LAB EXPERIMENT 01

Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.

_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________

Introduction to Textile Printing

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

To be well familiar for Textile printing.

THEORY

"It is the process by which localized dyeing are produced." It can also be defined as:

"Localized colouration of the textile substrate."

PRINTING SCENARIO:

These are the three major criteria's that must be considered for the efficient
production in printing process.

Printing Techniques.
Substrate (Fiber) Type.
Dye Stuff Classes (Colorants)

1. PRINTING TECHNIQUES:

There are five types of printing techniques that are used in the modern textile industry.

S.No Techniques Contibution In Printing

Industry (%)

i. Rotary Screen Printing 61

ii. Flat Screen Printing 23

iii. Cylinder Printing 10

iv. Transfer (Paper) Printing 4

v. Others (Block) Printing 2

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2. FIBER TYPES:

S.No Fibres Contribution In Processing

(%)

i. Cotton 48

ii. Polyester/Cotton (Blends) 19

iii. Viscose 15

iv. Polyester 13

v. Others(acrylics,wool,silk,nylon,e 5
tc)

3. DYE STUFF CLASSES (COLORANTS):

S.No Dye Stuffs Contribution In Processing

(%)

i. Pigments 46

ii. Reactive 27

iii. Disperse 15

iv. Vat 7

v. Others 5

Test Results:

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LAB EXPERIMENT 02
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Preparation of fabric & paste for printing
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

To be well familiar for fabric preparation and paste.

THEORY

Textile printing is used to signify the production, by various means of colored patterns on designs
upon all sorts of textile fiber.

Textile printing is the most important and versatile of the techniques used to add design, color, and
specialty to textile fabrics.

Steps of Printing
The basic steps in the printing process are as follows:

1. Preparation of the fabric

2. Preparation of the print paste.

3. Printing the fabric.

4. Drying the printed fabric.

5. Fixation of the printed dye or pigment.

6. Afterwashing.

There are many factors encountered for fabric preparation prior to printing, mainly depents on
two factors:

1. Type of fabric to be printed

2. Type of colorant to be applied.

Preparation of cloths:

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Following process are carried out on fabric for printing:

1. Singeing

2. Desizing

3. Scouring

4. Bleaching

5. Mercerization

6. Heat setting

Color preparation:
Print paste is a viscous solution of printing ingredients referred below that is used for textile printing.
The main three printing ingredients are:

1. Dyestuff or pigments
2. Thickeners:
3. Chemicals and waters:

Dyestuff or pigments
For printing color is prepared in paste form. There are two types of paste used:

Pigment paste
Reactive paste

PIGMENTS DYES
Good light stability Relatively low light stability

No Diffusion between layers Prone to diffusion in layers

Poor ink stability Produce stable inks

Low color Brilliance High color brilliance

Inks Difficult to formulate Easy ink formulation

No wide range of colors Wide range of colors

Less rubbing fastness Good rubbing fastness

Recipe:
1000 kg of pigment paste:
Urea 4%
Liquor ammonia 1.4 %
Thickener 4 % (further depends on design and screen)
Binder 3%

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 1000 kg of reactive paste:
Urea 15 %
Soda bicarbonate 4%
Resist salt / RG 1.5 %
Thickener 4 % (further depends on design and screen)

Note: IPS machine is used for color paste preparation. In Popular Fabric Mills,
this machine is out of order now days.

Thickeners:
Thickener can be defined as a substance used to increase the viscosity of a print paste or other fluid, in
order to control its flow properties.

Chemicals and waters:

The main types of chemicals used for textile printing are wetting agents, solvents, solution acids,
dispersing agents, hygroscopic agents, oxidizing & reducing agents, defoamers, acids, alkalis, catalyst
& carriers, swelling agents etc.

Test Results:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 03
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________

Printing Paste Requirement and Preparation of Thickener

OBJECTIVES

Identify the requirements of printing paste.

THEORY

UREA:

It is used as a hygroscopic agent or humectants:

Keeps the paste in wet form.

Avoid blocking/chocking of screens in screen-printing.

THICKENING AGENTS/THICKENERS ARE USED:

To provide viscosity of print paste up to 1000-4000 centipoises (cp) for reactives

and 8000 cp for pigments.
Responsible for localized dyeing, must be non-reactive and removed from the
surface after their application, because their presence onto the substrate can
change the texture of fabric.
Viscosity has a great importance in print paste, if viscosity of paste reduces or paste
spreads in the design after printing, this is will be considered as a fault.
Mostly Starches, gums and Sodium Alginate used as thickners

SELECTION OF THICKENERS:

Economical
Compatible with the recommended pH for a particular process.
Non-reactive
Easy removal

BINDERS:

Binders plays key role in pigment printing. Binder is monomers which on heating get converted
into polymers.

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Binder actually hold the pigment color and sandwich it between fabric surface and plastic
coating and this coating help color to stick there and stand with high and severe conditions.

WETTING AGENTS:

A chemical that can be added to a liquid to reduce its surface tension and make it
more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces

SOLVENTS:

Solvents are liquids or gases that can dissolve or extract other substances.

DISPERSING AGENTS:

Dispersing agents are surface-active ingredients, which ease the incorporation of

pigments and fillers into a liquid. Bunch up are broken up by shearing whereby new
surfaces are created. They are wetted by dispersing agents which stabilize the
aggregates of pigments or dyes.

DEFOAMERS:

A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and

hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent
and defoamer are often used interchangeably.

LIQUOR AMMONIA:

It is used:
To maintain pH towards the alkaline medium, generally up to 10

FIXATION:

It is achieved by using Sodium Bicarbonate in Reactive Dyestuff.

BLANK PASTE:

The paste containing all the solutes in water, except colourant (dyestuff) is known as blank
paste.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 04

Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.

_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________

Printing Styles
OBJECTIVES

To determine the different methods / styles of textile printing.

THEORY

There are three printing styles that are mostly used in the textile industry.

DIRECT STYLE:

Dye in a thickened formulation is applied to selected areas of the fabric producing a coloured
pattern. Fabric must be pretreated (bleached) and dyed.

DISCHARGE STYLE (DUPLEX PRINTING):

Background colour is decolourized due to the discharging chemical from the localized area.
Reactives and pigments are used for this purpose. Fabric is first dyed and printed so that the dye
present in the printed areas is destroyed.

There are two possibilities in discharge style of printing:

1. If the original white of the fabric reappears, the process is called as a white discharge.

2. Coloured discharge could be produced, if the pre-dyed ground is destroyed while at

the same time another dyestuff is left in its surface.

*Sodium Sulfite is the main product for discharge and resist styles.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

Dyeing: Conducted by continuous method (pad and dry), but the dye is not

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 fixed.
Ground dyeing is always carried out by reactive dyes. Pick up must be 70%
and
controlled drying is carried out at maximum 80C.
Printing: By using direct style and then dyes are fixed.
Soaping: In continuous form.

SPECIAL SELECTION OF DYESTUFF FOR DISCHARGE STYLE OF PRINTING:

Special dyes are selected for ground dyeing, which are not compatible with discharging
chemical (sodium sulfite) used in the print paste for discharging. When this paste is applied on
the pre-dyed fabric, it becomes decolourized. For coloured discharging, dyes must be selected
which have compatibility with discharging chemical.

TYPES OF REDUCING AGENTS THAT CAN BE USED AS DISCHARGING

CHEMICAL:

Strong Reducing Agent: Sodium Hydrosulfite (Hydro) or Sodium Dithionite

Moderate Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulfite (Mostly recommended for
discharging)
Mild Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulfide

RESIST STYLE:

1. Pretreated fabric (pre-wash)

2. Printing
3. Dyeing

Dye is applied to a fabric but not fixed. A resist formulation is printed on selected areas of
the fabric. The resist agent prevents the fixation of the dye in subsequent processing. The
unfixed dye is washed away leaving a white pattern. If the resist agent is applied before the
dye, the method is called a "preprint process." If the dye is applied first followed by the resist
formulation, the method is called an "overprint process."

Test Results:

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LAB EXPERIMENT 05

Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.

_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________

Screen Printing Technique

OBJECTIVES

Demonstration of screen printing technique.

MACHINES

Screen
Sampling machine

THEORY

SCREEN PRINTING TECHNIQUE:

It is the technique in which screens are used along with the print paste to print the design
onto the fabric.
SCREEN:
It is a perforated sheet having some holes partly opened and some holes partly closed. Screens
possess a particular mesh number:
Mesh number = Number of holes/sq. inch
This number varies depending upon the types of dye and substrate.
Pigment Printing = 4060 mesh no. Reactive Printing = 80120 mesh no. Disperse
(Polyester) Printing = 120150 mesh no.

On the basis of screen shapes, screen-printing is divided into two main types:

FLAT SCREEN PRINTING:

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 Having horizontal angle of 180 and made up of Nylon.

ROTARY SCREEN PRINTING:

It is the printing in which circular/cylindrical shaped screens are used having

360angle and made up of metals i.e. Nickel or Cobalt.
This technique is gives more production than flat screen printing, rotary printing
machine can be run up to 2080 m/min. Its biggest advantage is high production
and variety of designs and the limitation is, it is not suitable for short batches.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAT AND ROTARY SCREEN PRINTING

Parameter Rotary Screen Flat Screen

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS IN SCREEN-PRINTING USING REACTIVE

DYESTUFFS:
1. Print
2. Dry
3. Fixation
4. Washing/Soaping

Vinyl Sulfone type reactive dyes (Low Reactivity) are used for printing purpose.
Drimarene-P (reactive) dyes are produced by CLARIANT for printing.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 06
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Block printing of cotton fabric
OBJECTIVES

Process of block printing

MACHINES

Wooden blocks

THEORY

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely
throughout East Asia and probably originating in China in antiquity as a method of
printing on textiles and later paper.

It is the oldest and simplest way of printing. In this method a wooden block with a
raised pattern on the surface was dipped into the printing colorant and then pressed
face down on to fabric. The desired pattern was obtained by repeating the process
using different colors. Generally the wooden block is carved out of hand. Printing is
done manually in this method.

PROCESS

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1. The first step is to sketch the design. It is important to reverse the image if you are using text,
as the printed image will be the reverse of what is on the block. Once you have the image
ready, and then transfer the design on to the linoleum to give an outline of where to carve.
2. The next step is to carve the design. Carve away the parts that you dont want to print, as the
ink will be applied to the raised surfaces to print the design. Whatever surface is untouched
will be what prints onto the paper. Carving a block can take anywhere from an hour for a
small piece, to several weeks or even months depending on the size and detail of the image.
3. Use a range of knives, with very small-tipped knives for carving outlines and details, and
much larger ones for cutting away the background. Carving the blocks takes a lot of patience,
because if your hand slips it can damage the whole piece. With practice, you can learn the
amount of pressure it takes to carve the material.
4. Once the block is carved, trim the excess off with scissors to give it a straight edge, and then
it is ready for printing. There are many different types of ink on the market, and its
important to test them out to find the best one. Use oil-based inks because they give the best
even coverage and print well on both fabric and paper, but there are lots of options out there.
5. The most important part is applying the pressure evenly, since the color will be stronger in
some areas of the print than others if uneven pressure is applied. This is also a step that takes
some practice and perfecting.
6. The ink then takes several days to dry, so unlike other printing processes, there is a long wait
time before the prints are ready to use. The oil based inks can take from two days to a week
to fully dry, whereas water-based inks will dry slightly faster.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 07
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Screen Preparation
OBJECTIVES

To determine the different steps of screen preparation.

MACHINES

Engrave department

THEORY

Screen-printing is the most flexible printing process. It can be used to print on a wide
variety of substrates, including paper, paperboard, plastics, glass, metals, fabrics, and
many other materials including paper, plastics, glass, metals, nylon and cotton. Some
common products from the screen-printing industry include posters, labels, decals,
signage, and all types of textiles and electronic circuit boards. The advantage of
screen-printing over other print processes is that the press can print on substrates of
any shape, thickness and size.

PROCESS

SEPERATING/ DESIGNING DEPARTMENT

Separating department separates the colors which are made on the sample of papers, piece of
fabric, in CD drive. There are following tasks of this department:
Set the repeat design
Open the congested design
Make pixels on design
Dots in the design of screen

These all tasks can be done on adobe Photoshop or Ramsete-3 softwares.

Supplier or costumer gives only their required design in cd format. In cd they also give a form
in which following things are mention:
Number of ways on same design (deign is same but color change)
Number of screen required
Repeat size

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 Screen width
Print direction

ENGRAVING DEPARTMENT

This department makes the sheets for printing known as screens.

There are two types of engraving

1. Rotary engraving
2. Flat engraving

ROTARY ENGRAVING:

Engraving means exposing of design on the screen. These screens are made of nickel.
Following are parameters concern with screen:

Screen size (length):

Screen size Max. Fabric width processed
1280 mm 45
1620 mm 60
1850 mm 72
2650 mm 94
3050 mm 110
3500 mm 130
Screen repeat (diameter):
64 mm
82 mm
91.4 mm
101 mm
Screen mashes:
20 /cm
40 /cm
60 /cm Gold, silver, white
80 /cm white and back side print
125 /cm Geometric, rafted effect, half tone and fine print
135 /cm same
135 /cm same
155 /cm same
165 /cm same
195 /cm same

Following is the sequence of process for exposing screen:

Chemical coating:
G.B.M used for chemical coating the screen.
This task is done on coating machine.

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 The screen fixed in vertical form.
The chemical put on squeegee.
The squeegee diameter depends on screen diameter.
Time depends on screen length.
Speed of machine is 15-16 m/min for hard coating and 6-7 for light coating.
Climatizer Machine ( Dryer):
This machine is used for drying the chemical coating on screen.
Temperature is set 47-48 oC
Time= 10mins
Exposing machine:

There are two exposing machines used in Popular Fabrics Mill:

I. Manual machine
II. Ink-jet machine
Manual machine now a days, not used.

Inkjet machine:

CST Ink-jet machine 2011 model

Time for exposing design on screen depends on design & length of
screen.
After completing task, screen is brought into lighting machine in which
light is given to screen. The design area becomes soft and remaining is
hard.
8 round of lighting carriage are given to screen length & about 10-12
min time taken for this task.
Exposing & developing:
Screen is dip on bath containing water for 5-10 min.
After this screen is fixed on rod and pressurized water is giving and soft brush
is rub on screen through that soft area or chemical is taken off from exposed
area.
Ring machine:
Solid ring is fixed at both ends of screen which is fit on print machine.
Adhesive is applied for joining the rings with screen.
Polymer chamber:
This machine is used for drying the adhesive on screen.
Temperature= 220 oC
Time = 10 min

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LAB EXPERIMENT 08
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Hand screen printing of cotton fabric with pigments
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Preparation of stock paste.

Preparation of print paste.
To print given cotton fabric with the help of Pigments.

APPARATUS

Beaker
Stirrer
Electric Balance

MACHINES USED

Flat bed printing machine

Stenter

DISCUSION

In pigment printing, insoluble pigments, which have no affinity for the fiber, are fixed on to the textile
with binding agents in the pattern required.

Importance of pigment printing

Pigments, of course, are used for the production of plain-colored fabrics, but are of much greater
importance in printing.

1. The pigment can be applied to all fibers potentially and it is the only coloration to glass fiber, fabric
and polyester

2. No wet treatment is required, so drying and curing is applicable to all fiber.

3. Extensive color range of highly light fast colors

4. Possible to produce good combination shades on blended fiber in one padding operation

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5. Application procedure is simple

6. Less expensive

CHEMICAL REQUIRED (for stock paste)

Sodium Alginate ________

liquor Ammonia ________
Binder ________
Water ________

PROCEDURE

First of all, about 1liter of water was taken in a beaker followed by the addition of sodium
alginate 3% and a small amount of ammonia liquor. This mixture was then stirred vigorously
using a high speed stirrer. The viscosity of paste was then measured with the help of
viscometer. The amount of PVA was optimized to obtain a viscosity level of 7000 centipoises
using spindle no. 6 of the viscometer. In the next step, binder was added and again the
viscosity was measured. The increase or decrease in viscosity was noted. A small amount of
PVA was again added to get the required viscosity.

CHEMICAL REQUIRED (for print paste)

Stock paste ________

Pigment ________

PROCEDURE

Pigment was added in the prepared stock paste and the paste was stirred for some time to
make the pigment paste.

PRINTING OF COTTON FABRIC

PROCEDURE:

The fabric sample was put on flat bed machine with the screen on the fabric. Print paste was
put on one side of screen and applied with the help of steel rod. Steel rod moved with the help
of electromagnetic assembly and applied the paste on the fabric. The fabric was then dried at
110oC for 1 min through stenter. It was then cured at 170 oC for 2 min. Testing was carried out
on the fabric.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 09
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Lab-scale automatic flat screen printing of cotton fabric with
reactive dyes
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Preparation of stock paste.

Preparation of print paste.
To print given cotton fabric with the help of Pigments.

APPARATUS

Beaker
Stirrer
Electric Balance

MACHINES USED

Flat bed printing machine

Stenter

CHEMICAL REQUIRED (for stock paste)

Dyes = 4gm
Urea = 10gm
Thickener = 50gm
Resist salt = 1gm
Soda ash = 6gm
Additional water = as required.

DICUSION

By the term textile printing we mean the localized application of dyes or pigment and
chemical by any method, which can produce particular effect of color on the fabric according
to the design. In this practical we print cotton fabric with cold brand reactive dyes in block

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and screen-printing methods in combination method. Block printing method is the oldest
printing method. It is used mostly in sarees, handkerchiefs etc. in this printing method we use
blocks of different designs. In screen printing a very little screen made by glass fibre is used.
There are types of screen-printing, but we have done in our experiment was hand screen-
printing. Handscreen-printing is mostly used for sarees to 14-16 colors in on pattern can be
produced at a time.

Preparation of thickener:

1) 16 gm of starch and 200cc water are taken in bowl.

2) Heat is applied and solution is stirred continuously until a thick viscose solution is
obtained.
3) By continuous stirring and boiling a specific viscosity is obtained.
4) The heat application is stopped otherwise viscosity falls down. So temperature is
maintained strictly.

Preparation of printing paste:

1) At first we take required amount of dyestuffs in a bath.

2) Then little amount of water is added into the bath for mixing these dyes. And start
stirring for mixing the three types of dye.
3) Then required amount of urea is added into the dye bath.
4) After then required amount of thickener is added
5) Then continuous stirring is done for few minutes for mixing all the ingredients of print
paste.
6) After mixing finally required amount of alkali is added to the dye bath and mix them with
the help of stirring.

PRINTING PROCESS:
Block printing method:

1) The fabric which will be printed is placed on the printing table.

2) The printing paste is put on the tray box.
3) The block is selected and it is touched with print paste.
4) Then block is pressed upon the sample fabric.
5) After pressing the block on the sample fabric the block is put off from the fabric.
6) Finally we get the printed fabric of required dyes.

Screen-printing method:

1) The fabric is placed on the printing table of flat screen-printing machine. The table is made
of soft by laying on it.

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2) Then the screen is placed on the sample fabric.
3) The printing paste is taken on the screen perforation.
4) Thus we can find the printed fabric with a smooth wooden strike the paste is spread over
the screen with slight pressure.
5) So that the dye particles can penetrate through the screen perforation.
6) Thus we get printed fabric.

After treatment:

The printed fabric is steamed for 5-10 minutes in a cottages steamer and washed with cold
water for removing unfixed dye and exhausted thickener and then dried.

Conclusion:

Printing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes has excellent build up property and maximum
fixation. Shade is also bright. By this experiment we have acquire knowledge about process
of printing cotton fibres with cold brand reactive dyes in combination shade. The shade of
printed fabric is moderately good, as we required. Special thanks to our teacher and his
assistants for grate cooperation.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 10
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Lab-scale automatic flat screen printing of polyester-cotton
blended fabric with Pigment printing
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Preparation of stock paste.

Preparation of print paste.
To print given cotton fabric with the help of Pigments.

APPARATUS

Beaker
Stirrer
Electric Balance

MACHINES USED

Flat bed printing machine

Stenter

CHEMICAL REQUIRED (for stock paste)

Sodium Alginate ________

Ammonia liquor ________
Binder ________
Water ________

PROCEDURE

First of all, about 1liter of water was taken in a beaker followed by the addition of sodium
alginate 3% and a small amount of ammonia liquor. This mixture was then stirred vigorously
using a high speed stirrer. The viscosity of paste was then measured with the help of
viscometer. The amount of PVA was optimized to obtain a viscosity level of 7000 centipoises
using spindle no. 6 of the viscometer. In the next step, binder was added and again the
viscosity was measured. The increase or decrease in viscosity was noted. A small amount of
PVA was again added to get the required viscosity.

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CHEMICAL REQUIRED (for print paste)

Stock paste ________

Pigment ________

PROCEDURE

Pigment was added in the prepared stock paste and the paste was stirred for some time to
make the pigment paste.

PRINTING OF COTTON FABRIC

PROCEDURE:

The fabric sample was put on flat bed machine with the screen on the fabric. Print paste was
put on one side of screen and applied with the help of steel rod. Steel rod moved with the help
of electromagnetic assembly and applied the paste on the fabric. The fabric was then dried at
110oC for 1 min through stenter. It was then cured at 170 oC for 2 min. Testing was carried out
on the fabric.

Test Results:
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Review Question:

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LAB EXPERIMENT 11
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
To determine viscosity of printing paste
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Upon the successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to understand:

(i) The need for calculating viscosity of printing paste

(ii) Working with digital viscometer

APPARATUS

Digital Viscometer
Printing Paste

DISCUSSION

Viscosity of printing paste is very important because it influences the clarity and appearance
of printed pattern. It maintains sufficient elasticity and plasticity of film coating on the fabric
after printing and not to flake or crack when dry.The capillary actions caused by the dye to
run can also be prevented by maintaining viscosity. It also provides easy flow in the screen
while printing operation is continued.

Mostly the viscosity is maintained by using thickener and liquor ammonia or other alkalis.

Thickeners are added to the printing past to produce viscosity which is necessary to ensure
sharp definitions. If the viscosity of printing paste is high then Haloing effect fault is
produced and if the viscosity of printing paste is high then Flushing effect fault is
produced.

According to the standard conditions for printing, the paste viscosity should be between
7000- 8500 mPa.

PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare printing paste as per recipe.

2. Homogenously mix it.
3. Turn on the viscometer.
4. Select the spindle type to be used.
5. Adjust speed of the spindle and enter the number of selected spindle on the control
panel.
6. Start to the process and determine the viscosity values.

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Test Results:
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Review Question:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 12
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
To determine rubbing fastness of pigment printed fabric
by ISO 105 x 12 method
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Upon the successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to understand:

(i) The need for determining rubbing fastness of printed materials

(ii) ISO 105 X 12 method for checking rubbing fastness

APPARATUS

Crock meter
Rubbing Cloth
Grey scale

DISCUSSION

Loss of color when textile material is rubbed against various surfaces is known as lack of
color fastness to rubbing. Reason for poor rubbing fastness is loosely held dye molecules on
the surface of the fabric.

Crock meter is the apparatus used to determine rubbing fastness of dyed or printed textile
materials. Fabric are tested for checking their rubbing fastness using wet and dry rubbing
cloth, called wet rubbing and dry rubbing respectively. Rubbing cloth used for this purpose is
5 x 5 cm desized and bleached cloth on which few drops of water are pored in case of wet
rubbing, otherwise dry cloth is used.

PROCEDURE:

1. Cut two pieces of fabric to be tested having their dimensions not less than 14 x 5 cm.
2. Fasten the samples on the baseboard of crock meter with the help of clamps.
3. To determine rubbing of multi-colored fabric fix and check rubbing of each color
separately.
4. With the dry rubbing cloth flat in place over the end of finger of testing device, rub to
and fro in a straight line along a track 10 cm long on the dry specimen at 10 cycles per
10 second downwards force of 22N or 9N.
5. Repeat the process for wet rubbing with a fresh dry specimen and with a rubbing cloth
that has been wetted with water by placing it on the grating and dropping evenly on it
its own mass of water or use any method to ensure a take-up of about 100%. After
rubbing dry the cloth at room temperature.
6. Asses the staining on the rubbing cloth using grey scale.

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Test Results:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 13
Name: _____________________________________________ ID No.
_______________________
Remarks:________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________
Date:_________________
Digital printing of textiles
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES

Introduction and importance of Digital Printing

DISCUSION

First digitized manufacturing process involved textiles-Invention of Joseph Marie Jacquard in

1801.
That device was able to weave complex designs.
Information was carried onto punched cards.
Opportunities arose to apply these technologies to textile printing.
Provided a spring board for product innovation.
First digital printing on carpet by Millikan (patented).
Textile digital printing evolved in 1990s as a prototype tool for printing small batches of
fabrics for niche production.

COMPARISON OF ROTARY SCREEN AND DIGITAL PRINTING METHODS

Digital method conventional method

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Features Digital Printing of Textiles

Flexibility
Reduced setup
costs
Small batches
Variable data
Design freedom
Process enhancement
Low waste
Customised products
Design innovation
No stock
Innovation
Novel inks
Product security
Nanotechnology

MACHINES USED
Dream ink jet printer

Printing Speed 150- 190 Sq. m /hr.

Fabric width 150 cm.

DuPont 3210

Speed 30 -60sq m / h
Width 3.2 meter
360 dpi (Good quality)
8 color system

DuPont 2020

Speed 30 sq m / Hr.
Width 1.8 M
720 dpi
8 color process

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Test Results:

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