Sand within soil is actually small particles of weathered rock.

Sand is fairly coarse and loose so

water is able to drain through it easily. While this is good for drainage, it is not good for growing
plants because sandy soil will not hold water or nutrients.
Clay is very fine-grained soil. Its particles are even smaller than silt, so there is very little space
between the fine grains for air or water to circulate. Therefore, clay does not drain well or
provide space for plant roots to flourish. If you were a farmer, you would not want your field to
be mostly clay. However, if you were a potter, you would think clay was the best type of soil.
When moisture is added to clay, it can be molded into shapes, such as a pottery bowl or a
building brick.
Loam as our fourth type of soil, even though it is really a combination of sand, silt and clay.
Loam will vary depending on how much of each component is present, but generally if you are a
gardener, this is the type of soil you want because it holds moisture, but also allows for good
drainage. If you were to hold loam in your hand, you could mold it into a ball, but the ball would
easily crumble when disturbed.
LAYERS OF SOIL

Soil is made up of distinct layers, called horizons. Each layer has its own characteristics that
make it different from all of the other layers. These characteristics play a very important role in
what the soil is used for and why it is important.

O HORIZON- This is the top layer of soil that is made up of living and decomposed materials
like leaves, plants, and bugs. This layer is very thin and is usually pretty dark.

A HORIZON- This is the layer that we call "topsoil" and it is located just below the O Horizon.
This layer is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter and it is also very dark in
color. This is the layer that many plants roots grow in.

B HORIZON- This is the layer that we call "subsoil" and it is located just below the A Horizon.
This layer has clay and mineral deposits and less organic materials than the layers above it. This
layer is also lighter in color than the layers above it.

C HORIZON- This is the layer that we call "regolith" and it is located just below the B Horizon.
This layer is made up of slightly unbroken rock and only a little bit of organic material is found
here. Plant roots are not found in this layer.

Sea water
Seawater is water from a sea or ocean.
On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of approximately 3.5%, or 35 parts per
thousand.
This means that for every 1 litre (1000 mL) of seawater there are 35 grams of salts (mostly, but
not entirely, sodium chloride) dissolved in it.
Although a vast majority of seawater is found in oceans with salinity around 3.5%, seawater is
not uniformly saline throughout the world.
Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice
caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground
as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by
having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term
specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral-rich waters
such as chalybeate springs. The term "sweet water" (from Spanish "agua dulce") has been used
to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term fresh water does not have the same
meaning as potable water. Much of the surface fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for
drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological
contaminants.
Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore
spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is
called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore
spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water
table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural
discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also
often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating
extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology,
also called groundwater hydrology.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the
continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water
on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major
reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide
range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river
to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes
of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In
doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as rain, but
also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.[1] Approximately
3
505,000 km (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year,
3 [2]
398,000 km (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. The rain on land contains
107,000 km3 (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km3(240 cu mi).[3] 78%
of global precipitation occurs over the ocean

Evaporation
The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of
water into the overlying atmosphere.[7] The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar
radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they
are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to
approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of which
evaporates from the oceans.[2] 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean.

Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.

Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be
seen.

TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO THE ANGLE OF SUNS RAYS

Time and weather conditions affect the days temperature. The angle at which the suns rays
strike the surface affects the temperature of a place.
When there is no weather disturbance:
Temperature is at its lowest in the morning
The temperature id high on a fine weather.

The temperature is high on a fine weather.

The temperature is low during rainy days.