UCM&ULG

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION (UCM)
ANGULAR QUANTITIES
1. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT ( or )

r s or x From 1 to 2 there is a change in linear

or displacement (arc s), and also a change in
angle from 0 to . As the arc length increases
the angle in the circle also increases
r
s
s=r
x = r = x / r
ANGULAR QUANTITIES
2. ANGULAR VELOCITY ()

This is the change in displacement with AVE =
respect to an interval of time t
x r
= d
t t INS =
dt
v = r =v/r
ANGULAR QUANTITIES
3. ANGULAR ACCELERATION ( )
This is the change in velocity with respect AVE =
to an interval of time t
v r d
= INS =
t t dt
a = r =a/r
* a = r (refers to tangential acceleration)
ANGULAR QUANTITIES
4. PERIOD (T) 5. FREQUENCY (f)

s = Circumference = 2r A quantity that is the reciprocal of Period .
It is usually in radians per seconds or
revolution/second
f=1/T
r T 6. ANGULAR FREQUENCY (f )
This is the (average) angular velocity for a
= 360 = 2 rad = 1 rev revolution
Period is Time for 1 revolution. It is usually in

f = 2f f = 2/T
seconds or second/revolution
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (FC)

The Net force that tends to deflect an object from moving in a straight
path and causes to go in a circular path. This is directed to the axis of
rotation
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION (aC)

Also known as the radial acceleration. This is the acceleration
associated with centripetal force and follow the NSLM, it also goes to
the axis of rotation.
(vT) Tangential velocity is also the Linear Velocity.
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (FC) If the angular velocity is known then
ac = vT2/r FC = m(vT2/ r)
If the angular frequency is known (f) :

vT vT = r
FC
m ac = r2 FC = mr2
ac
If the period or frequency is known :
aC = r(2/T)2 = (42r)/T2
r FC = (m42r) / T2
NSLM Fnet = Fx = ma and by observation aC = r(2f)2 = 42f2r
there is no vertical movement : Fy = 0
Fnet = mac FC =m42f2r
FC = mac
2
1
2 vT
1 vT
m m
v4 v3 v2 v1
ac
4 4
4
3
In UCM, the angular velocity & angular BUT, the linear or tangential velocity &
acceleration at ANY point or radial ( acceleration ) differs at ANY point or
distance within that circle is constant. radial distance within that circle.
Linear Motion Equations Rotational Motion Equations
x = xO + vOt + at2 = O + Ot + t2
x = vOt + at2 = Ot + t2
vF = vO + at F = O + t
vF2 = vO2 + 2a(x) F2 = O2 + 2()

is in radians
1. A point on a wheel rotating 5 rev/s and located 0.2 m from the axis experiences what
centripetal acceleration?
= 5 rev/s
ac = r2
= (5 rev/s)x(2 rad/ 1 rev) = 10 rad/s
ac = (0.2 m)(10 rad/s)2
ac = 197.392 m/s2
ac = ?
r= 0.2 m
2. A sled with mass = 25kg rest on a horizontal sheet of frictionless ice. It is attached by a
5 m rope to a post set in the ice. Once pushed, the sled revolves uniformly in a circle
around the post. If the sled makes five complete revolutions per minute. Find the force
exerted on it by the rope.
Top View
Isolating the sled
T = Fc = mr2
T T
m=25 kg T = (25 kg)(5m)(0.524 rad/s)2
r=5 m
T = 34.322 N
= (5 rev/min) X (2 rad/1rev) X (1min/60 sec)

= 0.524 rad/s
UNIFORM CIRCULAR
Uniform Horizontal Circular Motion
MOTION
vT Tangential or Linear Velocity (vT) is
vT constant and perpendicular to the
radial or centripetal acceleration (aC)
ac F
vT
ac ac
vT
axis
ac
vT
ac W = mg
ac
ac
Fx = Fc = mac r
vT vT
Fc or any net force is not drawn
Fy = 0 on the FBD
TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW (half)

3. A 0.8 kg block in the figure is attached to a vertical rod by means of two strings. When the string
rotates about an axis of the rod the string extends as shown:
(a) How many revolutions per second must the system must make in order that the tension in the
upper string shall be 15 N?
(b) What is the tension on the lower string?
Given :
Before Rotation @ Rotation =?
T1 = 15 N
= 37

3m
W = mg
W = mg
T2 = ?
Given :
FBD during Rotation
T1 = 15 N T2Y T1 = 15 N
= 37
= 37
T1X
axis T2X axis

ac = 37 ac
= 37
W = mg W = mg
T2 T2Y T2
r r
Given : Fnet = mac ac = r2
FBD during Rotation
Fx = maC (+) Fy = 0 (+)

T2Y T1 = 15 N
+T1x + T2x = +maC +T1y T2y W = 0
= 37 T1 sin + T2sin = maC +T1y T2y = W
T1X sin (T1 + T2) = maC T1 cos T2cos = mg
T2X aC = [sin (T1 + T2)]/m (15)cos37 T2 cos37= (0.8)(9.8)
ac
= 37 11.98 N T2 cos37= 7.84 N
W = mg T2 = 5.18 N
T2Y T2
aC = [sin37(15N + 5.18N)]/(0.8 kg)
r aC = 25.23 m/s2
axis
Given : aC = 25.23 m/s2 ac = r2 2 = ac /r
FBD during Rotation
= 37
T2Y T1 = 15 N
1.5 m
= 37 3m
T1X r

T2X tan 37 = r /(1.5 m)
ac r = 1.13 m
= 37
W = mg 2 = (25.23 m/s2) / (1.13 m)
T2Y T2 2 = (22.327 /s2)
= 4.725 rad/s x (1 rev / 2 rad)
r
axis = 0.752 rev/s
UNIFORM VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
F
F
F vT
vT
Tangential or Linear
Velocity (vT) is constant Effect of Weight is
and perpendicular to the present and its
ac W = mg reaction force (F) is
radial or centripetal
acceleration (aC) considered in the
vT analysis.
ac ac
W = mg W = mg
F F
vT
Fy = Fc = mac F ac
ac
Fx = 0
ac
vT vT
W = mg
W = mg
W = mg
FRONT VIEW
NON- UNIFORM VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
F
FRONT VIEW F
vT Effect of Weight is
F
Tangential or Linear vT present and its
Velocity (vT) is not reaction force (F) is
constant and but still considered in the
perpendicular to the ac analysis.
radial or centripetal W = mg
acceleration (aC) whichv
T
also varies.
ac ac
W = mg W = mg
F F
vT
Fy = Fc = mac F ac
ac
Fx = 0
ac
Fc or any net force is not
drawn on the FBD
vT
vT W = mg
W = mg
W = mg
Vertical Circ. Motion
1. Tarzan (m=85 kg) tries to cross a river by swinging from a 10m long vine. His speed at the bottom of
the swing (as he just clears the water) is 8 m/s. Tarzan doesnt know that the vine has a breaking strength
of 1000 N. Does he make it safely across the river?
Tmax = 1000 N
r = 10 m
ac
vT = 8 m/s
mT = 85 kg
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION APPLICATIONS
CONICAL PENDULUM
TY = T cos
L T T

aC aC
vT TX = T sin
W = mg W = mg
L Horizontal Circular Motion
Fx = Fnet = max (+) Fy = 0 (+)
TX = +mac + TY W = 0
T sin = mac T cos = mg
R
T = (mac )/sin T = (mg )/cos
CONICAL PENDULUM
TY = T cos
L T T

aC aC
vT TX = T cos
W = mg
W = mg
R
T=T
L
(mac )/sin = (mg )/cos
ac = g tan vT2 = gR tan
vT2/R = g tan vT2 = g(L sin) tan
R vT2 = gR tan vT2 = g L cos
R = L sin
ROAD CURVES DESIGN N
ac
FLAT CURVES FBD
f
r is radius of curvature
ac
axis Wc = mcg
f
NSLM F = ma and by observation there is no vertical

movement : Fy = 0
Wc = mcg Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+)

+ f = +mcac + N Wc = 0
f = (mcvTmax2) / r N = Wc = mcg
N f = sN
sN = (mcvTmax2) / r vTmax2 = srg
f is the (net) side frictional force acting on the smcg = (mcvTmax2) / r
car. It is the only force along the x-axis providing
the net force - centripetal force. sg = (vTmax2) / r vTmax = srg
ROAD CURVES DESIGN
FLAT CURVES
TOP VIEW REAR VIEW
vTmax = ?
r is radius of curvature
axis
A FLAT CURVED ROAD HAS A MAXIMUM VELOCITY LIMIT IN

WHICH BELOW THIS SPEED THE CAR CAN SAFELY ROUND
THE CURVE WITHOUT SKIDDING FROM THE ROAD. This can
be calculated using UCM & NSLM
ROAD CURVES DESIGN
BANKED CURVES
TOP VIEW REAR VIEW
axis
CURVED ROADS ARE BANKED AT AN ANGLE () PRIMARILY FOR SAFETY

REASONS DURING WET OR FROZEN ROADS WHERE FRICTION IS CLOSE
TO ZERO.
BANKED CURVES NSLM F = ma and by observation there is no vertical

r is radius of curvature movement : Fy = 0
Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+)
ac axis + Nx = +mcac + Ny Wc = 0
N sin = mcac N cos = Wc = mcg
N = (mcg) / cos
N (mcg / cos ) sin = mcac
mcg tan = mcac
Wc = mcg
FBD g tan = ac
N Ny = N cos
but
tan = ac/g
ac ac = tan -1 (ac/g) ac = vTmax2 /r
Nx = N sin
= tan -1 [(vTmax2/(rg)]
Wc = mcg Wc = mcg
1. A flat (unbanked) curve on a highway has a radius of 240 m. A car rounds the curve
at a speed of 28 m/s. What is the minimum coefficient of static friction that will
prevent sliding?
Given : r = 240 m, v = 28 m/s Required : S
Solution v2 = srg s = (28 m/s)2 / [(240m)(9.8 m/s2)]
s = v2 / rg
s = 0.333
2. A highway curve with radius 900 ft is to be banked so that a car traveling 55 mi/hr will
not skid sideways even in the absence of friction. At what angle should the curve be
banked?
Given : r = 900 ft, v = 55 mi/hr Required :
Solution
= tan -1 [(v2/(rg)] (we need to convert v in terms of ft/sec for us to use this formula)
v = 55 mi/hr X (5280 ft /1 mi) X (1 hr/3600 sec) v = 80.667 ft/s
= tan -1 {(80.667 ft/s)2/[(900ft)(32ft/s2)]}

= 12.732
3 . The radius of a Ferris wheel is 8 m, and it makes one revolution in 12 s.
Find the apparent weight (Normal Force) of an 80 kg passenger at the highest & lowest
points.
A ferris wheel is a vertical circle moving at constant

NT speed (UNIFORM VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION).
Apparent weight means the effect of feeling light or
heavy at certain portions of the ride as the ferris wheel
is operated. This is due to the normal force exerted by
wheels cab in reaction to your weight and the motion
ac of the wheel
W = mg
T = 12 sec
r NB
aC = (42r)/T2
ac
aC = [(42)(8m)]/(12s)2
aC = 2.193 m/s2
W = mg W = 80 kg( 9.8 m/s2) = 784 N

@ the TOP of the Ferris Wheel @ the BOTTOM of the Ferris Wheel
NT NT NB NB
ac ac
ac ac
W = mg W = mg W = mg W = mg
Fy = may (+) Fy = may (+)
+NT W = mac +NB W = + mac
NT mg = mac NB mg = + mac
NT = mg mac NB = mg + mac
NT = m(g ac) NB = m(g + ac)
NT = 80 kg( 9.8 m/s2 2.193 m/s2) NB = 80 kg( 9.8 m/s2 + 2.193 m/s2)
NT = 608.560 N NB = 959.460 N
Hence passenger feels lighter at the top than at the bottom due to the effect of
centripetal force
4 . A cord is tied to a pail of water, and the pail is swung in a vertical circle with radius
1.4m. What must be the minimum speed of the pail at the highest point of the circle if no
water is to spill from the pail?
Similar to prob 3, but here the tangential
velocity is not uniform, since it is asking for a
vT minimum speed, which is found at the highest
point of a NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
W = mg
T1 This velocity is NOT zero, but fast enough to
ac counter gravitys pull on the water in the pail.
r = 1.4 m Instead of Normal force we have Tension on the

ac
cord as our reaction force.
T2
vT
W = mg
vT
T1 + mg = (mvT2) / r
W = mg
T1 To get the minimum velocity, the tension
ac in the cord must also be the minimum,
which is zero.
0 + mg = (mvMIN2) / r
g = vMIN2 / r
T1 W = mg vMIN2 = gr = (9.8 m/s2)(1.4 m) = 13.72 m2/s2
ac
vMIN = 3.704m/s
Fy = may (+)
T1 W = mac
T1 mg = mac
ac = vT2 / r
(T1+ mg) = (mvT2) / r

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
This was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton:
States that Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every
other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of the masses of the particle and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them .
Illustration :
Using Newtons Third Law of Motion
F21 m2 F23 F12 = - F21
F23 = - F32
F12 F32
F13 = - F31
m1 m3
F13 F31 NTLM :To every action there is
always opposed an equal
r3 reaction, same in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
Consider Two Objects :
FORCE OF GRAVITY
M : (mass of anything on the earth)
ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg
(mass of the earth)
M RE = 6.38 x 106 m
R
(radius of the earth)
G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2/kg2
M ME M (5.98 x 10 24 kg)
FME = G = (6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2/kg2)
RE2 (6.38 x 106 m)2
FME = (9.8 m/s2) M FME = W = Mg g = GME/ RE2
1. The mass of the moon is about 1.23%, and its radius is 25%, that of the earth.
Compute for the acceleration due to gravity on the moons surface from this data.
ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg (mass of the earth)

RE = 6.38 x 106 m (radius of the earth)
G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2/kg2 (Universal) Gravitational Constant
Mm = (0.0123)(5.98 x 1024 kg) = 7.383 x 1022 kg

Rm = (0.25)(6.38 x 106 m) = 1.595 x 106 m
gm = GMm/ Rm2
gm = (6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2)(7.383x1022 kg)/(1.595x106m)2
gm = 1.936 m/s2
1. The mass of the moon is about 1.23%, and its radius is 25%, that of the earth.
Compute for the acceleration due to gravity on the moons surface from this data.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
gE = GME/ RE2 gm = GMm/ Rm2
G=G
gERE2 / ME = gmRm2 / Mm
gm = gE(Mm/ME)(RE/Rm)2
From given : Mm = (0.0123)ME & Rm = (0.25)RE

gE = 9.8 m/s2
gm = (9.8 m/s2)(0.0123ME/ME)(RE/0.25RE)2
gm = (9.8 m/s2)(0.0123)(4)2
gm = 1.928 m/s2
2. At what point between the Earth and the Moon is the gravitational pull of the Earth
equal in magnitude to that of the moon? Assume an object with mass M in between the
earth and the moon. (Average distance between Earth & Moon : 3.84x108 m)
D = 3.84x108 m
MM = 7.36x 1022 kg
ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg
RSE RSM
D = 3.84x108 m
MM = 7.36x 1022 kg
ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg
FES FSE FSM FMS
M
FES = FSE FSM = FMS
RSE RSM
FSE FSM
M
FSE = GMEM / RSE2 FSM = GMMM / RSM2
ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg FSE = FSM

GMEM/ RSE2 = GMMM/RSM2
RSE RSM 2
GMEM/ RSE2 = GMMM/RSM
ME/RSE2 = MM/RSM2
MERSM2 = MMRSE2
RSM2 = (MM/ME)RSE2
RSM2 = (0.0123)RSE2
RSM = 0.1109RSE
FSE FSM
M
RSM = 0.1109RSE
RSE RSM
D = 3.84 x 108 m
D = RSM + RSE (3.84x108m)/1.1109 = RSE
3.84x108m = 0.1109RSE + RSE
RSE = 3.46x108m RSM= 38.37x106m
3.84x108m = 1.1109RSE

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UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION (UCM)

r s or x From 1 to 2 there is a change in linear

4. PERIOD (T) 5. FREQUENCY (f)

Period is Time for 1 revolution. It is usually in

CENTRIPETAL FORCE (FC)

CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION (aC)

If the angular frequency is known (f) :

Linear Motion Equations Rotational Motion Equations

vF2 = vO2 + 2a(x) F2 = O2 + 2()

ac = (0.2 m)(10 rad/s)2

= (5 rev/min) X (2 rad/1rev) X (1min/60 sec)

TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW (half)

axis T2X axis

Fx = maC (+) Fy = 0 (+)

NSLM F = ma and by observation there is no vertical

Wc = mcg Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+)

A FLAT CURVED ROAD HAS A MAXIMUM VELOCITY LIMIT IN

CURVED ROADS ARE BANKED AT AN ANGLE () PRIMARILY FOR SAFETY

BANKED CURVES NSLM F = ma and by observation there is no vertical

= tan -1 {(80.667 ft/s)2/[(900ft)(32ft/s2)]}

A ferris wheel is a vertical circle moving at constant

W = mg W = 80 kg( 9.8 m/s2) = 784 N

r = 1.4 m Instead of Normal force we have Tension on the

(T1+ mg) = (mvT2) / r

F21 m2 F23 F12 = - F21

M : (mass of anything on the earth)

G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2/kg2

ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg (mass of the earth)

G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2/kg2 (Universal) Gravitational Constant

Mm = (0.0123)(5.98 x 1024 kg) = 7.383 x 1022 kg

From given : Mm = (0.0123)ME & Rm = (0.25)RE

ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg FSE = FSM

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