sng v]n
;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
ef]6kfnL efiffsf zAb e08f/ ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
ljsf;sf nflu lzIf0f l;sfO ! ;];g
ef]6kfnL efiff kb ;\ultsf] kl/ro ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
l;sfOsf nflu kb 5nkmn ! ;];g
;\ult lzIf0f ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
ef]6kfnL efiff l;sfOsf nflu ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
nflu kb ;\ultsf] lzIf0f ! ;];g
l;sfO
# ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs cWoogsf] kf7\oj|md ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f kl/ro 5nkmn ! ;];g
uf]Gkfsf] kl/ro / ljz]iftf
a'b\w eujfsf] kl/ro ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
af}b\w wd{sf] kl/ro / OltxfF; ! ;];g
af}bw em08f
xfd|f] b]z g]kfnM ef]uf]lns gS;f k|bz{g, gS;f # 3G6f

kl/ro tyf gS;f 8O 8Osf] cEof; tyf @ ;];g
;d"x sfo{ tyf
5nkmn, kl/of]hgf
sfo{
$ l;h{gfTds snf l;h{gfTds snf kf7\oj|mdsf] 5nkmn # 3G6f
lzIf0f kl/ro k|bz{g @ ;];g
wfld{s uLt cEof;
wfld{s afhf ahfpg] cEof;
wfld{s g[ToM nfdf gfr k|bz{g !M#) 3G6f

wfld{s j:t' tyf yf\sf cEof; ! ;];g
lrqf\sg cEof;
% wfld{s ljifosf] l8lh6n k|ljlw pkof]u ug{ ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0fdf l8lh6n ;lsg] lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]q 5nkmn ! ;];g
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u klxrfg M ;'gfO af]nfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
lzIf0f, wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s tof/L
;df/f]xsf] kl/ro cflb
lzIf0f l;sfOdf l8lh6n k|ljlw ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
pkof]uM df]afOn, sDo'6/, /]s8{/ @ ;];g
k|of]uaf6 lzIf0f l;sfO
144
tflnd ;~rfngsf ;dodf o; kf7\oj|mddf lbOPsf] efiff lzIf0fsf] cEof; ubf{ uf]Gkfsf lzIfsn] ef]6 efiff
/ ljxf/sf lzIfsn] kfnL efiffsf] ;"Id lzIf0f jf gd"gf ug'{ kg]{5 .
pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ ljifo j:t'df k|To]s ;xefuLaf6 ;"Id lzIf0f jf gd"gf lzIf0f ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg ;St5
. o; sf/0f ;'df Pp6f ljifo j:t'df k|lzIfsaf6 ;"Id lzIf0f x'g]5 . To;kl5 x/]s ;xefuLaf6 lbOPsf
ljifo j:t'df 36Ldf Pp6f ;"Id lzIf0f ul/g' kg]{5 . ;"Id lzIf0f ubf{ d ug{ ;St5' eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy
ug'{kg]{ 5 .
^= ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nof\sg
^=!= pNn]lvt tflnddf ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nof\sgsf %) c\ssf cfwf/df x'g] 5 . o;df z}lIfs
tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng x'g] tflndsf ultljlw / lnlvt hfFrsf nflu $) c\s / ljb\ofnosf]
cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu !) c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 .
^=@= z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng ul/g] tflndsf ultljlw / lnlvt hfFrsf] $) c\ ssf]
d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ lgDgcg';f/ x'g]5g\ M
pkl:yltM # c\s
tflnd sIfdf ;d"x sfo{, JolStut sfo{ / u[x sfo{ cflbdf ?lr / bIftfM !) c\s
^=#= klRr; c\ssf] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu !) cf]6f ax' ljsNk k|Zgdf kfFr c\s, kfFr cf]6f ;+lIfKt
pTt/fTds k|Zgdf !% c\s / Pp6f nfdf] pTt/sf] k|Zgdf kfFr c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 .
^=$= b; c\ssf] ljb\ofnosf] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf
cfwf/df ljb\ofnodf kms]{/ Ps dlxgf lzIf0f cEof;sf] sfo{ u/L To; kl5sf] kfFr lbgdf k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug]{ / To; kl5sf] b; lbg leqdf ;DalGwt z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kg]{ 5 .
145
ljifo M u'?s'n lzIff
!=kl/ro
g]kfn Pp6f ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s tyf ax'eflifs d'n's xf] . oxfF lxGb', af}b\w, O:nfd, ls/ft, lj|ml:rog, h}g
wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL lzIff lbg wfld{s jf k/Dk/fut ljb\ofno ;~rfng ul/cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifosf ;fy} d"n wf/sf ljifosf] klg k7g kf7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ljb\ofnoxdf wfld{s ljifoxsf] lzIf0f l;sfO k/Dk/fut kd} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ljb\ofyL{xn] oL ljifodf l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f 3f]s]/ ofb ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLxdf oL ljifosf] ;xh / cy{k"0f{
l;sfOsf nflu lzIf0f l;sfOsf k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;
cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf ;gftg -lxGb"_ wd{ ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt ljb\ofnox -u'?s'n_sf] k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/af6 u'?s'n lzIff kf7\oj|md ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\oj|md leq ;gftg wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
k|f/lDes cWoogsf nflu ;+:s[t /rgf, ;F:s[t Jofs/0f, j]b, ;bfrf/ lzIff, gLlt zf:q h:tf ljifosf]
k|f/lDes cWoog ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljifosf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ ;DalGwt lzIfssf] k];fut
bIftf a9fpg cj;/ pknJw x'g' kb{5 . lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf a9fpg] k|d'v dfWod lzIfs tflnd klg xf] .
u'?s'n lzIff lzIfs tflnd Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] dg;fon] o; u'?s'n
lzIff lzIfs tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o; tflnd sf];{df ljb\ofyL{df wfld{s cfr/0f ljsf; / bf];|f]
efiff l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos x'g] lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlw tyf k|lj|mof ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; tflndsf] d"n pb\b]Zo ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ u'?s'n lzIffsf wfld{s ljifo k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f l;sfO
ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsdf lgDgcg';f/sf k];fut 1fg, l;k / bIftf ljsf; u/fpg'
x'g]5 M
u'?s'n lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf af/]df kl/lrt u/fpg] .

;+:s[t efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf cfwf/e"t l;k ljsf; u/fpg] .
ljb\ofyL{df ;gftg wd{ ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/e"t / dfgj sNof0fsf/L cfr/0f ljsf; u/fpg pkof]uL
lzIf0f l;sfO l;k klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] .
146
u'?s'n lzIffsf] k/Dk/f

u'?s'n lzIff kf7\oj|md kl/ro
bf];|f] efiffsf kdf ;+:s[t /rgf lzIf0f
j]b lzIf0f
;bfrf/ lzIff lzIf0f
gLltzf:q lzIf0f
wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifosf] lzIf0fdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u

;d"x sfo{
dfdnf cWoog
clego
k|bz{gM ljleGg wfld{s :yn, k|fy{gf, wfld{s kf7 tyf wfld{s lj|mofsnfk, gS;f
v]n M zAb / lrq Doflr, cGTffIf/L, zAb ;\sng, zAb cy{ cflb
;'Gg] / af]Ng] cEof; (drilling) M j0f{, zAb, jfSo, dGq, uLt, syf
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
lzIf0f cEof;
lj|mofsnfk
! kf7\oj|md kf7\oj|md kl/ro ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
kl/ro / u'?s'n u'?s'n lzIff k|fylds txsf] ! ;];g
lzIff kf7\oj|md pb\b]Zo
u'?s'n lzIff k|fylds txsf ljifo
u'?s'n lzIff k|fylds txsf
wfld{s ljifo
lzIffsf] dfWod
u'?s'n lzIffsf] k/Dk/f
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg\ ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn # 3G6f
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg\ k|lj|mofM lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ @ ;];g
l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf, k7gkf7g;Fu} d"Nof\sg clen]v
x'g] d"Nof\g\, cjnf]sg, df}lvs kmf/d k|of]usf]
k|Zgf]Tt/ cflbaf6 x'g] d"Nof\sg\ cEof;
147
d"Nof\sg\sf pkof]uL k|lj|mof
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/roM ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn # 3G6f
:yfgLo txaf6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog @ ;];g
ul/g] kf7\oj|md
k|fylds lzIffdf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
M :yfgLo ljifo / :yfgLo @)
k|ltztsf nflu kf7\oef/
u'?s'n lzIffdf :yfgLo ljifosf
kdf wfld{s ljifo / ltgsf nflu
kf7\o ef/
u'?s'n lzIffsf] lzIf0f l;sfO
k|lj|mof
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u
@ ;+:s[t efiff ;gftg wd{ ;+:s[ltdf ;+:s[t efiff ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cfjZostf ! ;];g
;+:s[t efiffsf vf; ljz]iftf
;+:s[t /rgf kf7\oj|md kl/ro
efiffsf rf/ l;k
l;sfOdf km/s
+;+:s[t efiffsf] +;+:s[t efiff lzIf0fdf ;'gfO af]nfO ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
;'gfO af]nfO l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L ! ;];g
l;k lzIf0f klxrfg
;+:s[t efiffsf] ;'gfO af]nfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
;+:s[t efiffsf] k|f/lDes sIffdf ;+:s[t efiff k7g ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
k9fO l;k l;k / o;sf] pkof]u ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L ! ;];g
lzIf0f
;+:s[t efiffsf] k9fO l;k ljsf;sf] ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
lzIf0f l;sfO @ ;];g
;+:s[t efiffsf] ;+:s[t efiff lzIf0fdf n]vfO l;k ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
n]vfO l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L ! ;];g
lzIf0f klxrfg
;+:s[t efiffsf] n]vfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
148
;+:s[t efiffsf] ;+:s[t efiffsf zAb e08f/ ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
zAb e08f/ ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g ! ;];g
ljsf;sf nflu
lzIf0f cGtfIf/L, zAb
;\sng v]n
;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L
;+:s[t efiffsf zAb e08f/ ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
# j]b lzIf0f lxGb' wd{df j]bsf] :yfg / dxTTj ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
j]bsf] kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo / ljifo k|bz{g ! ;];g
j:t' ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L
j]b cWoogsf nflu kfqtf /
ljz]if ljlwM pRrf/0f, 5Gbsf] k|of]u,
x:t ;~rfng cflb
j]bsf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f @
;];g
$ ;bfrf/ lzIff ;bfrf/ lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf] ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
pb\b]Zo / ljifo j:t', clego ! ;];g
;bfrf/sf k|lj|mofM d08k lgdf{0f, ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L
b]jL b]jtfsf] :ykg j|md, k"hf
;fdu|L tof/L, dGq pRrf/0f, x:t
;~rfng cflb
;bfrf/ lzIffsf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
k|lj|mof @ ;];g
% gLlt zf:q gLlt zf:qsf] kf7\oj|mdsf] pb\b]Zo ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
/ ljifo j:t', lzIf0f l;sfOsf syf syg, clego ! ;];g
k|lj|mof
gLlt zf:qsf] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
@ ;];g
^ wfld{s ljifosf] ;"rgf k|ljlw pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;d"x sfo{ / 5nkmn !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0fdf ;"rgf lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]q klxrfg M ;"Id lzIf0fsf] tof/L ! ;];g
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;'gfO / af]nfO l;k lzIf0f wfld{s
:yn, b'n{e wfld{s o1, wfld{s
;df/f]x cflbsf] kl/ro
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
pkof]uM df]afPn, sDo'6/, /]s8{/ @ ;];g
k|of]uaf6 lzIf0f
149
ljifo j:t'df 36Ldf Pp6f ;"Id lzIf0f ul/g' kg]{5 . ;'If lzIf0f ubf{ d ug{ ;St5' eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy
ug'{kg]{ 5 .

^=!= pNn]lvt tflnddf ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nof\sgsf %) c\ssf cfwf/df x'g] 5 . o;df z}lIfs
tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng x'g] tflndsf ultljlw / lnlvt hfFrsf nflu $) c\s / ljb\ofnosf]
cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu !) c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 .
^=@= z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng ul/g] tflndsf ultljlw / lnlvt hfFrsf] $) c\ ssf]
d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ lgDgcg';f/ x'g]5g\ M
pkl:yltM # c\s
tflnd sIfdf ;d"x sfo{, JolStut sfo{ / u[x sfo{ cflbdf ?lr / bIftfM !) c\s
^=#= klRr; c\ssf] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu !) cf]6f ax' ljsNk k|Zgdf kfFr c\s, kfFr cf]6f ;+lIfKt
pTt/fTds k|Zgdf !% c\s / Pp6f nfdf] pTt/sf] k|Zgdf kfFr c\s 5'6\ofOg] 5 .
^=$= b; c\ssf] ljb\ofnosf] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu lzIfsn] cfkm"n] tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf
cfwf/df ljb\ofnodf kms]{/ Ps dlxgf lzIf0f cEof;sf] sfo{ u/L To; kl5sf] kfFr lbgdf k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug]{ / To; kl5sf] b; lbg leqdf ;DalGwt z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kg]{ 5 .
150
ljifo M db/;f lzIff
=kl/ro
g]kfn Pp6f ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs tyf ax'wfld{s d'n's xf] . oxfF lxGb", af}b\w, O:nfd, ls/ft, lj|ml:rog, h}g
wd{ ;F:s[lt ;DaGwL lzIff lbg wfld{s jf k/Dk/fut ljb\ofno ;~rfng ul/cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
wfld{s ljifosf ;fy} d"n wf/sf ljifosf] klg k7g kf7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ljb\ofnoxdf wd{ ;F:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifoxsf] lzIf0f l;sfO k/Dk/fut kd} x'g] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ljb\ofyL{xn] oL ljifodf l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f 3f]s]/ ofb ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLxdf oL ljifosf] ;xh /
cy{k"0f{ l;sfOsf nflu lzIf0f l;sfOsf k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt lzIfssf] k];fut
ljsf; cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf O:nfd wd{;Fu ;DalGwt ljb\ofnoxsf] k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 db/;f lzIff
kf7\oj|md ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\oj|md leq k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|mdn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/ ;fdflhs
cWoog ljifodf yk ug{ ;lsg] @) k|ltzt :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf db/;f lzIff cg's"nsf ljifo j:t' yk
ul/Psf 5g\ / :yfgLo ljifodf lbgoft / pb'{ tyf c/]las efiff rog ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ljifosf] k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ ;DalGwt lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf a9fpg] cj;/ pknJw x'g' kb{5 . lzIfssf] k];fut
bIftf a9fpg] k|d'v dfWod lzIfs tflnd klg xf] . db/;f lzIff lzIfs tflnd Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L kdf
;~rfng ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] dg;fon] o; db/;f lzIff lzIfs tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o; tflnd
sf];{df ljb\ofyL{df wfld{s cfr/0f ljsf; / bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos x'g] lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlw
tyf k|lj|mof ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; tflndsf] d"n pb\b]Zo ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ db/;f lzIffsf wfld{s ljifo k|efjsf/L kdf lzIf0f l;sfO
ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsdf lgDgcg';f/sf k];fut 1fg, l;k / bIftf ljsf; u/fpg'
x'g]5 M
db/;f lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf af/]df kl/lrt u/fpg] .

pb'{ / c/]ljog efiff l;sfOsf nflu bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf cfwf/e"t l;k ljsf; u/fpg] .
ljb\ofyL{df db/;f lzIffsf cfwf/e"t cfr/0f ljsf; u/fpg pkof]uL lzIf0f l;sfO l;k klxrfg /
k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] .
151
db/;f lzIff kf7\oj|md kl/ro M

bf];|f] efiff -pb'{ tyf c/]las_ lzIf0fM
lbgoft lzIf0f M
wd{ ;F:s[lt ;DaGwL ljifosf] lzIf0fdf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|of]uM

;d"x sfo{
dfdnf cWoog
clego
k|bz{gM ljleGg wfld{s :yn, k|fy{gf, wfld{s kf7 tyf wfld{s lj|mofsnfk
v]n M zAb / lrq Doflr, cGtfIf/L, zAb ;\sng, zAb cy{ cflb
;'Gg] / af]Ng] cEof; (drilling) M j0f{, zAb, jfSo, uLt, syf
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;"rgf k|ljlw -df]afOn tyf sDo'6/ dfkm{t_ k|of]usf] cEof;
lzIf0f cEof;
lj|mofsnfk
! kf7\oj|md kl/ro / kf7\oj|md kl/ro ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
db/;f lzIff kf7\oj|md db/;f lzIff k|fylds txsf] 5nkmn ! ;];g
pb\b]Zo
db/;f lzIff k|fylds txsf
ljifo
db/;f lzIff k|fylds txsf
wfld{s ljifo
lzIffsf] dfWod efiff
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg ;d"x sfo{ / # 3G6f
lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg\ 5nkmn @ ;];g
k|lj|mofM l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf, lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
k7g kf7g;Fu} x'g] d"Nof\sg\, d"Nof\sg clen]v
cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Tt/ kmf/d k|of]usf]
cflbaf6 x'g] d"Nof\sg\ cEof;
152
d"Nof\sgsf pkof]uL k|lj|mof
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/roM ;d"x sfo{ / # 3G6f
:yfgLo txaf6 lgdf{0f / 5nkmn @ ;];g
sfof{Gjog ul/g] kf7\oj|md
k|fylds lzIffdf :yfgLo
kf7\oj|md M :yfgLo ljifo / @)
k|ltztsf nflu kf7\oef/
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ db/;f
lzIffdf rog ul/Psf ljifo
db/;f lzIffcg';f/sf ;fdflhs
cWoog ljifosf] @) k|ltztdf
;dfof]hg ul/Psf O:nfd wd{
;DaGwL ljifo j:t' klxrfg
@ c/]las tyf pb'{ efiff O:nfd wd{df pb'{ tyf c/]las ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f efiff l;sfOsf] cfjZostf 5nkmn ! ;];g
pb'{ tyf c/]las efiffsf vf;
ljz]iftf
pb'{ tyf c/]las efiffsf]
kf7\oj|md kl/ro
efiffsf rf/ l;k
l;sfOdf km/s
c/]las efiffsf] ;'gfO c/]las efiff lzIf0fdf ;'gfO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
af]nfO l;k lzIf0f af]nfO l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
tof/L
c/]las efiffsf] ;'gfO af]nfO ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
l;k ljsf;sf] lzIf0f l;sfO @ ;];g
c/]las efiffdf cNnfxsf] :t'lt
ufgsf] lzIf0f l;sfO
pb'{ efiffsf] ;'gfO pb'{ efiff lzIf0fdf ;'gfO af]nfO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
af]nfO l;k lzIf0f l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
tof/L
pb'{ efiffsf] ;'gfO af]nfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
ljsf;sf] lzIf0f l;sfO ! ;];g
c/]las efiffsf] k9fO c/]las efiff lzIf0fdf k9fO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
l;k lzIf0f l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
153
tof/L
c/]las efiffsf] k9fO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
s'/fg kf7sf] lzIf0f l;sfO
pb'{ efiffsf] k9fO pb'{ efiff lzIf0fdf k9fO l;k ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
l;k lzIf0f ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk 5nkmn ! ;];g
klxrfg ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
pb'{ efiffsf] k9fO l;k ljsf;sf] ;" I d lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f l;sfO ! ;];g
c/]las efiffsf] n]vfO c/]las efiff lzIf0fdf n]vfO ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
l;k lzIf0f l;k ljsf;sf pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
tof/L
c/]las efiffsf] n]vfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
pb'{ efiffsf] n]vfO l;k pb'{ efiff lzIf0fdf n]vfO l;k ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
lzIf0f ljsf;sf pkof]uL lj|mofsnfk 5nkmn ! ;];g
klxrfg ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
pb'{ efiffsf] n]vfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0f !M#) 3G6f
c/]las efiffsf] zAb c/]las efiffsf] zAb e08f/ ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
e08f/ ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;sf nflu pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk / ;"Id lzIf0f cGtfIf/L, zAb
;\sng v]n
;"Id lzIf0f
pb'{ efiffsf] zAb pb'{ efiffsf] zAb e08f/ ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
e08f/ ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;sf nflu pkof]uL 5nkmn ! ;];g
lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk / ;"IdlzIf0f cGtfIf/L, zAb
;\sng v]n
;"Id lzIf0f
c/]las efiff l;sfOsf kb;\ultsf] kl/ro ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
nflu kb ;\ult c]/]ljs efiffsf] kb ;\ultsf] 5nkmn ! ;];g
lzIf0f lzIf0f l;sfO ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
pb'{ efiff l;sfOsf pb'{ efiffsf] kb ;\ultsf] ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
nflu kb ;\ult lzIf0f l;sfO 5nkmn ! ;];g
154
lzIf0f ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
tof/L
# lbgoft lbgoft kf7\oj|mddf /x]sf d'Vo ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
d'Vo ljifo j:t' klxrfg 5nkmn ! ;];g
lbgoft lzIf0fsf nflu pkof]uL clego
lj|mofsnfk klxrfg k|bz{g
dfdnf cWoog
lbgoftsf ljifo j:t'sf] lzIf0f ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
l;sfO @ ;];g
$ wd{ ;F:slt ;DaGwL l8lh6n k|ljlw pkof]u ug{ ;d"x sfo{ / !M#) 3G6f
ljifosf] lzIf0fdf ;lsg] lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]q 5nkmn ! ;];g
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] klxrfg M ;'gfO af]nfO l;k ;"Id lzIf0fsf]
k|of]u lzIf0f, wfld{s :yn tyf wfld{s tof/L
;df/f]xsf] kl/ro cflb
lzIf0f l;sfOdf l8lh6n k|ljlw ;"Id lzIf0f # 3G6f
pkof]uM df]afPn, sDo'6/, /]s8{/ @ ;];g
ljifo j:t'df 36Ldf Pp6f ;"Id lzIf0f ul/g' kg]{5 . ;"Id lzIf0f ubf{ d ug{ ;St5' eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy
ug'{kg]{ 5 .
^=!= pNn]lvt tflnddf ;xefuL lzIfssf] d"Nof\sgsf nflu pkl:ylt, tflnddf ;xeflutf, kl/of]hgf
sfo{ / lnlvt k/LIff cflbsf] ;du| cfwf/df tyf ljb\ofnosf] cEof; sfo{ / k|ltj]bgsf nflu
;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLsf] d"Nof\g ul/g]5 .
155
Subject : ICT in Education Basic Training
Level : Lower Secondary Course Code No: GEN-P-02-01
1. Course Introduction
ICT is an overwhelming feature of this 21st century world. We could not avoid ICT in the field of
education; therefore, we have to integrate ICT in our teaching learning activities to ensure quality
education. The successful integration of ICT into teaching and learning primarily depends on teachers
ability to design and adapt engaging learning activities, and structure the learning environment in ways
that merge the pedagogy with the advantages that ICT offers. This course has been designed to provide
teachers with basic skills of ICT and their appropriate use in the process of teaching learnig to achieve
the instructional goal stated in the school curriculum.
2. Course Objectives:
Introduce basic concept and importance of ICT in education

Introduce ICT based pedagogical practice in classroom teaching
Collaborating and sharing learning experience through ICT
Design and implement a small ICT based project in everyday teaching and learning
156
3. Course Contents
Matrix for Content Themes and Project Activities in Lower Secondary Level
S.N Main Themes Themes in Detail Weight Project Activities
Basic concept of ICT in Concept and importance of instructional technology in 2
Education Nepalese context
21st century learning needs
Introduction, use and importance of ICT in education,
ICT in Education Master Plan (Nepal): Objectives and major
components
Challenges of technology integration in teaching learning
activities
Operating System and Windows Operating System 3
hardware equipment File/Folder Management
Search, Font Installation
Introduction of ICT equipment ( printer, digital camera,
scanner, projector, flash drive, smart phone etc) and its
use in teaching learning process
Word Processor Typing English and Nepali (unicode) 3 Prepare a learning
Page setup, Saving and printing material using
Formatting wordprocessor for a
Headers, footers and page numbers subject of your teaching
Lists (bullets and numbering), Table and use it while teaching.
Inserting picture and charts, page border
Preparing learning material using MS Word
Spreadsheet Introduction to Worksheet (row, column, cell and cell 3 Prepare a learning
reference) material using spreadsheet
Cell formatting for a subject of your
Data sorting and filtering teaching and use it while
Functions and formula teaching.
Preparing learning materials using MS Excel
Presentation Introduction to MS Powerpoint 3 Prepare a photo story or
Slide layout and formatting quize using MS
Hyperlink Powerpoint for a subject
157
Inserting image chart and video of your teaching and use it
Slide transition and animation while teaching.
Digital story telling based on curriculum/textbook using MS
Powerpoint
Designing quize in MS Powerpoint
Email & Internet Explore Web Resources from local and external websites 4 Upload some of the
Effective techniques to search relevant documents, images, material you prepared on
video in web, Google translation cloud storage and share it
Creating e-mail id with your friends and with
Uses of Cloud storage in Education (Google Drive, trainer.
OneDrive, Dropbox etc).
Social media and its use in teaching learning
Appropriate utilization of these tools in colaboration and
experience sharing
Multimedia Introduction to Digital Audio, Video, Image 6 Prepare learning materials
Images cropping and resizing based on multimedia for
Use of smart phone (mobile phone) your teaching subject and
Recording Audio, Video, use these materials while
Create Video Clips teaching.
Windows movie maker, simple video editing
Use of multimedia (text, image, animation, audio and
video) in teaching learning process
Use of multimedia in designing learning activities based
on curriculum and text books of different subjects
MS OneNote MS OneNote and its use in teaching learning 2 Prepare some lesson plan
Preparing lesson Plan and organizing materials in OneNote and place required digital
material in MS OneNote.
ICT based project Presentation of sample ICT based project for students of 2 Design a ICT based
grade 6-8 project and encourage
Discussion on different ICT based project that has to be students to perform it.
performed as part of school based activities
Cyber ethics and security Copyright Issues 1
Plagiarism and Intellectual Property
Cyber Bullying
158
Online Safety Measures
159
4. Training Methods
The teachers of Lower Secondary Level will be the expected participant of the training. Participatory
approach will be adopted during the training period. Most of the training session will be activity based.
The following methods, strategies and techniques shall be followed during the training:
Most of the activities will be in computer lab ensuring each participants involvement in these
activities
Group work will be encourage for small ICT based project whih have to acomplish with in the
face to face training period and each group has to present on the final day.
5. Evaluation
presentation and feedback sharing activities. In particular, the marking scheme of the training evaluation
160
ljifo M kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M GEN-P-02-02
!= kl/ro
l;sfO cn] eg]sf] jf ;'g]sf] eGbf cfkm}Fn] cg'ej u/]/, ef]u]/, ub}{ l;sf] l;sfO eg] b/f] / afn aflnsfsf]
eljiodf sfdofjL klg aGg ;S5 . of] :jLs[t dfGotf klg xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df xfd|f kf7\os|dn] klg afn
aflnsfsf] l;sfO kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t u/]/ l;sfpg] ljifonfO{ g} hf]8 lbPsf] / lzIfsxdf kl/of]hgfdf
cfwfl/t l;sfO s;/L u/fpg] eGg] af/]df;d]t cGof]n /xg] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf;df
;xof]u k'Ug ;sf];\ eGg] pb\b]Zo / tflnd kf7\oj|md, g]kfn ;/sf/ kf7\os|d ljsf; s]Gb|af6 tof/ kl/Psf]
cfwf/e"t txsf] ljleGg ljifodf tof/ kfl/Psf kf7\os|d tyf z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljsf; u/]sf]
lzIfs ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t eO{ lzIfsxsf] k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw ck]lIft
kdf ljsf; u/fpg s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t txdf kl/of]hgfsf] dfWodaf6 ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ 1fg /
:jcg'ejsf cfwf/df ub]{ l;Sb} ug]{ u/L ;a}h;f] ljifodf kf7\os|dsf] ;+/rgf ljsf; ul/Psf] / ;f]xLcg';f/
kf7\ok':tx klg ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO cfhsf] cfjZoStf xf] . o;nfO{ k]k/df cfwfl/t kf7 3f]Sg] / kf7 a'emfpg],
cyjf lzIfsn] g]t[TTj ug]{ lzIfs s]lGb|t l;sfOsf] 7fFpdf l;sf? s]lGb|t l;sfOnfO{ leqL tx;Dd k'ofP/
cjnf]sg ug]{, sf/0f vf]Hg] / pgLxnfO{ g} ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg] ;Ddsf l;kx k|bfg u5{ .
l;sfOsf ljleGg tl/sfxdWo] kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ g} ;dfj]z u/L ul/g] lzIf0fsf]
Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ tl/sf xf] . o; ljlwdf Knowing / Doing nfO{ ;Fu;Fu} nu]/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ :jcg';Gwfgdf
Jo:t u/fOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljifo j:t'df dha't agfpg] dfq geP/ pgLxsf] ;~rf/ l;k / ;xsfo{ ug]{
l;knfO{ ;d]t ltvf5{ . lzIfs s]lGb|t eP/ sIffdf Psf]xf]/f] k|jrg lbg] / ljb\ofyL{n] ;'g]/ u|x0f ug'{ kg]{
cj:yfaf6 km/s tl/sf cfkm}Fn] u/]/ l;Sg], k|ToIfLs/0f u/]/ l;Sg], cg'ej ub]{ wf/0ff agfpb} hfg] ljlw xf] .
pNn]lvt ;Gbe{df kf7\os|dn] tf]s]sf l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg] afn aflnsfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'/lIft ug{ l;sfOdf ljljwtf, cg'ejdf cfwfl/t l;sfOdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
of] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ lzIfs tyf k|lzIfsx cfkm}Fn] ;fwgnfO{ ;do ;dodf ltvfg'{ kg]{, cb\ofjlws
u/fO/fVg h?/L x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df tf]lsPsf ;Ifdtf k'/f ug{sf] nflu lzIfsxdf ;DalGwt ;Ifdtfx
ljsf; ug]{ k|d'v pb\b]Zosf ;fy of] tflnd kf7\oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
s= kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] cjwf/0ff af]w atfpg
v= kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] dxTTj, l;sfO l;b\wfGt / k|lsof klxrfg ug{
u= pko'St kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] 5gf]6 ug{ / pko'St 9\un] ljb\ofyL{ ;xhLs/0f ug{
3= g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIffdf cEof;df /x]sf kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOxsf] klxrfg ug{
= ljifout / PsLs[t kl/of]hgfsf] klxrfg u/L ;xhLs/0f ug{
r= cfwf/e"tx ;Dd kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ls|ofsnfksf] lgdf{0f ug{
5= ?j|LS; k|of]u u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] 5gf]6 ug{, ljsf; ug{ / d"Nof\sg ug{
161
#= tflndsf ljifo j:t'sf] ;"rL
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] cjwf/0ff
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] dxTTj, l;sfO k|lsof / l;sfOsf tl/sfx
kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lj|mof
cfwf/e"t txdf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ ;lsg] ljifo j:t' klxrfg
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] jflif{s of]hgf lgdf{0f / Jo:yfkg
kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f, k|:t'tLs/0f / kl/dfh{g
ljifout kl/of]hgfxsf] lgdf{0f / cEof;
$= tflnd ;fdu|L
o; tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'df ;xhstf{n] kf7kqx Tfof/ ug{] 5g\ . kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t
l;sfO ;"rgf ;feu|Lx, cfwf/e"t txsf kf7\os|d, kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / tflnd sIfdf cfjZos
kg{] z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|LxM sf8{af]8{ k]k/,s}+rL, d]6fsf8{, Go"hk|LG6, dfs{/,;fOgk]g, ?n/ cflb nufotsf
;fdu|Lx cfjZos x'g]5g\ .
%= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof
of] tflndsf clwsf+z ;qx ;xefuLxsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5g\ . tflndsf d'Vo
ljlwxdf k|bz{g, cGt/lj|mofTds JofVofg, 5nkmn -hf]8L, ;d"xut_, :jcWoog, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg,
JolStut sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, cGj]if0f, / kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u cflb h:tf ;xefuL s]lGb|t ljlw /
k|lj|mof ckgfOg] 5 .
^= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f
j|m; d'Vo ljwf (Main Themes) ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f (Themes in Detail) tflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf
(Weightage) lj|mofsnfk
(Project
Activities)
! tflnd sfo{j|md / tflnd tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] kl/ro ! ;];g

kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/ro
sfo{:yndf k/]sf ;d:of tyf
;xefuLsf ck]Iff
@ kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf] kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO $ ;];g
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t
l;sfOsf] cjwf/0ff kl/of]hgfsf] kl/ro, cjwf/0ff
5nkmn
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgfsf l;b\wfGtx
162
l;sfOsf] dxTTj, kl/of]hgfsf cfofdx
l;sfO k|ls|of /
l;sfOsf tl/sfx kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf]
kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f cfjZostf / dxTTj
k|lj|mof kl/of]hgdf cfwfl/t l;sfOsf ljleGg
vfnsf 9fFrfx
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO k|lj|mof

jf l;sfOsf tl/sfx
kf7\oj|mddf PSsfO;f}F ;tflAbsf
l;sfO l;kx / kl/of]hgfdf
cfwfl/t l;sfO
/fd|f] kl/of]hgfsf ljz]iftfxM
Curriculum based, Achievable and
measurable, Team work ,
Extending learning beyond class
room (CREATE)
kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf r/0fx
g]kfnsf] ljb\ofno lzIffdf kl/of]hgf

sfo{sf]] cEof;
163
$ cfwf/e"t txdf /x]sf o; txsf ljleGg ljifosf $ ;];g ljifout
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf cfwf/df kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f, gd'gf
lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ ;lsg] ljifo k|bz{g,
j:t' klxrfg -kf7\os|dsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft
kf7\os|dn] tf]s]sf l;sfO
pknlAwx 1fgdf cfwfl/t /
ljb\ofyL{sf] l;k / Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g Nofpg] l;sfO
pknlAwxsf] klxrfg ug{
5'6\ofpg_
sIffut / ljifout kl/of]hgfsf]

klxrfg, tflnsLs/0f / ltgsf]
;DaGw-kf7\os|dsf] ljZn]if0fsf
cfwf/df klxrfg ul/Psf l;k /
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt
l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg
;xof]u k'ofpg] kl/of]hgfsf] ;"rL
tyf ;fdfGo 9fFrf tof/ ug{_
@ ;];g
% kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] jflif{s sIffut tyf PsLs[t jflif{s ! ;];g

of]hgf lgdf{0f / Jo:yfkg kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf
lgdf{0f - ljb\ofyL{xsf] ;+nUgtfdf _
^ kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f, k|:t'tLs/0f 5gf]6 ul/Psf ljifout tyf PsLs[t $ ;];g

/ kl/dfh{g kl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t 9fFrf tof/L /
k|:t'lt
k|:t'lts/0f kl5 CREAT sf] cfwf/df

?lj|ssf] k|of]u u/L kl/of]hgfsf]
pko'Sttf d"Nof\sg / kl/dfh{g
ljbofyL{xnfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{df

;+nUg u/fpFbf lzIfsn] v]Ng' kg]{
;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf
164
& ljifout kl/of]hgfxsf] cfwf/e"t txdf cWoog ul/g] ;a} k|d'v !$ ;;];g
lgdf{0f / cEof; ljifoxdf ljifout kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f /
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfdf cEof;
c\u|]hL @ ;];g,
g]kfnL @ ;];g,
;fdflhs @ ;];g,
ul0ft @ ;];g,
k];f Joj:ffo / k|ljlw @ ;];g,
lj1fg @ ;];g,
l;h{gfTds snf, hg;\Vof tyf
jftfj/0f, cGo u/L hDdf # ;];g
hDdf #) ;];g
%= d"Nof\sg
tflnd cjlwe/ ;xefuLn] b]vfpg] lj|mofsnfk h:tf] p;sf] ;xeflutf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;do
kfngsf] cj:yf, 5nkmndf /x]sf] p;sf] contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] Report, k|c
sf] l/kf]6{, ;fy} p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
165
ljifo M :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
tx M k|fylds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M GEN-M-01-01
!= kl/ro
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x dfk{mt\ ljb\ofno txdf sfo{/t lzIfsxnfO{ k];fut
ljsf; u/L pgLxsf] ;Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug{, kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf l;sfO pknlAwxnfO{ ljb\ofyL{xdf xfl;n
u/fpg, ljb\ofyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f lj|mofsnfkx ;~rfng ug{, :yfgLo kf7\oj|md, sIff Joj:yfkg, v]ndf
cfwfl/t lzIf0f, lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, k|f/lDes sIffdf k9fO l;k h:tf ljifo If]qxdf tflnd
;~rfng u/L cfk\mgf] k];fdf ;bf ;Ifd, k|ltab\w / hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg ;Sg] ;fy} k];fut ljsf; ultljlwdf
lg/Gt/ ;l/s u/fpg] pb\b]Zosf ;fy of] tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
of] k|fylds txsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n u/fpg o; txsf lzIfsxnfO{ a9L
pkof]uL x'g] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut lh1f;fx, pedagogical 1fg k|jfxsf ;fy}
lzIf0fdf refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
s= :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
!= kl/ro M
lzIf0fdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ k];fut kdf nugl;n, bIf,of]Uo / ;Ifd
lzIfssf] vfFrf] kb{5 . of] vfFrf] k'/f ug{ lzIfs tof/L ug'{ k5{ . To;}Nf] of] tflnd sf];{ k|fylds txsf]
kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n u/fpg :yfgLo ljifonfO{ kf7\oqmdn] lbPsf] ;donfO{
Wofg lbFb} lzIfsxnfO{ :yfgLo ljifo j:t'sf] rog, pb\b]Zo lgwf{/0f ub}{ ljb\ofyL{xdf ;fdfGo pb\odl;ntf
tkm{ pGd'v ug]{ vfnsf l;sfO xfFl;n u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; txsf lzIfsxnfO{ o;
tflndNf] :yfgLo l;ksf] k|jw{g, cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ :yfgLo pb\odzLntf, h:tf kIfxdf ljb\ofyL{xsf]
;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{ u/fpg a9L pkof]uL x'g] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut
lh1f;fx, pedagogical 1fg k|jfxsf ;fy} lzIf0fdf refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
of] sf;{ k'/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg lnlvt l;k xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
s= :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/ro, o;sf] cfjZostf / lgdf{0f k|lj|mofaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L ;f]xLcg' k
sfo{ ug{,
v= :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf nflu cfjZos ljifo j:t'sf] 5gf]6 / kf7\oj|mdsf] vfsf tof/L ug{,
u= :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf
tl/sfaf/] kl/ro lbg / cEof; ug{
3= :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fdf ljleGg lgsfosf] e"ldsfx atfpg .
#= ljifo j:t'
j|m= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifo If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ cg'dflgt
;+= lj|mofsnfk
! :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] kl/ro !=#)
kl/ro, dxTTj / /fli6o kf7\oj|md k|fk / :yfgLo cfjZostfdf
166
cfjZostf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md 3G6f
:yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf dfGotfx
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] dxTTj / cfjZostf
@ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md cfjZostfsf] klxrfg $=#)
lgdf{0f k|lj|mof pb\b]Zo lgwf{/0f 3G6f
ljifo j:t'sf] 5gf]6
vfsf tof/L
:yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs
;fdu|Lxsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u
lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] Joj:yfkg
ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof
cfjZos ;do3G6Lsf] Joj:yfkg
# :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljb\ofno txaf6 lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf !=#)
lgdf{0fdf ljleGg -ljb\ofyL{, lzIfsx, cleefjs ju{, SMC, 3G6f
lgsfosf] e"ldsf PTA_
uflj;gu/kflnsfaf6 lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf
-uflj;gkf, ;|f]t s]Gb|_
lhNnf txaf6 lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf -lhlzsf,
lhlz;, lhNnf kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf ;dGjo
;ldlt, lhlj;, cGo ;\3 ;+:yf_
If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf] e"ldsf
s]Gb| txaf6 lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf -kfljs] /
/fli6o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nof\sg
kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf_
$ :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljleGg lhNnfn] tof/ kf/]sf gd'gf kf7\oj|md !=#)
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tL 3G6f
jt{dfg cj:yf,
;kmn sfof{Gjogsf pkfox
;d:of / r'gf}tL
$= tflndsf] ljlw
tflndsf ;xefuL eg]sf k|fylds txsf lzIfsx x'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf, ljifo j:t' /
kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5 . o; tlnddf lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf / /0fgLltxsf] tflnd
cjlwe/ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 M
s= tflnd s]Gb|df cfwfl/t b; lbgsf] F2F tflnd / % lbg] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t Self teaching vfsfdf
tflnd ;~rfng x'g]5 M
Demonstration k|bz{g
167
Interactive lector
Discussion 5nkmn
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
kl/of]hgf sfo{
If]q e|d0f
cjnf]sg
dfdnf cWoog, cGj]if0f
Task based approach h:tf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

ljifo M lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u
k|fylds txsf h'g;'s} ljifosf] lzIf0fdf kf7\oqmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf z}lIfs pknlAwx xfl;n ug{sf nflu
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{snfknfO{ k|efjsf/L / :t/o'St agfpg z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lxsf] dxTTtjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 .
ljifo j:t'k|lt ljb\ofyL{sf] cfsif{0f a9fpg / lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug{ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] dxTTj /x]sf]
x'G5 . k9]sf] eGbf k/]sf] / ;'g]sf] eGbf b]v]sf] s'/f a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 elgG5 t;y{ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf]
k|of]uaf6 l;sfOdf cle?lr k}bfx'g] ,lzIf0f l;sfOdf :yfoLTj sfod x'g] ,l;sfOdf ljb\ofyL{sf] ;xeflutf
j[b\lw x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] plrt k|of]u ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . o;y{ k|fylds txsf lzIfsxnfO{ ljifo j:t'sf]
k|s[ltcg'k,ljb\ofyL{sf] ?lr, rfxgf, Ifdtf cg'k ;fdfu|Lsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg o;
tflndn] ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
of] tflnd k'/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg lnlvt l;k xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
s= kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf ljifo j:t'x lzIf0f ug{ cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] kl/ro, k|sf/ / lgdf{0f
k|lj|mofaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L ;f]xLcg'k lzIf0f sfo{ ug{,
v= kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf ljifo j:t'x lzIf0f ug{ cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] 5gf]6 / k|of]u ug{,
u= :yfgLo kdf pknAw x'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lxsf] lgdf{0f, k|of]u / Joj:yfkg jf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L
;f]xLcg'k sfo{ ug{,
#= ljifo j:t'

;+= lj|mofsnfk
! z}lIfs ;fdfuLsf] z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] kl/ro !=#)
kl/ro, z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] dxTTj 3G6f
168
dxTTj,k|sf/ / z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] cfjZostf
cfjZostf z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] k|sf/
s= n]Vo ;fdfu|L
v=>Jo ;fdfu|L
u=b[Zo ;fdfu|L
3=>Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|L
=:yfgLo ;fdfu|L
@ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[ltcg'k z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] !=#)
5gf]6 / k|of]u 5gf]6 3G6f
ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[ltcg'k z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf]
k|of]u
# gd'gf ;fdfu|L ljleGg ;d"xdf a;]/ ljleGg vfnsf z}lIfs $= #)
lgdf{0f / k|of]usf] ;fdfu|Lxsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cEof; 3G6f
cEof; ;fdfu|Lsf] k|bz{g
;d"xut cjnf]sg
k|of]usf] cEof;
$ :yfgLo kdf :yfgLo kdf pknAw x'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lxsf] !=#)
pknAw x'g] lgdf{0f . 3G6f
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lxsf] :yfgLo kdf pknAw x'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lxsf]
lgdf{0f, k|of]u / k|of]u
Joj:yfkg
o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lxsf] cfjZostf cg';f/
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;xL Joj:yfkg
$= tflndsf] ljlw
of] tflndsf ;xefuL eg]sf k|fylds txsf lzIfsx x'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf, ljifo
j:t' / kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g] 5 . o; tlnddf lgDg lsl;dsf ljlw, tl/sf, /0fgLlt Pjd\
tslgsLxsf] tflnd cjlwe/ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 M
tflnd x'g] x'bf lgDg ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 M
Interactive lector
Discussion 5nkmn
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
169
kl/of]hgf sfo{
If]q e|d0f
cjnf]sg

ljifo M v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
!= kl/ro
170
lzIf0fdf k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;fy} k];fut kdf nugzLn, bIf, of]Uo lzIfs agfpg
tflnd clgjfo{ dflgG5 . To;}n] z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|n] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x dfk{mt\ ljb\ofno
txdf sfo{/t lzIfsxnfO{ k];fut ljsf; u/L pgLxsf] ;Ifdtf clej[b\lw ug{ kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf l;sfO
pknlAwxnfO{ ljb\ofyL{xdf xfl;n u/fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . tLdWo]
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f klg Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f zf/Ll/s lzIff / ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] Ps cleGg c\u xf] . o;sf] dfWod zf/Ll/s
lj|mofsnfkx / v]ns'b x'g\ . o;n] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ljsf; cyf{t\
;jf{u\ L0f ljsf; ub{5 . k|fylds txsf afn aflnsfx x's{g] pd]/sf ePsf x'gfn] z/L/sf ljleGg
kIfxnfO{ ;xL 9frf k|bfg ug{ v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f
ubf{ ljb\ofyL{x /dfp5g\ . kmntM o;sf] dfWodaf6 xfdL ljb\ofyL{xsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ ;S5f} . To;}n]
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fnfO{ ljb\ofno lzIffdf dxTTjk"0f{ ljifosf] kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f k|of]ufTds kdf lbOg] x'gfn] o;sf nflu v]Ng] 7fp tyf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5
. t/ ;a} ljb\ofnodf To:tf] ;'ljwf gx'g klg ;Sg] ePsf] x'bf ljb\ofnodf pknAw ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0f lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z
ePsf v]nxsf ;fy ;fy} :yfgLo :t/df v]lng] /dfOnf v]nx v]nfP/ klg ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ v]ndf cfwfl/t
lzIf0f ;DaGwL cg'ejx lbg ;lsG5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
s= ;fwf/0f / :yfgLo v]nx v]Ng -an k\mofSg', ;dfTg', kf; ug'{, ;fy} lhDgfl:6ssf ;fwf/0f kN6g],
e'mlG8g] / ;Gt'ng sfo{x ug{_,
v= dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ljsf; u/fpg,
u= l;sf?nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]l/t u/fO{ l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg,
3= cfTdljZjf;, /f]u;u n8\g] Ifdtfsf ;fy} lj|mofzLn (Active) u/fpg .
#= ljifo j:t'
j|m=;+= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifo If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ cg'dflgt ck]lIft
lj|mofsnfk pknlAw
! v]ndf cfwfl/t v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf !=#) kf7\oj|mdn] cjwf/0ffTds
lzIf0fsf] kl/ro, kl/ro 3G6f lglb{i6 u/]sf] :ki6tf ePsf]
dxTTj, k|sf/, v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf] l;sfO pknlAw x'g] .
cfjZostf dxTTj xfl;n ug{
e/kbf]{ / lbuf]]
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf
l;sfO l;k
k|sf/
k|flKtdf v]n
;fwf/0f v]n ljlw t'ngfTds
:yfgLo :t/sf v]n kdf a9L
v]ndf cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf] k|efjsf/L x'g]
cfjZostf ePsfn]] k|f=lz=
171
xdf v]n
ljlwsf
cjwf/0ffTds
:ki6tf /
dxTTj yfxf
kfpg]
;fdu|Lx
@ ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f, v]nsf nflu cfjZos $=#) ;se/ ;Dej lzIf0f
;\sng Joj:yf ;fdu|Lsf] :yfgLo :t/df g} 3G6f eP;Dd :yfgLo l;sfOdf
;fy} :jd"Nof\sg ;\sng, ljsf;, lgdf{0f / ;fdu|Lxsf] ;xof]uL x'g]
pkof]u -;\sng, v]n ;fdu|Lsf]
v]Ng] :yfg -sIff sf]7fleq / lgdf{0f, k|of]u / 5gf]6df
aflx/_ sf] Joj:yfkgsf] 5gf]6_ afn ;Ifdtf ePsf]
:jd"Nof\sg aflnsfsf] pd]/ x'g] .
cg';f/ ?lr
hufpg /
l;sfOdf
k|efjsf/L
e"ldsf v]Ng
;Sg]
;fdu|Lxsf]
dfq 5gf]6 ug{
-h:tf klg
;fdu|L ;\sng
jf lgdf{0f ubf{
:yfg cefj x'g
;Sg], ?lrs/
gx'g], a9L
vlr{nf] x'g] /
Go"g pkof]u x'g]
tyf l;sfO
lbuf]] geO{
af]lemnf] x'g
;Sg]_ ;Ifdtfn]
l;sfO
k|efjsf/L aGg
;Sb5 .
172
# v]ndf cfwfl/t v]Ng] 7fpnfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] !=#) v]ndf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
lzIf0fsf] sIffdf v]n ;fdu|L Joj:yf 3G6f lzIf0f ljlw ljsf;,
Joj:yfkg ug{, ;d"xdf sfdsf] af8kmf8 t'ngfTds pkof]u /
/ of]hgf lgdf{0f kdf a9L Joj:yfksLo
vlr{nf], a9L ;Ifdtf j[b\lw
v]n ;fdu|LnfO{ afnd}qL agfO{
:yfg rflxg] / ePsf] x'g] .
;a}sf] ;xh kx'r ;'lglZrt
%( jif{ pd]/
ug{
;d"xsf nflu
No cost / low cost df lrs/ x'g]
cfwfl/t ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/L u/L No cost /
pRrtd\ k|of]u ug{ low cost df
v]Ng] d}bfg, ef}lts Joj:yfkg cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
-v'nf rf}/ jf ;fOh 7'nf] lgdf{0f,
ldn]sf]_ pkof]unfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg'
sIff sf]7fdf eP Wjlgsf] Joj:yfksLo
/fd|f] cj:yf a;fOsf] /fd|f] kIfsf
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, ;xh} k|flKt, cfofdx
cjnf]sg / k|of]u ;d]l6g'kg]{
-pbfx/0f ;lxt_
$ d"Nof\sg Project work sf dfWodn] !=#) kf7;u l;sfO
;fdu|L ;\sng, lgdf{0f 3G6f cfjZos kg]{ pknlAwsf]
k|Zgf]Tt/ v]n ;fdu|Lx ;'lglZrttf
;\sng, ePsf] x'g] .
lgdf{0f /
pkof]udf hf]8
$= tflndsf] ljlw
of] tflndsf ;xefuL lzIfs k|fylds txsf x'g]5g\ . of] tflnd lzIfsxsf] cfjZostf, ljifo j:t' /
kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . o; tflnddf lgDg lnlvt ljlw, tl/sf tflnd cjlwe/ ;~rfng
ul/g] 5 .
s= tflnd s]Gb|df cfwfl/t b; lbgsf] F2F tflnd / % lbgsf] ljb\ofnodf cfwfl/t Self teaching vfsfdf
tflnd x'g]5 .
Demonstration
Interactive critical thinking
Discussion
kl/of]hgf sfo{
173
cjnf]sg
Task based approach
:j}lR5s ljlw -ljb\ofyL{sf] cfk\mg} OR5fcg';f/_
Freedom method -:jtGq ljlw_

ljifo M sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkg
174
!= kl/ro
sIff sf]7fsf] Joj:yfkgn] lzIf0f l;sfO ls|ofsnfkdf 7'nf] k|efj kfb{5 . sIff sf]7f l;sfOsf] d"n ynf] xf]
t/ sIffsf]7f l;sfOsf] ynf]sf] kdf ta ljsf; x'G5 ha ToxfF ljb\ofyL{ w]/} ;do ;Dd a:g ?rfpF5g /
pgLxn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf kaf6 l;Sg] cj;/ kfPsf x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts /
dgf]j}1flgs b'j} kIfaf6 l;sfO jftfj/0f ;[hg{ f x'g ;Sg] u/L Joj:yfkg ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy
k|fylds txsf lzIfsxn] cfkm\gf] k];fut bIftf clej[l4 ub}{ ljb\ofyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAw a9fpgdf
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgn] klg Hofbf 7'nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkg ;xL ta/n] ug{ ;s'g eGg]
x]t'n] of] tflndsf] b'O{ lbg] df]8'n/ sf];{ k|fylds txsf lzIfsxsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] xf]
of] sf];{ k|fylds txsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] l;sfO pknlAwx xfl;n u/fpg o; txsf lzIfsxnfO{
a9L pkof]uL x'g] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut lh1f;fx, pedagogical 1fg
k|jfx,sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} lzIf0fdf refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
s= sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgdf Wofglbg' kg]{ s'/fxsf] ;"rL agfpg .
v= sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts / dgf]j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ .
u= sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|L lgdf{0f u/L l;sfO cg's'n sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug{ .
#= ljifo j:t'

;+= lj|mofsnfk
! sIffsf]7f sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro !=#)
Joj:yfkg sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgdf Wofglbg' kg]{ s'/fx 3G6f
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|L
ljsf;, lgdf{0f / ;xL k|of]u
@ sIffsf]7f sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgfsf] !=#)
Joj:yfkgsf] k|:t'lt 3G6f
of]hgf sIffsf]7f ef}lts Joj:yf ug{ ;d"xdf
sfdsf] jfF8kmfF8 ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0f
# sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg -sIfsf] ;fOh, #
/ dgf]j}1flgs k|sfz, Wjlg cj/f]]wsf] cj:yf ,sfnf]kf6Lsf] 3G6f
Joj:yfkg Joj:yf,a;fO Joj:yf ,Job Chart sf] Joj:yf
cflb_
dgf]j}1flgs Joj:yfkg -ljb\ofyL{sf] Ifdtf,?lr
,pd]/ ,rfxgf,afnd}qL jftfj/0f cflb_
$ ;fdfu|L sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|L #
lgdf{0f,;+sng, ljsf;, lgdf{0f / ;xL Joj:yfkg 3G6f
175
Joj:yfkg ;fy} sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] :jd"Nof\sg
:jd"Nof\sg
$= tflndsf] ljlw
tflnd x'g] x'bf
Interactive lector
Discussion 5nkmn
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
kl/of]hgf sfo{

ljifo M k|f/lDes sIffdf k9fO l;k
176
!= kl/ro
;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{j|mdn] ;g\ @)!@ df k|sflzt u/]sf] ljZj cg'udg k|ltj]bgn] Pl;of k|zfGt If]qdf
xfn ljb\ofno uO/x]sf afn aflnsfxdWo] rf/ jif{ ljb\ofno wfP/ klg @) s/f]8 afn aflnsfx Go"gtd
l;sfO pknlAweGbf tn 5g\ cyf{t\ ;fIf/;Dd aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ eGg] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @))(@)!!
;Ddsf ljljw cWoog cg';Gwfgn] :j/ j0f{ sIff # ;Dd pRrf/0f ug{ g;s]sf] / sIff @ sf afn
aflnsfxn] cIf/ g} glrg]sf] l:ylt b]vfPsf 5g\ . oL ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ k|f/lDes txdf k9fO l;k
k|jw{g sfo{j|md g]kfndf klg nfu' x'g uO/x]sf] 5 . k9fO l;k ljsf; geO{ cGo ljifoxsf] l;sfO
pknlAwdf ;'wf/ cfpb}g, klxn] k9\g ;Sg'kb{5 clg dfq ;a} ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ cfp5 eGg]
dfGotf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . of] sf];{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ )!$!% b]lv )!(@) ;Dddf k|f/lDes sIffsf
afn aflnsfdf k9fO l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ x]t'n] k|fylds txsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] l;sfO pknlAwx
xfl;n u/fpg o; txsf lzIfsxnfO{ a9L pkof]uL x'g] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] tflndn] lzIfsxsf k];fut
lh1f;fx, pedagogical 1fg k|jfxsf ;fy} lzIf0fdf refreshment Nofpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
of] tflndsf] pb\b]Zo eg]sf] sIff ! b]lv sIff % ;Ddsf afn aflnsfljb\ofyL{xsf] k9fO l;k ;'wf/ ug'{ xf]
. of] tflnd k'/f ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuL lzIfsx lgDg lnlvt l;k xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
s= k9fOsf] kl/ro / dxTTj atfpg,
v= k9fOsf] tTTjx kl/ro lbg,
u= k9fO ;fdu|L, lj|mofsnfk / d"Nof\sg tl/sf pofof]u ug{ .
#= ljifo j:t'
d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifo If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ef/ cg'dflgt
j|m= lj|mofsnfk
;+=
! k9fOsf] kl/ro, k9fOsf] kl/ro, !=#)
dxTTj / k9fOsf] dxTTj 3G6f
cfjZostf
k9fOsf] cfjZostf
@ k9fOsf tTTjx Wjlg ;r]tgf (Phonological Awarness) #

n]Vo j0f{ ;r]t]tLs/0f (Grapho-phonimic 3G6f
Awareness)
zAb e08f/ (Vocabulary)
k9fO k|jfx (Reading Fluency)
af]w (Comprehension)
n]vfO (Writing)
177
k9fO lzIf0f lzIf0f ;fdfu|L !=#)
;fdfu|L ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L 3G6f
k9fO lzIf0f I do !=#)
ls|ofsnfk We do 3G6f
You do
# k9fO / l;sfO lar k9fO / l;sfO lar cGt/ ;DaGw
cGt/ ;DaGw
$ k9fO d"Nof\sg lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg !=#)
portfolio 3G6f
Oral Test
$= tflndsf] ljlw
tflnd x'g] x'bf
Demonstration
Interactive lector
Discussion
:jcWoog lj|mofsnfk
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cEof;
;xeflutf
v]n
cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
%= d"Nof\sg
tflnd cjlwe/ ;xefuLn] b]vfpg] lj|mofsnfk h:tf] p;sf] ;xeflutf, l;sfOdf lbPsf] b]g, ;do
kfngsf] cj:yf, 5nkmndf /x]sf] p;sf] contribution, ;"Id cEof; lzIf0f, ljb\ofnosf] Report, k|c sf] l/kf]6{,
;fy} p;sf] lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
178
179
ljifo M ckf\utf afn aflnsfsf nflu lzIff
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M GEN-M-02-01
!= kl/ro
lzIff k|To]s afn aflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . of] clwsf/ ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsf]
klg xf] . xfn ckf\utf ePsf w]/} afn aflnsf ljb\ofno aflx/ 5g\ . ckf\utf eP/ klg ljb\ofno cfPsf
sltko afn aflnsfn] ljb\ofnodf x]lkg' / pkxf;sf] kfq aGg' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ckf\utf ePsf sltko
afn aflnsf x]bf{ ;f\u h:t} b]lvG5g\ t/ pgLxn] ;f\usf] ultdf l;Sg g;s]sf sf/0f lzIfsaf6 b08
kfPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . oL sf/0faf6 ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfn] ljb\ofnodf /fd|/L l;Sg gkfPsf /
ljb\ofno 5f]8\g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
;a}sf nflu lzIff eGg] ljZjJofkL gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{{ ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfn] ;xh kdf lzIff
kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;dflxt lzIff cfjZos 5 . ;g !(($ df :k]gsf] ;fnfdfGsfdf ePsf]
e]nfn] ;dflxt lzIffsf] cfjwf/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 / g]kfnn] o; cjwf/0fsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|ltjb\ wtf
hgfO;s]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf ;dflxt s;/L u/fpg ;lsG5
;a}sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsf lrGg] / pgLxsf
l;sfOsf ;d:of klxNofP/ l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lzIfsnfO{ o;} s'/fdf ;xof]u k'uf];\ eg]/
o; ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsf nflu ;dflxt lzIff eGg] b'O{ lbg] tflnd sf];{ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
@ ;fdu|Lsf] pb\b]Zo
o; tflnddf ;xefuL lzIfsdf lgDgcg';f/sf ;Ifdtf ljsf; x'g]5g M
;a} afn aflnsf] lzIffsf nflu ;dflxt lzIffsf] dxTTj atfpg

ckf\utf kl/ro lbg / auL{s/0f ug{
ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfxsf] klxrfg ug{
ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsf] l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;fdfGo ;xof]u ug{
#_ tflndsf ljifoj:t'x
s|=; d'Vo ljifo If]q ljiioj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/;do
=
! afn aflnsfdf afn aflnsfx Ps cfk;df km/s x'g] sf/0f M !=#)

x'g] j}olSts cfly{s cj:yf, efiff ;F:s[lt, l;sfO Ifdtf, ldg]6
ljljwtf / ckf\utf, /f]u JofwL cflb
;dflxt lzIff km/s km/s afn aflnsfsf] l;sfO cfjZostf /
l;sfO Ifdtfsf] km/s
;a} afn aflnsfsf] lzIffsf nflu ;dflxt lzIffsf]
cfjZostf / dxTTj
180
@ ckf\utfsf] ckf\utfsf] kl/ro !=#)
kl/ro / ckf\utfsf] auL{s/0f M ckf\utfsf ljleGg ;ft ldg]6
auL{s/0f k|sf/ - b[li6 ckf\utf cGtu{t b[li6 laxLg / Go"g
b[li6 tyf ;'gfO ;DaGwL ckf\utfdf alx/f / ;':t
>j0f ;d]t_
# ckf\utf ePsf zf/Lls ckf\utf !=#)
afn aflnsf b[li6 ;DaGwL ckf\utf M b[li6 laxLg / Go"g b[li6 ldg]6
klxrfgsf ;'gfO ;DaGwL ckf\utfM alx/f / ;':t >j0f
;fdfGo cfwf/
$ ckf\utf ePsf ljsf;fTds ckf\utfM af}b\lws ckf\utf, 8fpg !=#)

afn aflnsf l;G8f]d, cl6hd, >j0f b[li6 ljxLgtf, dl:tis ldg]6
klxrfgsf kIf3ft ldl;|t ljsf;fTds ckf\utf
;fdfGo cfwf/ l;sfO Ifdtfdf sdL -learning disability_
% dgf];fdflhs dgf];fdflhs ;d:of afn aflnsfsf] klxrfg !=#)

;d:of l;sfO l;sfO ;d:of ePsf afn aflnsfsf] klxrfg ldg]6
hGo ;d:of
^ ckf\utf ePsf ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsfnfO{ ug'kg]{ ;fdfGo

afn aflnsfsf Joaxf/
nflu ;dflxt
lzIff ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsfnfO{ ug'kg]{ ;xof]u
Ml;kml/; tyf pkrf/, ;fwgsf] pknJwtf, cg's'n
jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg
ckf\utf ePsf afn aflnsfsf nflu lzIf0f
l;sfOdf ;xof]uM ckf\utf cg's'n sIff
Joj:yfkg, b}lgs hLjgsf lj|mofsnfksf] cEof;,
kf7 v08Ls/0f, yk l;sfO ;xof]u
$= tflndsf ljlw
lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b'O{ lbg] ^ ;qsf nflu tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6' k]m; df]8ndf
cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb}
s= cGt/lj|mof tyf 5nkmn
v= k|bz{gM lrq, lel8of]
u= If]q e|d0f tyf cjnf]sg tyf ljlw\
3= dfdnf cWoog
= ;d:of ;dfwfg / :jcWoog ljlw
r= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
181
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\sgdf ;xefuLsf]
lgoldttf, ;lj|motf, ;dosf] kfng stf{, tflnd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf, ;"Id lzIf0f, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf]
l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg / k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf] cfwf/;lxt ;du| kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
182
ljifo M lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg / ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f
kl/ro M
;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{s|d sfof{Gjo eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df u'0ffTds lzIff kfpg' ;a} afn aflnsfsf]
clwsf/sf] kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{ afn aflnsfn] k|Kt u/]sf] lzIff
s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 egL d"Nof\sg ug'{ h?/L 5 . xfn d"Nof\sgsf nflu ljleGg tl/sf k|of]udf
NofOPsf] kfOG5 . l;sfO / d"Nof\sgnfO{ ;u;u} n}hfg ;s]df dfq ljb\ofyL{sf] sdhf]/L ;xh}
klxrfg u/L tTsfn} ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pb\b]Zon] lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nof\sg kb\wlt sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . k|fylds lzIff kf7\os|d @)^@ / cfwf/e"t txsf]
kf7\os|d @)^* dfkmt\ sIff !& ;Dd lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg kb\wlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; Joj:yf cg'';f/ sltko ljb\ofnodf o;sf] ;kmn k|of]u ePsf] eP
tfklg b]zsf clwsf+z ljb\ofnoxdf afn aflnsfxsf] l;sfO dfkg ug{ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nof\sgsf] k|of]u kIf sdhf]/ ePsf] / d'Vo kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lzIfsx cNdlnPsf] x'bf
o;nfO{ tflndn] ;d]6\g' kb{5 eGg] nfu]/ o;sf] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 .
pb\b]Zo M
!_ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0f;u kl/lrt x'g .
@_ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] ljlw / k|ls|ofsf] klxrfg u/L l;sfO dfkgdf k|of]u ug{ .
#_ afn aflnsfsf] l;sfOdf b]lvPsf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f
ug{ .
s|=;+= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljiioj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/;do kl/of]hgfsf] If]q
! lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ ! 306f #) ldg]6

d"Nof\sgsf] kl/ro d"Nof\sgsf pb\b]Zo
cfjZostf / dxTTj
jt{dfg cj:yf / cEof;
lgdf{0fTds d"Nof\sgsf]
kdf lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{
d"Nof\sg
183
@ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg sfof{Gjogut ;d:ofsf] ! 306f #) ldg]6 CAS sfof{Gjogdf
sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of / klxrfg b]lvPsf ;d:of /
lg/fs/0fsf pkox ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkox lg/fs/0fsf pkox
kTtf nufpg sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg ug]{
# lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sgsf d'Vo # 306f

d"Nof\sgsf dfkb08sf dfkb08x-sIff sfo{, ;d"x
cwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{
ls|ofsnfk lgdf{0f ljifout kdf lzIf0f
l;sfO ls|ofsnfk lgdf{0f /
k|of]u
$ lg/Gt/ ljb\ofyL{ kmf/dsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ! 306f #) ldg]6
d"Nof\sgsf] dfs{nh] /sf] ;/nLs/0f /
clen]vLs/0f pkof]u
k|ult ljj/0f
kf]6{kmf]lnof] Joj:yfkg
% ljb\ofyL{xsf] k|ult ljb\ofyL{ pknlAw ljZn]if0f ! 306f #) ldg]6

ljZn]if0f / pkrf/fTds / l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg
lzIf0f pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ljlwsf]
lgbfg
l;sfO cg'e"ltsf] cfbfg
k|bfg
$= tflnd ;~rfng ljlw M

lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b'O{ lbg] ^ ;qsf] tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6' k]m; df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'g]
5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf
cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
184
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
em= cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
`= cfudg ljlw
6= dfdnf cWoog
7= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
8= clego
9= uLt, ;+uLt cflb
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\ sgdf ;xefuLsf]
lgoldttf, ;lj|motf, ;dosf] kfngf, tflnd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf, ;"Id lzIf0f, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fsf] l;sfO
cfbfgk|bfg, cWoog cg';Gwfg, l;s]sf l;kxnfO{ sIff ls|ofsnfkdf k|of]u, ljifout tyf j:t'ut k/LIff /
ljb\ofno k|ltj]bg;lxt ;du| kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .

ljifo M ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
!= kl/ro M
;d'bfodf df};d, :yfg / ;docg';f/ ljleGg k|s[ltsf ljkb\x cfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . elgG5 ljklTt 38L
x]/]/ cfpb}g . s'g} klg ;dodf ljklTt cfpg ;S5 To;}n] xfdLn] s] s:tf ljklTt cfpg ;S5g\ egL
k"j{cg'dfg u/L ;f]sf] k"j{tof/L ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ljklTtsf ;DaGwdf lzIfs ;Dk"0f{ kdf hfgsf/ x'g'
kb{5 / pm dfq hfgsf/ eP/ k'Ub}g ljb\ofyL{nfO{ klg s] s:tf ljklTtx cfpg ;S5g\ To:tf ljklTtsf]
;fdgf ug{ s] s:tf] tof/L s] s:tf] l;k h?/L x'G5 egL Jojxfl/s 9\un] k|lzlIft ug]{ bfloTTj klg
lzIfssf] xf] . lzIfsn] ljb\ofyL{ dfkm{t\ jf ;f]em} cleefjs;Dd klg k'Ug' h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu s]
s:tf ls|ofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ egL lzIfsn] tof/L ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] dxTTjk"0f{ JolStnfO{ tflnd k|bfos
;+:yfn] ;dodf tflnd lbO{ tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . ljklTtsf ;Gbe{df ljb\ofno lzIff kf7\os|d tyf
kf7\ok':tsn] s] s:tf] 9\un] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 lzIfsn] ljZn]if0f u/L ljb\ofyL{ ;Dd k'ofpg' kb{5 . olb
sltko ljkb\xsf] ;Gbe{df kf7\os|d tyf kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ePsf] /x]g5 eg] klg kf7\os|d ljsf;
s]Gb|nfO{ ;emfj lbg] lhDd]jf/L klg lzIfssf] sfwdf /xG5 . ljklTtsf] k"j{ tof/L, ljklTtsf] ;dodf
ckgfpg] ;fjwfgL / ljklTt kZrft ug'kg]{ sfdsf ;DaGwdf ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf g} Joj:yfkg ug{
;s]df o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ ljsf; ug{ / lbuf] kdf n}hfg ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
@= pb\b]Zo M
!_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro lbg .
@_ ljkb\sf ;DaGwdf kf7\os|d tyf kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf] k|fjwfgsf] klxrfg ug{ .
185
#_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu Jojxfl/s lsl;dn] lzIf0f ug{
s|=;+= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/;do
! ljkb\sf] kl/ro ljkb\sf] kl/ro ! 306f #) ldg]6

ljkb\sf k|sf/
cfjZostf / dxTTj
@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljkb\ k"j{sf] tof/L ! 306f #) ldg]6

ljkb\sf] ;dodf ckgfpFg' kg]{ ;'/Iff
ljkb\ kZrft ug'{kg]{ sfd
# sfg'gL Joj:yf df}hb' f gLlt lgod ! 306f #) ldg]6
sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/ jfnfsf] e"ldsf
$ ljkb\ hf]lvd gS;f\sg ljb\ofnosf] cjnf]sg u/L hf]lvd l6kf]6 / ! 306f #) ldg]6
gS;f lgdf{0f tyf k|bz{;g
% l8n tyf e"ldsf ljleGg ljkb\ ;DaGwL e"ldsf lgjf{x ;DaGwL ! 306f #) ldg]6
clego clego
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ u/fpg ;lsg] l8n cEof;
^ of]hgf tof/L / lzIf0f lzIf0f tyf ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf cWofjlws ! 306f #) ldg]6
lzIf0fsf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw jf
tl/sfsf] klxrfg / k|of]u

lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] of] b'O{ lbg] ^ ;qsf] tflnd sf];{ k]m; 6' k]m; df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 .
o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfjZostfcg';f/
ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
v= cGt/lj|mof ljlw
= cjnf]sg ljlw
186
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
%= d"Nof\sg
k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf cfwf/;lxtsf cfwf/df ;du| d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
187
ljifo M Jojxf/ s'zn l;k (soft skill)
kl/ro
JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] JolStut dfq geO{ ;fdflhs / Joj;flos hLjgdf ;d]t ;kmn x'gsf nflu z}lIfs jf k|fljlws 1fg
tyf l;k eP/ dfq k'Ub}g . tL 1fg / l;knfO{ /fd|/L Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ Jojxf/ s'zn l;kxsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
Jojxf/ s'zn l;kn] JolStnfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] pko'St 9\un] k|of]u ug{ tyf lg/Gt/ l;sfOsf] afgL ljsf; ug{ dbt
u5{ . o;sf ;fy} /fd|/L sfd ug{ Pjd\ cfkm\gf] nufot ;d'bfos} hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ ;d]t Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . 7fp, kl/j]z, ;dfh / ;+:s[lt cg'k o:tf l;kxsf] kl/efiff / cfjZostf km/s x'g ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
Jojxf/ s'zn l;knfO{ JolStut ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;xeflutf Pjd\ k];fut ;kmntfsf] nflu JolStnfO{ cfjZos kg]{
j}olSts, ;xof]u, ;f]rfO, cGj]if0f tyf Joj;fo ;DaGwL l;ksf kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
ob\wlk kl/efiff / a'emfO km/s eP klg ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} s'gfdf a:g] dflg;xsf nflu j}olSts, ;xof]u, ;f]rfO,
gjk|jt{g tyf Joj;flos h:tf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx ckl/xfo{ x'G5g\ . cem cfw'lgs ;dodf t logLxnfO{ JolStsf
nflu rflxg] d'Vo ;Ifdtf g} dflgPsf] 5 . To;}n] afn aflnsfxn] ljb\ofno txb]lv g} o:tf l;kxsf] cEof; / ljsf;
ug'{ cToGt} h?/L x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] kl/j]zdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of hl6n x'Fb} hfg'df jt{dfg lzIff kWbltn] ;}b\wflGts
1fgdf a9L hf]8 lbg' / /f]huf/d"ns tyf Jojxfl/s l;kxsf] ljsf;df rflxg] hlt Wofg glbg'nfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dfGg
;lsG5 .o;} s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljb\ofno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] /f]huf/d"ns lzIff / Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf;df
ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . To;}cg'k ljb\ofno txsf] kf7\oj|mddf j|mdzM Jojxf/ s'zn l;kxnfO{ ;dfof]lht ub}{ nluPsf]
5.
lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df x]bf{ Psflt/ lzIfs :jod\nfO{ Pp6f ;kmn lzIfssf kdf :yflkt x'g ljifoj:t';DaGwL 1fg
tyf z}Ifl0fs l;kxsf ;fy;fy} tL 1fg / l;ksf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kxsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 eg] csf{lt/ ljb\ofyL{xdf o:tf l;kxsf] ljsf; u/fpg] k|d'v bfloTj klg lzIfss} ePsfn] To;sf
nflu cfjZos l;ksf] klg ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos Jojxf/ s'zn l;kxsf] ljsf;
ug]{ / ljb\ofyL{xdf To:tf l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg] bf]xf/f] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ oL b'j} e"ldsf k|efjsf/L kdf
lgefpgsf nflu lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cfjZstf dx;'; u/L of] tflnd sf];{sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= pb\b]Zo
!_ Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] kl/ro lbO{ cfjZostf / cf}lrTotf klxrfg ug{ .
@_ ljb\ofyL{xdf Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ / Joxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; eP gePsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ .
#= tflndsf ljifoj:t'x
j|m= ;+= d'Vo ljifoIf]q ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/;do kl/of]hgfsf] If]q
!= ;Ifdtf / Jojxf/ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO !=#) 306f
s'zn l;k Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] kl/ro
lzIfssf nflu Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf]
cfjZostf
ljb\ofyL{sf nflu Jojxf/ s'zn
188
l;ksf] cfjZostf
@= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+lIfKt cGt/f{li6o ;Gbe{ # 306f
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] cjnDjg
u/]sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] kl/efiff
/ k|sf/
ljb\ofno lzIffdf Jojxf/ s'zn
l;ksf] ;dfof]hg
txut / ljifout ;Ifdtf tyf
l;sfO pknAwLx
#= Jojxf/ s'zn l;ksf] vf]h tyf cWoog !=#) 306f :yfgLo kl/j]zdf
ljsf; l;sfO ;d"x Jojxf/ s'zn
cfTd k|ltljDag l;ksf] ljsf;sf
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL
/ cEof;
lzIfs l;sfO
;d"x u7g /
;~rfng
$= ljb\ofyL{df Jojxf/ ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO # 306f sIffsf]7fdf

s'zn l;ksf] ljsf; ljb\ofyL{s]lGb|t l;sfOsf tl/sfx ;xeflutfd"ns
;fGble{s l;sfO l;sfOsf
cEof; M l;sfO pknAwL 5gf]6, tl/sfxsf] k|of]u
ljifoIf]q klxrfg, lj|mofsnfk lgdf{0f
tyf ljsf; x'g] Jojxf/ s'zn tyf k|ltljDag
l;ksf] klxrfg
Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf;sf]
d"Nof\sg

5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw
ckgfOg]5 h;sf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf lj|mofsnfkx cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
s= cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
v= dfdnf cWoog
u= 5nkmn tyf ;d"x sfo{
= cjnf]sg ljlw
5= v]n ljlw
h= ;d"x lzIf0f ljlw
189
em= cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
`= cfudg ljlw
6= dfdnf cWoog
7= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
8= clego
9= uLt, ;+uLt cflb
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\sgdf ;xefuLsf]
ljb\ofno k|ltj]bg;lxtsf] cfwf/df ;du| kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
.
190
ljifo M ljb\ofyL{ k/fdz{
tx M lgDgdfWolds sf];{ ;+s]t g+= M GEN-M-02-
05
!= kl/ro M
k/fdz{ (Counseling) af6 ;d:ofdf k/]sf] ljb\ofyL{n] tL ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
ljsNkxsf] vf]hL ug{ cfkm"nfO{ ;zSt agfpg / gofF l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5 . o;n]
;d:ofu|:t ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;xof]ufTds / zfGt jftfj/0fdf cfkm\gf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf af/]df
;f]Rg, pkfo kTtf nufpg / of]hgf tof/ kfg{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . k/fdz{stf{af6 pkof]uL
k[i7kf]if0f kfP/ ;d:ofdf k/]sf] ljb\ofyL{n] gofF r]tgf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . clg r'gf}tLx;u gofF /
pTkfbgzLn tl/sfn] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . k/fdz{ eg]sf] ;d:ofdf k/]sf]
ljb\ofyL{df ePsf] ;d:of x6fpgsf nflu p;nfO{ ;zSt agfpg] sfo{ xf] . afn aflnsfx
c:j:ytf, l;sfOhGo ;d:of / dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofn] ubf{ k9fOdf Wofg lbg g;Sg], b}lgs
sfdsfh ug{ g;Sg] / ljb\ofno 5f8\g] ;Ddsf] l:yltdf k'u]sf] kfOG5 . ;d:of a9\b} hfbf
p;nfO{ lrGtf (Depression) n] ;tfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;d:ofu|:t afn aflnsfxnfO{ klxrfg
u/L ljb\ofnosf lzIfsn] k|f/lDes k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;dodf k/fdz{ gx'bf afn
aflnsfsf] k9fO lalu|g] dfq x}g p;sf] b}lgs sfd sfh klg lalu|g k'U5 . To;}n] lzIfsnfO{
ljb\ofyL{ k/fdz{ ;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ nfdf] cjlwsf] tflndsf] h?/L kb{5 . lzIfsn]
k/fdz{;DaGwL ;fdfGo cjwf/0f a'em]sf] v08df ljb\ofyL{sf] ;d:of klxrfg eO{ cfkm""n] g;Sg]
;d:ofsf] nflu ;dodf g} ;DalGwt If]qdf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sb5g\ . k/fdz{ sfo{sf nflu
k/fdz{stf{n] cnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;DaGwL tflnd kfPsf] x'G5 . k/fdz{stf{n] ;d:ofu|:t afn
aflnsfnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfo lgsfNg, ljsNk vf]Hg efjL of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{, / p;nfO{
;zStLs/0f ug{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 .
@= pb\b]Zo M
!_ k/fdz{sf] kl/ro lbg .
@_ ;d:ofdf k/]sf afn aflnsfsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu pko'St pkfo klxrfg ug{ .
#_ ljb\ofyL{ k/fdz{sf nflu cfjZos l;k tyf bIftf a9fpg / cfjZostf kbf{ k/fdz{ ug{ /
cfkm"n] g;Sg] ;d:ofnfO{ ;DalGwt If]qdf l;kmfl/; ug{ .
191
s|=;+= d'Vo ljifo If]q ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f ef/;do kl/of]hgfsf] If]q
! k/fdz{sf] kl/ro k/fdz{sf] cy{ ! 306f #) ldg]6 ljb\ofyL{ k/fdz{
k/fdz{sf] pb\b]Zo ;DaGwL ;}b\wflGts
k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf / dxTtj s'/f k9L
k/fdz{sf ul/sfx kg/fjnf]sg ug{
@ ;d:ofxsf] auL{s/0f ;d:ofsf] k|s[lt ! 306f #) ldg]6 ;d:ofd"ns

;d:ofxsf] auL{s/0f / ljb\ofyL{sf] klxrfg
klxrfg
l;sfO ;DaGwL ;d:of, Jojxf/
;DaGwL ;d:of, cGt/ ;DaGw /
;dfof]hg ;DaGwL ;d:of, ;+j]u
;DaGwL ;d:of, dgf]j}1flgs
;d:of
# k/fdz{sf cfwf/e"t ;xh ;DaGw :yfkgf # 306f ;d:ofd"ns
l;kx ljb\ofyL{sf] klxrfg
cjnf]sg / ;ls|of ;'gfO / k/fdz{sf]
;~rf/ l;k (varbel , Non k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{
varbel)
;d:of klxrfg ug]{ /
Joj:yfkg ug]{ l;k
l;kmfl/; ug]{ l;k
$ k/fdz{sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ljb\ofyL{ Joj:yfkg ljlwx ! 306f #) ldg]6
/ cEof; Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL e"ldsf
lgjf{x
% k/fdz{sf] cEof; ;d"x ;d"xdf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ! 306f #) ldg]6
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/fpg]

5 . o;df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdfGotof ;xefuL lzIfssf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf
cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlw tflnddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M
s= cGt/lj|mof tyf 5nkmn ljlw
v= cGt/lj|mofTds k|jrg ljlw
u= e"ldsf lgjf{x ljlw
3= k|bz{g ljlw
= dfdnf cjnf]sg ljlw
r= dfdnf cWoog
192
%= d"Nof\sg
o; tflnddf ;xefuL x''g] lzIfsxsf] b}lgs ;qut kdf xflh/L x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} d"Nof\ sgdf ;xefuLsf]
ljb\ofno k|ltj]bg;lxtsf] cfwf/df ;du| kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ul/g] 5 .
193
.
194

TPD Teacher Training Curriculum

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lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|md

lzIfs tflnd kf7\oj|md

@ ;]jfsfnLg k|df0fLs/0f lzIfs tflnd

#= tflnd sf];{ ljsf; / tflndsf] sfof{Gjog

$ tflndsf] d"Nof\sg tyf k|df0fLs/0f

@= tflnd sf];{sf ;Ifdtf

#= tflndsf ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

#= tflndsf ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

! pRrf/0f lzIf0f pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf] kl/ro, pb\b]Zo, cfjZostf

#= ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

! zAbe08f/ tyf ;|f]t, agf]6 / sfo{sf b[li6n] zAbe08f/ klxrfg

#= ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

! lnlvt /rgf lzIf0f n]vgsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj

#= ljifo j:t' / To;sf] lj:t[tLs/0f

! k7g l;k k|jw{g k7g l;ksf] ;}b\wfflGts kl/ro

! zAb lgdf{0f, j0f{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 zAb lgdf0f{ cEof; / k|of]u

a. Show an understanding of aspects and skills of English Language Teaching (ELT)

On completion of the course the participating teachers will be able to:

a. show an understanding of the difficulties and opportunities in English language teaching

Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Improving ELT through

a. show an understanding of continuous professional development

a. Demonstration, interactive lecture, discussion

Subject : English Language Teaching Course Title : Use of ICT in ELT

@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

! tflnd sfo{j|md / tflnd o; tflnd sfo{jm| dsf] kl/ro ! ;];g

# kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f, / kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g,

ljwfut If]q / logLxsf] cGt/;DaGw / leGgtf

% ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf] d"Nof\sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf # ;];g

( v'nf 5nkmn, tflnd ck]Iff / tflndsf] d"Nof\sg @ ;];g

^= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

! tflnd sfo{j|md / tflnd kf7\oj|mdsf] o; tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] kl/ro ! ;];g

# kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f, / d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;

% ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf] d"Nof\sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf # ;];g

( v'nf 5nkmn, tflnd d"Nof\sg / ck]Iff / tflndsf] d"Nof\sg @ ;];g

^= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

#= tflndsf ljifoj:t' / lj:t[tLs/0f

# kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdsf ljz]iftf @ ;];g gd'gf k|bz{g, ;fdu|L ;

% ljb\ofyL{ d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf] d"Nof\sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf # ;];g

( v'nf 5nkmn, tflnd d"Nof\sg / ck]Iff / tflndsf] d"Nof\sg @ ;];g

!=!=@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

;d"xsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

!=!=$= tflnd ;fdu|L

@= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

#= d"Nof\sg ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

!=!=!= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

If]qldltsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mo

!=!=#= tflnd ;fdu|L

@= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

#= d"Nof\sg ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

!=!=@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

lqsf]0fldltsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mo

!=!=$= tflnd ;fdu|L

#= d"Nof\sg ljlw, ;fwg / k|df0fLs/0f

!=!=!= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo

tYof\s zf:qsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .

j|m; d'Vo ljwf ljwfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f Tfflnd ef/ kl/of]hgf lj|mofs

!=!=#= tflnd ;fdu|L

@= tflnd ;xhLs/0f ljlw / k|lj|mof

!=!=@= tflndsf ljlzi6 pb\b]Zo