Spontaneous Nonspontaneous

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 Reactants
Products
Energy

Energy
Products
Reactants

Since excess energy is released,

Additional energy is required
the products are more stable.
because the products are less stable.
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spark

Increased
entropy I-

solid gas

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1
2

1
2

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SH = specific heat, J g-1 oC-1

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 You are given the two solutions listed below.
Each has an initial temperature of 20.0 oC.
50 ml of 0.50 M NaOH
50 ml of 0.50 M HCl
Both are rapidly added to a coffee cup
calorimeter and stirred. The reaction takes
Conduct a reaction place rapidly. The highest temperature is
and look at the 23.3 oC. Solution density is 1.0 g/ml.
temperature change. Determine the heat of reaction if the specific
heat of the solution is 4.18 J g-1 oC-1
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The heat of neutralization for the reaction:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

is

= -1.4 x103 J / 0.025 mol

mol
L = 5.6 x 104 J/mol

= 56 kJ/mol
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Many reactions are conducted simply for the

thermal energy that is released.
Combustion of gasoline, coal, natural gas.

The thermal energy released can be shown

as a product in a reaction.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 890.32 kJ
or
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) !Hrxn = -890.32 kJ

When given for a reaction, !H is interpreted

in terms of moles.
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Determine the thermal energy released when
50.0 grams of methane is burned in an
excess of oxygen.
First, determine the number of moles of
methane (MM = 16.043 u).
Now look at the balanced thermochemical
equation.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) !Hrxn = -890.32 kJ
!Hrxn = -890.32 kJ / mol CH4 so:

mol CH4 = (50.0 g) / (16.043 g/mol) Thermal energy released

= 3.12 mol CH4 = (3.12 mol CH4(g)) (-890.32 kJ / mol CH4 )

= - 2.78 x 103 kJ
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The thermal energy given off or absorbed in a A+B A+B

given change is the same whether it takes
place in a single step or several steps. F

This is just another way of stating the law of

energy

conservation of energy. E+ D+B

If the net change in energy were to differ

based on the steps taken, then it would be
possible to create energy -- this cannot
happen! C C

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Depend only on the initial and final

states of a system. They are
independent of how the system
gets from one state to another.

State functions include:

Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Enthalpy

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 Now all we need to do is to add the two
equations together.

2 C(graphite) + 2O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) !Hrxn= -787.02 kJ

2CO2 (g) 2 CO (g) + O2 (g) !Hrxn= +565.98 kJ

2 C(graphite) + O2 (g) 2 CO (g) !Hrxn= -221.04 kJ

Note.
The 2CO2 cancel out, as does one of the O2 on
the right-hand side.
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Standard enthalpy of
formation values are
available for a wide range
of substances.

In addition, separate values

for a substance in different 1
2
states will also be given
where appropriate. 1
2

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 1
kJ
C (s) + 2H2 + 2 O2 (g) CH3OH (g) !Horxn = -201.2

1
CH3OH (l) C (s) + 2H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) !Horxn = +238.6

CH3OH (l) CH3OH (g) !Horxn = +37.4

This is not !Hovap because the values are at 25 oC.

"!Hovap would be the thermal energy required at the

boiling point of methanol.
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