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SMS Kaiser (1911)

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Main page For other ships with the same name, see SMS Kaiser.
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SMS Kaiser[a] was the lead ship of the Kaiser class of battleships of the Imperial German Navy. Kaiser was built by the Imperial Dockyard
Featured content SMS Kaiser (1911)
at Kiel, launched on 22 March 1911 and commissioned on 1 August 1912. The ship was equipped with ten 30.5-centimeter (12.0 in) guns
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Random article in five twin turrets, and had a top speed of 23.4 knots (43.3 km/h; 26.9 mph). Kaiser was assigned to the III Squadron of theHigh Seas
Donate to Wikipedia Fleet for the majority of World War I.
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In 1913, Kaiser and her sister Knig Albert conducted a cruise to South America and South Africa. The ship participated in most of the
Interaction major fleet operations during the war. She fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1 June 1916, during which she was hit once and
Help suffered negligible damage. The ship was also present during Operation Albion in the Baltic Sea in September and October 1917, and at
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the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917.
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Recent changes During peace negotiations after the end of the war in 1918, she was interned with other ships of the High Seas Fleet at
Scapa Flow. On 21
Contact page June 1919 the commander of the interned fleet, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, ordered the fleet to be scuttled to ensure that the British
Tools would not be able to seize the ships. The wreck was subsequently raised in 1929 and broken up in Rosyth in 1930.
What links here SMS Kaiser
Related changes Contents
History
Upload file 1 Construction
Special pages 2 Service history German Empire
Permanent link 2.1 World War I Name: Kaiser
Page information 2.1.1 Battle of Jutland Laid down: December 1909
Wikidata item 2.1.2 Subsequent operations Launched: 22 March 1911
Cite this page
2.1.3 Operation Albion Commissioned: 1 August 1912
Print/export 2.1.4 Final operations
Fate: Scuttled at Scapa Flow 21 June
Create a book 2.2 Fate 1919, raised 1929 and broken up
Download as PDF 3 Notes 1930
Printable version 4 References
General characteristics
In other projects
Wikimedia Class and Kaiser-class battleship
Commons Construction [ edit ] type:

Languages Displacement: Designed: 24,724 t (24,334 long

Ordered under the contract name Ersatz Hildebrand as a replacement for the obsolete coastal defense tons)
etina
ship Hildebrand,[1][b] Kaiser was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel in September 1909.[2] The Maximum: 27,000 t (27,000 long
Deutsch
hull was completed by 22 March 1911, when the ship was launched; this date was specifically chosen, tons)
Espaol
as it was the birthday of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm I. His grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II, attended the Length: 172.40 m (565 ft 7 in)
Franais launching ceremony,[3] where German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg gave a speech Beam: 29 m (95 ft 2 in)
Italiano while Kaiserin (Empress) Augusta Victoria christened the ship. Fitting-out work then began, which was Draft: 9.10 m (29 ft 10 in)
Nederlands Propulsion: 3-shaft Parsons turbines,
The shaded areas represent the completed by the end of July 1912. On 1 August, the ship was commissioned for sea trials. These were
portions of the ship protected by 27,617 ihp (20,594 kW)
concluded by 7 December; the following day Kaiser joined the fleet as the flagship of V Division. Her
Polski
armor Speed: 23.4 knots (43.3 km/h; 26.9 mph)

crew consisted largely of men who had been transferred from the recently decommissioned
battleships Elsass and Braunschweig.[2] Range: 7,900 nmi (14,600 km; 9,100 mi)
Svenska
at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Ting Vit The ship was 172.40 m (565 ft 7 in) long overall and displaced a maximum of 27,000 metric tons (26,570 long tons). She had a beam of Crew: 41 officers
Edit links
29 m (95 ft 2 in) and a draft of 9.10 m (29 ft 10 in) forward and 8.80 m (28 ft 10 in) aft. Kaiser was powered by three sets of Parsons 1,043 enlisted
turbines, supplied with steam by 16 coal-fired boilers. The powerplant produced a top speed of 23.4 knots (43.3 km/h; 26.9 mph). She Armament: 10 30.5 cm (12.0 in) guns
carried 3,600 metric tons (3,500 long tons) of coal, which enabled a maximum range of 7,900 nautical miles (14,600 km; 9,100 mi) at a 14 15 cm (5.9 in)
cruising speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).[4] 12 8.8 cm (3.5 in)
5 50 cm (20 in) torpedo tubes
Kaiser was armed with a main battery of ten30.5 cm SK L/50 guns in five twin turrets.[4] The ship disposed with the inefficient hexagonal
Armor: Belt: 350 mm (14 in)
arrangement of previous German battleships; instead, three of the five turrets were mounted on the centerline, with two of them Conning tower: 400 mm (16 in)
arranged in a superfiring pair aft. The other two turrets were placeden echelon amidships, such that both could fire on the broadside.[1] Turrets: 300 mm (12 in)
The ship was also armed with fourteen 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns in casemates amidships, eight 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns in
casemates and four 8.8 cm L/45 anti-aircraft guns. The ship's armament was rounded out by five 50 cm (20 in) torpedo tubes, all mounted in the ship's hull.[4]

Service history [ edit ]

After joining the active fleet in December 1912, Kaiser was stationed in Kiel. The ship then conducted individual training. In February 1913,Kaiser was transferred to Wilhelmshaven,
along with her sister ship Friedrich der Grosse. She then took part in several training exercises with the rest of theHigh Seas Fleet. These included maneuvers in the North Sea in March
and April, artillery drills in the Baltic at the end of the month, and further fleet maneuvers in May. In June, Kaiser took part in the Kiel Week regatta. Kaiser Wilhelm II and Italian King
Victor Emmanuel III inspected the ship. The annual summer cruise to Norway was conducted in July and August, followed immediately by the autumn maneuvers in August and
September.[2] In September 1913, Captain Adolf von Trotha became the ship's commanding officer, a post he held until January 1916.[5]

Kaiser was selected to participate in a long-distance cruise to test the reliability of the new turbine propulsion system. The ship was joined by her
sister Knig Albert and the light cruiser Strassburg in a special "Detached Division". The trio departed Germany on 9 December 1913 and proceeded
to the German colonies in western Africa. The ships visited Lom in Togoland, Duala and Victoria in Kamerun, and Swakopmund in German South-
West Africa.[6] From Africa, the ships sailed to St. Helena and then on to Rio de Janeiro, arriving on 15 February 1914. Strassburg was detached to
visit Buenos Aires, Argentina before returning to meet the two battleships inMontevideo, Uruguay. The three ships sailed south aroundCape Horn
and then north to Valparaiso, Chile, arriving on 2 April and remaining for over a week.[7]

On 11 April, the ships departed Valparaiso for the long journey back to Germany. On the return trip, the ships visited several more ports, including
Kaiser in 1912
Baha Blanca, Argentina, before returning to Rio de Janeiro. On 16 May the ships left Rio de Janeiro for the Atlantic leg of the journey; they stopped in
Cape Verde, Madeira, and Vigo, Spain while en route to Germany. Kaiser, Knig Albert, and Strassburg arrived in Kiel on 17 June 1914. In the course
of the voyage, the ships traveled some 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi). A week later, on 24 June, the Detached Division was dissolved and Kaiser returned to the III
Squadron. Kaiser then participated in squadron exercises in July.[7] Kaiser joined the High Seas Fleet for its annual summer cruise to Norway in July 1914,[7] about two weeks after the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. As a result of rising international tensions, the cruise was cut short and the German fleet was back in Wilhelmshaven by 29
July. [7] At midnight on 4 August, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany.[8]

World War I [ edit ]

The High Seas Fleet, including Kaiser, conducted a number of sweeps and advances into the North Sea. The first occurred on 23 November 1914,
though no British forces were encountered. Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, adopted a strategy in which the
battlecruisers of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group raided British coastal towns to lure out portions of theGrand Fleet where they
could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet.[9] The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 1516 December 1914 was the first such
operation. [10] On the evening of 15 December, the German battle fleet of some twelve dreadnoughtsincludingKaiser and her four sistersand
eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. However, skirmishes between the
rival destroyer screens in the darkness convinced von Ingenohl that he was faced with the entireGrand Fleet. Under orders from Kaiser Wilhelm II to
Kaiser's rear superfiring turrets
avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, von Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battlefleet back toward Germany.[11]

Following the loss of SMS Blcher at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, the Kaiser removed Admiral von Ingenohl from his post on 2
February. Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet.[12] Admiral von Pohl conducted a series of fleet advances in 1915 in which Kaiser took part; in the first one on
2930 March, the fleet steamed out to the north of Terschelling and return without incident. Another followed on 1718 April, whereKaiser and the rest of the fleet covered a mining
operation by the II Scouting Group. Three days later, on 2122 April, the High Seas Fleet advanced towards the Dogger Bank, though again failed to meet any British forces.[13] Kaiser
was in dock in Kiel for periodic maintenance during the operation on 1718 May,[7] but she was back with the fleet for the sortie on 2930 May, during which the fleet advanced as far
as Schiermonnikoog before being forced to turn back by inclement weather. On 10 August, the fleet steamed to the north ofHelgoland to cover the return of the auxiliary cruiser
Meteor. A month later, on 1112 September, the fleet covered another mine-laying operation off theSwarte Bank. The last operation of the year, conducted on 2324 October, was an
advance without result in the direction of Horns Reef.[13]

On 12 January 1916, Admiral Reinhard Scheer replaced von Pohl as the fleet commander.[13] Kaiser was present during the fleet advance on 57 March, though this too ended without
action. While in port in Kiel, the old pre-dreadnought Hannover accidentally collided with Kaiser, though neither ship was seriously damaged. Scheer continued the series of fleet
operations practiced by his predecessors; the fleet conducted sweeps of the North Sea on 26 March, 23 April, and 2122 April. The battlecruisers conducted another raid on the English
coast on 2425 April, during which Kaiser and the rest of the fleet provided distant support.[7] Scheer planned another raid for mid-May, but the battlecruiserSeydlitz had struck a mine
during the previous raid and the repair work forced the operation to be pushed back until the end of the month.[14]

Battle of Jutland [ edit ]

Main article: Battle of Jutland

Almost immediately after the Lowestoft raid, Admiral Reinhard Scheer began planning another foray into the North Sea. He had initially intended to
launch the operation in mid-May, by which time the mine damage to Seydlitz was scheduled to be repairedScheer was unwilling to embark on a
major raid without his battlecruiser forces at full strength. On 9 May, however, several battleships developed problems with their engines, which
delayed the operation further, to 23 May.[15] On 22 May, Seydlitz was still not fully repaired, and the operation was again postponed, this time to 29
May.[14] At noon on 29 May, the repairs toSeydlitz were finally completed, and the ship returned to the I Scouting Group.[16] The plan called for
Hipper's battlecruisers to steam north to the Skagerrak, with the intention of luring out a portion of the British fleet so it could be destroyed by
Scheer's waiting battleships.[17]

Kaiser and the rest of the III Battle Squadron were the leading unit of the High Seas Fleet; the fourKnig-class battleships led the line. Kaiser, the
flagship of Konteradmiral H. Nordmann, was directly astern of the fourKnigs. I Battle Squadron, composed of the eight Helgoland- and Nassau-class
Diagram of the Battle of Jutland
battleships, followed III Squadron, with the six elderly pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron bringing up the rear.[18] Hipper's five battlecruisers left showing the major movements
[16]
the Jade estuary at 02:00 on 31 May; Scheer, with the High Seas Fleet, followed an hour and a half later.

Shortly before 16:00 CET,[c] the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command of David Beatty. The opposing ships began an
artillery duel that saw the destruction of Indefatigable, shortly after 17:00,[19] and Queen Mary, less than a half an hour later.[20] By this time, the German battlecruisers were steaming
south in order to draw the British ships towards the main body of the High Seas Fleet. At 17:30, Knig's crew spotted both the I Scouting Group and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron
approaching. The German battlecruisers were steaming to starboard, while the British ships steamed to port. At 17:45, Scheer ordered a two-point turn to port to bring his ships closer
to the British battlecruisers, and a minute later at 17:46, the order to open fire was given.[21]

Between 17:48 and 17:52, Kaiser, Kronprinz, Friedrich der Grosse, and all eight battleships of the I Squadron opened fire on several ships of the2nd Light Cruiser Squadron; Kaiser,
Ostfriesland, and Nassau engaged HMS Southampton, though only Nassau managed to score a hit on the cruiser.[22] In the span of eight minutes, Kaiser fired eleven salvos at
Southampton without success.[23] The 2nd LCS then moved back out of range, having largely escaped unscathed.[22] At 17:58, Scheer ordered the fleet to maximum speed; the greater
speed of the Knigs caused the distance between Kaiser and Knig to rapidly increase. At 18:05, Southampton again came into range, and Kaiser opened fire. Kaiser fired four salvos at
a range of 12,000 m (13,000 yd), though again without scoring any hits. After three minutes of firing, Kaiser's guns again fell silent.[24]

Starting at 18:10, Kaiser began firing on the 5th Battle Squadron battleshipMalaya; in the span of 25 minutes, Kaiser fired 27 salvos at an average
range of 17,300 m (18,900 yd).[25] The British destroyers Nestor and Nomad, which had been disabled earlier in the engagement, lay directly in the
path of the advancing High Seas Fleet.[26] Shortly before 18:30, Kaiser and her three sister ships opened fire onNomad with their secondary
batteries. The hail of 15-cm shells smothered the ship; a fire was started and one shell detonated the ship's forward ammunition magazine. Nomad
sank stern first at 18:30. Nestor was meanwhile destroyed by the battleships of I Squadron.[27]

Shortly after 19:00, the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the British battlecruiser Invincible; Rear Admiral Behncke in
Knig attempted to maneuver the III Squadron to cover the stricken cruiser.[28] Simultaneously, the British 3rd and 4th Light Cruiser Squadrons
Illustration of Kaiser underway
began a torpedo attack on the German line; while advancing to torpedo range, they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns. The eight
III Squadron battleships fired on the British cruisers, but even sustained fire from the battleships' main guns failed to drive off the British cruisers.[29]
The armored cruisers Defence, Warrior, and Black Prince joined in the attack on the crippled Wiesbaden.[30] Between 19:14 and 19:17, Kaiser and several other battleships and
battlecruisers opened fire on Defence and Warrior.[31] Defence was struck by several heavy caliber shells from the German dreadnoughts. One salvo penetrated the ship's ammunition
magazines and, in a massive explosion, destroyed the cruiser.[32]

As Warrior limped away to the west, the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron joined the Grand Fleet as it entered the battle from the north. However,Warspite
was forced to haul out of line to the south, towards the oncoming German fleet.[33] Warspite came under intense fire from the approaching German battleships; Kaiser scored a hit on
[34] After completing two full circles and sustaining 13 heavy hits,Warspite came back under
Warspite that damaged her steering gear and forced her to steam in a circle, out of control.
control and rejoined the squadron. However, by 20:00 the steering gear had again failed, so the ship was forced to withdraw from the engagement.[35]

By 20:15, the German fleet had faced the Grand Fleet for a second time and was forced to turn away; in doing so, the order of the German line was reversed.Kaiser was now the fifth
ship from the rear of the German line, ahead of only the four Knig-class battleships.[36] Kaiser was hit twice in quick succession by heavy-caliber shells, at 20:23 and three minutes
later.[37] The Common Pointed, Capped, shells came from the 30 cm (12 in) guns of Agincourt. One shell penetrated the upper deck and landed in a hammock stowage compartment
below the No. 7 casemate; the shell failed to explode and instead broke up on impact, starting a small fire that was quickly put out. The other shell probably exploded outside the
ship.[38]

Shortly before 21:30, Kaiser, Prinzregent Luitpold, and Markgraf spotted British light forces approaching. The German ships opened fire at a range of around 7,300 m (8,000 yd) with
both their main and secondary armament. The light cruiser Calliope was badly damaged, which forced the British ships to withdraw.[39] At around 23:30, the German fleet reorganized
into the night cruising formation. Kaiser was the twelfth ship, in the center of the 24-ship line.[40]

After a series of night engagements between the leading battleships and British destroyers, the High Seas Fleet punched through the British light forces and reached
Horns Reef by
04:00 on 1 June.[41] The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven a few hours later; the I Squadron battleships took up defensive positions in the outerroadstead and Kaiser, Kaiserin,
Prinzregent Luitpold, and Kronprinz stood ready just outside the entrance to Wilhelmshaven.[42] The remainder of the battleships and battlecruisers entered Wilhelmshaven, where
those that were still in fighting condition replenished their stocks of coal and ammunition.[43] The two shell hits suffered by Kaiser had been largely ineffectual, wounding only one
crewmember.[44]

Subsequent operations [ edit ]

On 18 August, Admiral Scheer attempted a repeat of the 31 May operation; the two serviceable German battlecruisers
Moltke and Von der Tannsupported by three dreadnoughts,
were to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. The rest of the fleet, includingKaiser, would trail behind and provide
cover.[45] The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35, Admiral Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and,
unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just eleven weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.[46]

Another fleet advance followed on 1820 October, though it ended without encountering any British units. Two weeks later, on 4 November,Kaiser took part in an expedition to the
western coast of Denmark to assist two U-boatsU-20 and U-30that had become stranded there. On 1 December, the High Seas Fleet was reorganized;Kaiser and her sisters were
transferred to the newly created IV Battle Squadron, with Kaiser as the flagship. In 1917, the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was reinstated; the surface units of the German
navy were therefore tasked with covering the departures and arrivals of the U-boats. As a result, Kaiser spent most of the year on picket duty in theGerman Bight. In May 1917, Kaiser
went into the dock for periodic maintenance.[7]

Operation Albion [ edit ]

Main article: Operation Albion

In early September 1917, following the German Army's conquest of the Russian port ofRiga, the Navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces
that still held the Gulf of Riga. The Admiralstab (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island ofsel, and specifically the
Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe peninsula.[47] On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture sel and
Moon islands; the primary naval component was organized into a Special Unit, which comprised theflagship, Moltke, along with the IV Battle
Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. The IV Squadron was composed of the V and VI Divisions. V Division included the four Knig-class ships, and was by
this time augmented with the new battleship Bayern. The VI Division consisted of the five Kaiser-class battleships. Along with 9 light cruisers, 3
torpedo boat flotillas, and dozens of mine warfare ships, the entire force numbered some 300 ships, supported by over 100 aircraft and 6 zeppelins.
The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men.[48] Opposing the Germans were the old Russianpre-dreadnoughts German troops landing at sel
Slava and Tsesarevich, the armored cruisers Bayan, Admiral Makarov, and Diana, 26 destroyers, and several torpedo boats and gunboats. The
garrison on sel numbered some 14,000 men.[49]

On 24 September, Kaiser left Kiel, bound for the Putziger Wiek, where she rendezvoused with several other battleships. From there, the ship went toLibau, which she reached on 10
October. Two days later, on the morning of 12 October, Kaiser, joined by her sisters Kaiserin and Prinzregent Luitpold, opened fire on the Russian shore batteries at Cape Hundsort. On
14 October Kaiser engaged the Russian destroyer Grom and disabled the ship's engine with a single hit. Grom was captured and taken in tow, but she quickly foundered.Kaiser then
bombarded Russian positions on Cape Toffri on 16 October.[50]

By 20 October, the fighting on the islands was winding down; Moon, sel, and Dag were in German possession. The previous day, theAdmiralstab had ordered the cessation of naval
actions and the return of the dreadnoughts to the High Seas Fleet as soon as possible.[51] On 31 October Kaiser and the rest of the Special Unit were detached from the operation and
sent back to Kiel, which they reached by 2 November. Kaiser was back in the North Sea on 7 November.[50]

Final operations [ edit ]

[50]
Kaiser and Kaiserin were assigned to security duty in the Bight on 17 November; they were tasked with providing support to the II Scouting Group (II SG) and several minesweepers.
Two British light cruisers, Calypso and Caledon, attacked the minesweepers and II SG in Heligoland Bight.[52] Kaiser and her sister intervened and hit one of the light cruisers.[50] The
two ships briefly engaged the battlecruiser Repulse, but neither side scored any hits.[53] However, the German commander failed to press the attack.[50]

On 2 February 1918, the light cruiser Stralsund struck a mine; Kaiser was among those ships that sortied to escort the damaged cruiser back to port. The ship was also present during
the fleet advance on 2324 April. [50] The operation was intended to intercept a heavily escorted British convoy to Norway on 2325 April, though the operation was canceled when the
battlecruiser Moltke suffered mechanical damage.[54] In the final months of the war, CaptainHermann Bauer took command of the ship; his period in command lasted from August to
November.[5]
Kaiser was to have taken part in a final fleet action days before the Armistice, an operation which envisioned the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sortieing from their base in Wilhelmshaven
to engage the British Grand Fleet. In order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, Admirals Hipper and Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British
navy, whatever the cost to the fleet. [55] Consequently, on 29 October 1918, the order was given to depart from Wilhelmshaven to consolidate the fleet in theJade roadstead, with the
intention of departing the following morning. However, starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on Thringen mutinied.[56] The unrest spread to other battleships, which forced Hipper
and Scheer to cancel the operation.[57]

Fate [ edit ]
Main article: Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of their fleet ships were interned in the British naval base in
Scapa Flow under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.[57] Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral
[58] The
Adolf von Trotha made clear to von Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions.
fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the
Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships.[59] Once the
ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks.[60] The fleet remained in captivity
during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty.[58]

A copy of The Times informed von Reuter that the Armistice was to expire at noon on 21 June 1919, the deadline by which
Germany was to have signed the peace treaty. Rear Admiral von Reuter came to the conclusion that the British intended to
seize the German ships after the Armistice expired. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter
ordered the ships to be sunk.[d] On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers,
and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.[58] Kaiser sank at 13:24; the ship was raised in 1929 and broken up
for scrap in Rosyth starting in 1930.[4]
Map of the scuttled ships showing Kaiser (#18); click for a
larger view
Notes [ edit ]

Footnotes
a. ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestt Schiff" (German: His Majesty's Ship).
b. ^ German warships were ordered under provisional names. For new additions to the fleet, they were given a single letter; for those ships intended to replace older or lost vessels, they were
ordered as "Ersatz (name of the ship to be replaced)".
c. ^ The times mentioned in this section are in CET, which is congruent with the German perspective. This is one hour ahead of UTC, the time zone commonly used in British works.
d. ^ There is some contention as to whether von Reuter was aware that the Armistice had been extended. Admiral Sydney Fremantle stated that he informed von Reuter on the evening of the
20th, though von Reuter claims he was unaware of the development. For Fremantle's claim, see Bennett, p. 307. For von Reuter's statement, see Herwig, p. 256.

Citations
a b
1. ^ Staff (Vol. 2), p. 4.
2. ^ a bc Staff (Vol. 2), p. 10.
3. ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 18.
4. ^ a bc d Grner, p. 26.
a b
5. ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 17.
6. ^ Staff (Vol. 2), pp. 1011.
7. ^ a bc de fg Staff (Vol. 1), p. 11.
8. ^ Herwig, p. 144.
9. ^ Herwig, pp. 149150.
10. ^ Tarrant, p. 31.
11. ^ Tarrant, pp. 3133.
12. ^ Tarrant, pp. 4344.
a bc
13. ^ Staff (Vol. 2), p. 15.
14. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 58.
15. ^ Tarrant, pp. 5556.
16. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 62.
17. ^ Tarrant, p. 61.
18. ^ Tarrant, p. 286.
19. ^ Tarrant, pp. 9495.
20. ^ Tarrant, pp. 100101.
21. ^ Tarrant, p. 110.
22. ^ a b Campbell, p. 54.
23. ^ Campbell, p. 99.
24. ^ Campbell, pp. 9899.
25. ^ Campbell, p. 104.
26. ^ Tarrant, p. 114.
27. ^ Campbell, p. 101.
28. ^ Tarrant, p. 137.
29. ^ Tarrant, p. 138.
30. ^ Tarrant, p. 139.
31. ^ Campbell, p. 152.
32. ^ Tarrant, p. 140.
33. ^ Tarrant, p. 141.
34. ^ Staff (Vol. 2), pp. 1112.
35. ^ Tarrant, p. 143.
36. ^ Tarrant, p. 172.
37. ^ Campbell, p. 206.
38. ^ Campbell, p. 245.
39. ^ Tarrant, p. 191.
40. ^ Campbell, p. 275.
41. ^ Tarrant, pp. 2467.
42. ^ Campbell, p. 320.
43. ^ Tarrant, p. 263.
44. ^ Tarrant, p. 298.
45. ^ Massie, p. 682.
46. ^ Massie, p. 683.
47. ^ Halpern, p. 213.
48. ^ Halpern, pp. 214215.
49. ^ Halpern, p. 215.
50. ^ a bc de f Staff (Vol. 2), p. 12.
51. ^ Halpern, p. 219.
52. ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 60.
53. ^ Konstam, p. 35.
54. ^ Massie, pp. 748749.
55. ^ Tarrant, pp. 280281.
56. ^ Tarrant, pp. 281282.
57. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 282.

References [ edit ]

Bennett, Geoffrey (2005). Naval Battles of the First World War. London: Pen & Sword Military Classics. ISBN 978-1-84415-300-8. Wikimedia Commons has
OCLC 57750267 . media related to SMS
Kaiser (1911).
Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1.
Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 19061921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. Battleships portal
OCLC 12119866 .
Grner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Martin, Maass (1990). German Warships: 18151945 [Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe, 18151945]. 1. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-
790-6. OCLC 22101769 .
Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7. OCLC 57447525 .
Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 18881918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9. OCLC 57239454 .
 Hildebrand, Hans H.; Rhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe. 5. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE . ISBN 978-3-8364-9743-5.
Konstam, Angus (2003). British Battlecruisers 193945. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84176-633-1.
Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel. New York City: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-40878-5. OCLC 57134223 .
Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 19141918 (Volume 1). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1.
Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 19141918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8. OCLC 449845203 .
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V T E Kaiser-class battleships
Kaiser Friedrich der Grosse Kaiserin Prinzregent Luitpold Knig Albert
Preceded by: Helgoland class Followed by: Knig class

List of battleships of Germany

V T E Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1919

1911 Kaiser-class World War I battleships of World War I warships scuttled in Scapa Maritime incidents in
Categories: ships battleships Ships built in Kiel Germany Flow 1919

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