IEEE Power & Energy Society TECHNICAL REPORT

1996 PES-TR4
Formerly TP115

Relay Performance
Testing
PREPARED BY THE
Power System Relaying Committee
Relaying Practices and Consumer Interface Protection
Subcommittee

IEEE 2013 The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY
 RELAY PERFORMANCE TESTING

POWER SYSTEM RELAYING COMMITIEE

REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 113
OF THE
RELAYING PRACTICES AND CONSUMER INTERFACE
PROTECTION SUBCOMMITIEE

MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP

G. E. Alexander A. Howard J. Nordstrom

H. N. Banerjee M. Kezunovic M. Sachdev
J. D. Brandt P. A. Kotas T. Sidhu
T. W. Cease P. Lerley L. Smith
L. Champagne G. Manchur W. Strang
G. Chirco J. McConnell E. Udren
A. F. Elneweihi J. McElray B. Warwick
J. Esztergalyos P. McLaren K. V. Zimmerman
J. Hauber K. Mustaphi

J. A. Jodice, Chairman
M. Meisinger, Vice Chairman
C. Renville, Secretary
Relay Performance Testing

Abstracting is permitted with creditto the source. For other copying, reprint, or republication
permission, write to the IEEECopyright Manager, IEEEService Center445 Hoes Lane, P.O
Box 1331,Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. All rightsreserved. Copyright 1996by The Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IEEE CatalogNumber: 96TP 115-0

Additional copiesof this publication are available from

IEEE ServiceCenter
PO Box 1331
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
1-800-678-IEEE
1-908-981-1393
1-908-981-9667 (Fax)
833-233 (Telex)
Relay Performance Testing
 RELAY PERFORMANCE TESTING

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION , 4

1.1 General 4

1.2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4

1.2.1 Steady-State Test 4

1.2.2 Power System Simulation Test 5

1.2.2.1 Dynamic-State Test 5

1.2.2.2 Transient Simulation Test 5

1.2.3 Integrity Tests 6

1.2.4 Application Tests 6

1.3 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6

2.0 PURPOSE OF RELAY PERFORMANCE TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

2.1 General 7

2.2 Integrity Testing 7

2.3 Application Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

3.0 TEST SIGNALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

3.1 General 0 8

3.2 Measured Sisnals 8

3.2.1 AC Signals ,.8

3.2.1.1 Fundamental Frequency Steady-State Sine Wave 11

3.2.1.2 Sine Wave with Controlled Rate of Change in Magnitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11

3.2.1.3 Sine Wave with Instantaneously Changing Amplitude 11

3.2.1.4 Sine Wave with Control of Phase Angle 11

3.2.1.5 Control Over Signal Duration '.' . . . . .. 11

3.2.1.6 Line Synchronized and Self Synchronized Operation .......................... , 12

3.2.1.7 Sine Wave with Controllable Frequency and Rate of Change in Frequency. . . . . . . .. 12

3.2.1.8 Sine Wave with Added Harmonic Content , ,....... 12

3.2.1.9 Sine Wave with Transient Components Representing Actual

Signals From a Power System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

- 1-
3.2.2 DC Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

3.3 Environmental Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

3.3.1 Auxiliary DC and DC Interference.... . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. 12

3.3.2 Conducted Electrical Interference 12

3.3.3 RF Signalsand RF Interference 13

3.3.4 Non Electrical Influencing Factors 13

3.4 Integrity 13

3.5 Application 13

4.0 lEST EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

4.1 General 13

4.2 . Passive Electromechanicallest Sources. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. 14

4.2.1 Voltage Signals.. . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. 14

4.2.2 Current Signals. .. .. . . . . .... . . . . . .. .. . . . .... .. . . . . . . .. ... 14

4.2.3 Phase Shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

4.3 Electronic Test Instruments 15

4.3.1 Common Characteristics.. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. 15

4.3.2 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

4.4 Transient Simulators 17

4.4.1 Analog Simulators. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 17

4.4.2 Real Time Digital Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
4.4.3 Playback Digital Simulators 19
4.5 Power ConditioningAmplifiers 20

5.0 lEST METIiODS 21

5.1 General 21

5.2 Integrity Test Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22

5.3 ApplicationTest Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22

6.0 EXAMPLE 22

6.1 Introduction 22

6.2 Sample Test Plan 23

7.0 CONCLUSION 24

- 2-
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Steady-State Test Signals 4

Figure 2 Dynamic-State lest Signals 5

Figure 3 Transient Test Signals 6

Figure 4 Steady-State A-N Thst with Current Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Figure 5 Steady-State A-N lest with Voltage Action 9

Figure 6 Phase-to-Phase lest with Current Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

Figure 7a Dynamic-State Test Phasor Diagram 10

Figure 7b Dynamic-State Test Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

Figure 8 Waveform Sample from Transient Simulation Test 11

Figure 9 Simple Current Test Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

Figure 10 Electronic Test Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

Figure 11 Analog Model Power System 18

Figure 12 Real Time Digital Simulator 19

Figure 13 Playback Digital Simulator 20

- 3 -
 RELAY PERFORMANCE TESTING
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The purpose of this report is:
to provide relay users with an understanding of the
strengths and limitations of testing methods used
for evaluating the performance of protective
relays.
to serve as a reference for the development of test
plans which determine relay performance and its
suitability for application objectives.
'[his material is applicable to a wide variety of relays; it
is not an instructional guide for testing specific types of
relays.
Various objectives associated with relay performance
testing are identified; means to achieve those objectives are
described. A discussion of test signals and the equipment
used to produce them is presented to provide a better
understanding of test methods.
Most of the discussion in the paper is general, with
non-specific background information. Section 6.0
concludes with an example of a comprehensive test plan
Figure 1 Steady-State Test Signals
- 4-
which illustrates many test approaches. These examples are
not intended to be test guides. The information is included
to show how one utility applied specific tests to ensure that
relay performance would meet application objectives.
1.2 Definitions
The primary test methods and test purposes are discussed
in this section.
1.2.1 Steady-State Test
A steady-state test is used to determine the calibration
point or setting for any measured parameter. Phasor test
quantities are held stable for a duration much longer than
the operating time of the relay, and are then varied in
increments much smaller than the resolution of the relay.
For the example of an instantaneous overcurrent relay
where the nominal measuring time is 2 cycles, the duration
of stable test quantities (Delta Time) would typically be
more than 20 cycles. If the relay measuring resolution is 1.0
amp, the test current would be varied in increments (Delta
Value) of less than 0.1 amp. Figure 1 shows part of a typical
steady-state test signal. The voltage is maintained constant
at the fault value, the current is increased at a rate of Delta
Value/Delta Time.
 1.2.2 Power System Simulation Test
Relays are required to respond to the transient
conditions of a disturbed power system. By simulating the
signals "seen" by the relay under such conditions, setting
and response time may be determined. The disturbance
may be simulated in more or less detail by one of the two
following test methods.
1.2.2.1 Dynamic-State Test
A dynamic-state test is one in which phasor test
quantities representing multiple power system conditions
are synchronously switched between states. The term
Prefault
State 1
Figure 2 Dynamic-State Test Signals
1.2.2.2 Transient Simulation Test
A transient simulation test signal represents in frequency
content, magnitude, and duration, actual relay input signals
received during power system disturbances.
For example, signals may include transient de offset, and
the effects of CT saturation and CCVT subsidence.
Figure 3 shows Electro-Magnetic Transient Program
(EMTP) modeled test signals that were used in a field
transient test. Signals indicate that the circuit has tripped
- 5 -
synchronously switched means that changes in phasor value
(i.e., phase and/or amplitude) from pre-boundary values to
post-boundary values occur in all phasors at the same time
with no discemable skew. Power system characteristics such
as high frequency and de decrement are not represented in
this test.
For example, three states may represent the pre-fault,
fault, and post-fault power system condition. Additional
states may be used to represent evolving faults.
Figure 2 shows the test signals that might be used in a
dynamic state test; prefault and fault states are shown.
Fault
State 2
single pole, is open (reclose period), and then recloses. The
waveforms represent:
a) prefault load;
b) the fault condition;
c) the induced voltage during pole open;
d) voltage at zero because of HV grounding switch
close operation;
 e) voltage recovery and offsetdue to residual charge
on the series compensating capacitor when HV
groundingswitch opens;
a. b. c. d.
Figure 3 Transient Test Signals
1.2.3 Integrity Tests
These tests are intended to establish whether the relay
has been manufactured, delivered, installed, and main-
tained suchthat it meets itspublished specifications. These
are considered routine and are performedon most relays at
more than one stage in the relay life cycle. Integritytests
are important basicprocedures, andshouldprecedeapplica-
tion tests.
1.2.4 Application Tests
Afterintegrity testshaveestablished that aparticularrelay
meetsitspublished specifications, morecomprehensive tests
may be applied to discover whether performance is
satisfactory for its application objectives. Application tests
areparticularly recommended whenpublished specifications
are not sufficiently detailed to ensure proper application.
Digital fault recorder records of specific disturbances
maybe playedbackto the relayto assess performance. The
disturbancemayalso be recreatedby mathematical simula-
tion, and used to produce test waveforms for performance
tests. Simulation offers the opportunityof varying distur-
bance conditions to more completely assess relaysensitivity
and selectivity.
1.3 Historical Background
There has always existed a need to test protective relays
to confirm performance as designed by the manufacturer,
and as required by the user. This process of performance
evaluation helps to ensure adequateprotectionof electrical
power equipment, and the powersystem as a whole.
- 6 -
1) voltage transient and chargingcurrent whenlocal
end closes;
g) return to load when remote breaker closes.
e. f. g.
Steady-state, and to a lesser degree, dynamic-state
simulations have been the methods of choice for many
years. These tests have been performed using passive
component instruments. These included load box, phase
shifter, variac, and switched inductance, capacitance, and
resistive elements. In 1974 electronictest instrumentswhich
synthesized and regulatedsine waves weredeveloped; these
were adopted as an alternativemethod of providing phasor
test signals. Electronic test instrument control methods
were later improved to perform a complete range of
dynamic state simulations.
Full transient simulations previously required model
power systems. This equipment is large, expensive, and
normally onlyavailable in relaymanufacturers'factories, or
in research laboratories. Transient simulation tests were
usuallyperformedbymanufacturers duringprototypetesting
of new relay designs or on special request by users for
sophisticated or unusual applications. Usingcommercially
available testequipmentitisnowpossible foruserstoperform
transient simulation tests in the field or their workshop.
Some users have found dynamic state simulations and
transient tests cost effective methods for verifying correct
application. Similartests havealsobeen used in the field to
diagnose unexpected in-service relay operations. Since
currentlyavailable test equipment performs a wide variety
of tests, understanding the various relay test methods will
assist users to develop test plans that minimize unexpected
relayoperations and more quickly explain the ones that do
occur.
2.0 PURPOSE OF RELAY PERFORMANCE TESTING
2.1 General
This section reviews the purposes for both integrity and
application tests [1]. Testing should be complemented by
thoroughly reviewing both the manufacturers' specifications
and those power system parameters relevant to the relay
application.
Evaluating the suitability of a relay for a specific
application is the first instance when both integrity and
application tests may be performed. Integrity tests are
general and verify relay conformance with both
manufacturer and user acceptance criteria. These are
usually steady-state or limited dynamic-state tests designed
to examine the performance of all measurements performed
by the relay.
The diagnostic quality of integrity and application tests
has improved as advanced test instruments have become
available and affordable. Computer automated integrity
tests examine relay performance more rapidly than manual
methods. More extensive integrity and application tests
may be performed, at lower costs. Application tests using
dynamic state and transient simulation methods are being
applied more frequently during the relay life cycle,
improving protection system reliability.
Application tests are more comprehensive and are
designed to examine relay performance specific to the
application. Dynamic state and transient simulation tests
simulate the power system conditions which relays will
experience during service. Sufficient internal and external
faults should be applied to examine the suitability of the
relay for the given application. Multiple faults within the
zone of protection should be applied to examine relay
sensitivity. Faults outside the protected zone should be
applied to examine selectivity.
A test plan may incorporate a combination of both
integrity and application tests. Complexity of both relay
function and application form the criteria for selecting tests.
For example: integrity tests verifying performance of simple
instantaneous overcurrent relays generally include calibra-
tion at a defined current and measurement of operate time.
These tests use sinusoidal steady-state and dynamic-state
current, respectively. For applications where power system
currents may not be sinusoidal due to CT performance or
system harmonics, experience has shown instantaneous relay
performance varies substantially from that which isexpected
[2]. Applying a test current waveform which approximates
the magnitude, frequency components, and d.c, offset of the
protected circuit secondary is recommended to determine
whether performance is suitable for the application. [2]
- 7 -
2.2 Integrity Testing
There are a number of occasions during the life of a relay
when integrity tests are performed. Acceptance testing upon
receipt is usually the first instance outside the factory.
In-service integrity tests are generally performed on a
periodic basis, which depends on several factors; the most
common include:
manufacturers recommendations
operating history of the particular relay type
complexity of the protection function
criticality of the protected circuit
maintenance schedule of the protected apparatus
2.3 Application Testing
Similarly application tests are performed periodically
during the installed life of a relay. Instances include:
Design Verification/Type Testing
Manufacturers employ a multitude of tests to ensure the
relay is suitable for the application. Design specifications
and critical performance characteristics are verified at the
pre-production phase. Special tests may be performed to
ensure a particular users application is satisfied. [3]
Relay Selection
Prior to selecting a relay for a specific protection applica-
tion, its response to expected power system conditions should
be evaluated. A combination of dynamic state and transient
simulation tests may be used, dependingupon the complexity
of the application. Some utilities have modelled the transient
behavior of critical circuits, and performed transient simula-
tion tests prior to purchase; these establish the suitability of
a particular relay design for the application.
Commissioning/System Testing
Application tests on individual relays minimize the
possibility of setting errors. Since protection systems often
comprise several discrete relays, the protection system should
be tested as a whole to ensure appropriate interaction and
coordination.
Operation Analysis
After an unexpected operation, application tests offer
insight to the probable causes of malfunction. Recent
experiences reveal inappropriate interaction between relays
to have been the cause of scheme misoperation. A scheme
test verifies coordination between relays. Operation of
associated communications equipment, reclosers, breakers
and transfer schemes is also verified. Fault and event
recorder operation may also be confirmed.
During the last few years end-to-end satellite synchro-
nized dynamic-state and transient simulation tests have
been used to examine overall protection and communica-
tion system operation. These have successfully identified
malfunctions of individual relays in the scheme; of
solid-state relays, and of associated communication equip-
ment. Failure of circuit breakers to operate properly has
also been discovered. Application tests are notably
appropriate in the following instances:
To evaluate effects of less than ideal instrument
transformer performance, such as (ct) saturation
and (cvt) subsidence.
To evaluate effects of unusual system conditions
such as ferroresonance, harmonic resonances, off
nominal frequency, low voltage, loss of stability,
high load, high source to line impedance ratio.
To evaluate the effects of power electronic devices
and their controls, such as static var compensators,
variable series compensation, and local HVDC
circuits.
To evaluate response to unusual conditions such as
evolving faults, slow clearing external faults, and
faults with high arc or ground resistance.
3.0 TEST SIGNALS
3.1 General
AVOID DAMAGE!
Test signals may exceed the continuous rating of the
relay. Test equipment may be capable of damaging the relay
if carelessly applied; the damage may cause immediate
failure or operation may be slowly degraded. Marginal
operation followed by failure when called on to operate
under power system transient conditions is a more serious
event.
Persons responsible for designing the test must be
cognizant of relay I 2t specifications, and voltage limitations.
Test designers must ensure that those responsible for
carrying out the tests are aware of the precautions necessary
to avoid damage or reduction of life. Unnecessary
tampering or adjustment of the relay must be discouraged
to reduce "adjustment induced" failure.
VA = VFAULT
Figure 4 Steady-State A-N Test With Current Action
- 8-
Tests should be performed with the relay mounted in the
manner prescribed by the manufacturer. For electromag-
netic relays, normal physical orientation of the case
(vertical, level, etc) should be observed. For relays with
electronic circuitry, the case should be grounded.
The burden, and especially the capacitance and induc-
tance, of test operation indicators should be low with
relationship to the rating of contact or other output sensing
devices.
AVOID ERRORS!
Relays are measuring instruments. As with all measuring
instruments the accuracy, resolution, and stability of calibra-
tion and test signals must exceed (relay) measurement speci-
fications. Instability or errors in test signals may cause
inaccuracies in settings. Subsequent indeterminate re-
sponse to power system disturbances may result.
3.2 Measured Signals
3.2.1 AC Signals
This section reviews the requirements for voltage and
current test signals used for both integrity and application
tests. Control of parametric values of frequency, amplitude,
and phase angle relationships is presented in terms of relay
measurements. Test source specifications and their effect
on test results is also discussed.
The voltage and current parameters for most relay tests
approximate a power system fault condition. Voltage and
current amplitudes and phase angle relationships at the
power system frequency must be independently controlled
to simulate the fault phasor relationships.
For steady-state tests, phasor parameters are slowly
changed to determine relay calibration setting. Single phase
faults require a change in one parameter, while the
remaining phasors describing the fault remain constant.
The phasor diagram in Figure 4 shows the constant, (preset)
voltage phasor relationships which describe an A-N Fault
Condition.
 In the Phasor Diagram of Figure 4, VA is set at the fault (II) represents an incrementing current used to determine
voltage; VB and Vc represent balance. The dotted phasor A-N reach.

VA =ACTION

+I
I

!'+ 11=1 FAULT

Vc

Figure 5 Steady-State A-N Test With Voltage Action

In the Phasor Diagram of Figure 5, 11 is set at the fault impedance ratio and phase-to-phase fault voltage
current value. VB and Vc represent balance. The dotted
phasor (V A) represents a decrementing voltage used to
determine A-N reach.
In both cases a single parameter is varied to determine
the steady-state reach calibration setting.
Phase-to-phase faults require changes in two,
phase-to-neutral phasors. These geometrically sum to
form the faulted phase-to-phase voltage. In Figure 6, VA
and VB may be set to represent any source to fault
magnitude. Vc is set at the unfaulted value. A single test
current (IAB) is injected through the series connected Phase
A and Phase B inputs of the relay. Depending on test
protocol, the fault current lAB is incremented or
decremented. VA and VB are maintained at their fault
values.
Alternatively, the fault current may be held constant
while VA and VB are synchronously decremented to
determine reach.

~\
I \
I \
I \
11 lAB =ACTION
IV \ /
I A /
I /
/
I
I // VAB=V FAULT
I

Vc
Figure 6 Phase-to-Phase Test with Current Action
These simple examples demonstrate amplitude control Dynamic state tests are used to determine the time
requirements for basic steady-state tests. Tests for system response of a relay to a predetermined fault condition. For
disturbances involving additional phases require similar example, run the previously described steady-state test to
control of the involved phasor qualities. determine A-N reach; then perform a dynamic state test to
reveal operate time for the fault condition.

- 9 -
 VA = V FAULT
30V~

Vc VB Vc VB
70v 1-240 0 70v 1-120 0 70v 1-240 0 70v 1-120 0

Balanced Prefault Fault

State 1 State 2
Figure 7a Dynamic-State Test Phasor Diagram
Prefault Fault
State 1 State 2

Figure 7b Dynamic-State Test Waveforms

The dynamic-state test requires synchronous switching
between phasor states. In this example the balanced,
pre-fault phasor quantities are STATE 1: the previously
determined steady-state reach conditions are STATE 2.
Both phasor states are shown in Figiure 7a. Operate time
is measured beginning at the transition from STATE 1 to
STATE 2 asshownin FigureTh. Responseto evolving faults
may be determined by synchronous switching between
successive fault conditions each represented by one set of
phasor states. Responseto faultsat varying distances from
the relay mayalso be determined. A profileof the operate
timeversus faultlocation maybe obtainedby tabulatingthe
results of a sequence of tests in which the phasors are
switched from the balanced condition to conditions
representing the desired fault locations. Complex
microcomputer relays which measure additional phasor
quantitiesaresimilarly evaluated. Dynamicstate transitions
may include magnitude and phase angle for one, or all
phasor values, as required to properlyrepresent the faulted
system condition.
Transient simulation application tests require informa-
tiondescribing system waveforms fromtransient mathemat-
icalmodelsor from digital fault recorders. Microcomputer
relays nowofferwaveform data, but at samplingrates lower
than the other sourcesmentioned. Transientwaveforms are
described by tens to hundreds of digital coefficients per
cycle. Each coefficient represents the instantaneous value

- 10 -
of the waveform, at a point in time. For polyphasesystem
representation, synchronism between all sources of digital
information must be precise to ensure correct phase
relationship. Any amplifying means must similarly provide
constant or predictable phase shift vs. both load impedance
VA
IAAQ(l
\TV v V
VB ADAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAI
JVVVVVVVVVVVl}VVV\[VVV
\AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
VC
VV \[\[V VVvVV\[V \)\[VVVVV ~
11
Df\ f\ f\
12
13
Figure 8 Waveform Sample from Transient Simulation Test
3.2.1.1 Fundamental Frequency Steady-State Sine Wave
This signal is used for steady-state tests. Total harmonic
distortion should be substantially less than specified in
IEEE Standard No. 519[5] "IEEE Recommended Practices
and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
Systems". Standard 519 defines different limits of total
harmonic distortion for different primary voltage levels.
To ensure repeatable test results, test equipment should
limit total harmonic distortion of currents and voltages to
1.5%. The maximum for an individualharmonic should be
wellless than 1%. The magnitude of test phasors should be
wellregulated ( < 0.5%). Phase angle variations should also
be regulated to less than 0.50 Variations may seriously
affect the accuracy of a test. A periodic check of the test
equipment for possible variation can be used to establish
test tolerances. Tolerances published by the relay
manufacturers should be considered when selecting test
equipment.
3.2.1.2 Sine Wave with Controlled Rate of Change in
Magnitude.
The change may be by means of continuous ramp or step
function, with delta value/delta time approximatinga linear
ramp as defined in 1.2.1. The rate of change should be
adjustablefrom near instantaneous (reachingthe newvalue
in lessthan 5% of the nominal relayoperating time), to near
steady state, with rate of change less than 1% of maximum
value per second. This signal is used for pickup/dropout
tests.
- 11 -
and frequency to properly reproduce the system distur-
bance. Discussions on sampling frequencies and data
format may be found in the COMTRADE Standard [4]
recommended for anyone considering use of transient
simulation application tests.
V v
==ooaA!\f\f\f\
v v v C7 V \TV \TV
3.2.1.3 Sine Wave with Instantaneously Changing
Amplitude.
This signal may be used for dynamic state simulation
tests. Synchronously switchingbetween numerous states
provides a dynamic state simulation of evolving fault
conditions.
Control over the point on wave at which the change in
all phasors occurs may be required.
3.2.1.4 Sine Wave with Control of Phase Angle.
Instantaneous and controllable rates of change in phase
anglerelationshipsmaybe required. Stabilityof phase angle
relationships with changes in power line and relay load,
should preferably be 0.50 maximum. Resolution in phase
angle control should be less than 1 0 ; 0.1 0 is appropriate for
microcomputer relay designs.
3.2.1.5 Control Over Signal Duration.
Some relays also measure time as part of their function.
To establish the time response of a relay, the duration at
which test signals remain constant at a test value must be
controllable. The required precision of time control will
depend on the precision with which the time is being
measured by the relay.
When a dynamic state test is used to measure time
response at operating quantities, the number of cycles at the
fault valueshould represent the measuring time of the relay,
as a minimum.
 3.2.1.6 Line Synchronized and Self Synchronized
Operation
Test signal sources require frequency accuracy and
stability in proportion with relay measurement capability.
Typically, quartz crystal based references are used to attain
accuracy of approximately0.01 Hz and stabilityof 50 to 100
ppm.
Some electromechanical relays are susceptible to
electromagnetic fields from generator and distribution
busses. These relays may appear to perform incorrectly
when tested with signals having independent crystal based
references since these are asynchronousto the local power
system fields. Variations of the relay operating point may
be observed as the test signal beats with the interfering
system frequency.
Such relays are in wide serviceso care must be observed
and interference effects noted. To determine the setting
error due to interfering magnetic fields, run one test in line
synch mode to determine one set of test results. Run a
second test with phasors reversed 1800 The actual setting
is the averagebetween the two results. If the variationfrom
the average is significant,check the applicationof the relay
in its environment.
3.2.1.7 Sine Wavewith Controllable Frequency and Rate
of Change in Frequency
The accuracy and stability of the frequency should be
some small fraction of the resolutionof the relay.This varies
from 0.02 Hz for axial turbine synchronizing relays to 0.1
Hertz for general purpose frequency relays. The rate of
change should be controllable similarly to that described
above for amplitude control.
Rate of change in frequency vs. time ranges from 0.01
Hz/second to tenths of Hz/second depending on power
system design.
3.2.1.8 Sine Wavewith Added Harmonic Content
Control of harmonic frequency, its magnitude and time
(phase angle at each harmonic) relationship may be
required. These signals are used for testing relays such as
harmonicallyrestrained differential relays, and tuned relays
such as third harmonic sensing stator ground fault relays.
Reference [2] discusses the effect of harmonics on relays,
and is particularly useful when designing application tests.
Commonly required harmonics are 2nd, 3rd ,5th, 7th, 9th,
11th, 13th, and 15th. Harmonic frequencies higher than 1
kHz are rarely required in a measured signal.
3.2.1.9 Sine Wavewith Transient Components
Representing Actual Si~nals From a Power System
These transients may include;
Fault or switchinginduced de offset,
- 12 -
Instrument transformer (Cf) saturation, or
(CVT) subsidence, or ferroresonance,
Power system swings or current reversals,
Power transformer ferroresonance,
Inrush from transformer, reactor, transmission
line, cable, and shunt capacitor energization,
Effects of nonlinear devices such as surge
arresters, thyristors,spark gaps,and powerdiodes,
Circuit breaker current chopping and transient
recoveryvoltages.
The precedingitems are not meant to form an exhaustive
list; they give an idea of the variety of transients that must
exist in the test signal which simulates system conditions,
This signal is used for transient simulation tests where the
applied test signal represents the faulted power system as
closely as necessary to evaluate proper relay performance.
3.2.2 DC Signals
Some relays which measure de quantities are special
purpose devices. DC test signals which examine perform-
ance should be a subject of agreement between the
manufacturer and user. Sincegeneralizationisnot appropri-
ate for such specialpurpose relays,they willnot be discussed
further.
3.3 Environmental Signals
Manufacturers normally specify applicableenvironmen-
tal standards for whichtheir relays are designed. Users will
normally only apply such signals when the manufacturers
specificationis silent on a particular aspect of performance,
or for troubleshooting. This document does not address
environmental signals. Other standards and references
discuss environmental signals in great depth; they will be
mentioned briefly here.
Some of the test instruments used to provide a.c, test
signalsmay be susceptibleto the environmental test signals
when simultaneously applied to the relay. AC test
instruments should conform to the same environmental test
standards as the relay. Alternately, the test instruments
should be evaluated to ensure its performance in the
presence of environmental test signals is known.
3.3.1 Auxiliary DC and DC Interference
If a relay requires a de power source, various test signals
may be applied to the relay's internal dc power supply.
Maximum and minimum de voltage levels may be applied
(with or without superimposed ripple) for verifying
operation under actual measurement conditions, and for
measuring dc burden [3]. Voltagedips and interruptions of
various magnitudes and duration may be applied to the
power supply [6].
3.3.2 Conducted Electrical Interference
The effect of conducted AC surges and fast transients
which appear on any relay terminals are important, and
should be investigated. These signals are applied to all
terminals except those specifically exempted by the
manufacturer's specifications in accordance with the
standard on Surge Withstand Capability [7].
3.3.3 RF Signals and RF Interference
RF signals from nearby transceivers have interfered with
some electronic relays and also with electromechanical
relays with solid state electronics. Manufacturers and users
are referred to [8] for guidance.
3.3.4 Non Electrical Influencing Factors
Altitude, temperature, humidity, and seismic shock are
other influencing factors on relay performance [9]. These
factors are not discussed here.
3.4 Integrity
Manufacturers design integrity tests to verify the
condition of the relay using simple test signals. Some users
add tests of their design to verify certain relay functions,
which they have found important by experience.
The majority of test signals consist of steady-state
sinewaves which check relay setting and operation (3.2.1.2.)
Dynamic state test signals are used to measure relay
response time. (3.2.1.3)
Test signals with various harmonic content may also be
applied as integrity tests (3.2.1.8). Harmonically restrained
differential relays are the most common types. Transient
test signals may also be used for integrity tests; this
technique is growing in acceptance as suitable equipment
becomes available.
Generator synchronizing and load-shedding frequency
relays require rate of change in phasor quantities, to verify
performance (3.2.1.7).
Since integrity tests are routinely performed in the field,
test signals which can be produced by portable, robust, and
easily operated equipment are required.
3.5 Application
Application test plans are intended to verify that relay
performance is appropriate for a specific application, or for
general applications in a power system. Application test
plans may utilize all of the signals described in 3.2.1.
Steady-state test signals verify the capability of the relay
to accept the required settings. These tests are usually
supplemented by other test signals for complete application
tests.
Dynamic state test signals establish the speed and
transient response of the relay [10]. Ensure that dynamic
state tests are suitable for the type of relay being tested; the
high rate of change in test signal values may giveunexpected
results. [11] If dynamic state tests give unexpected results,
- 13 -
the relay performance should be verified by full transient
tests, or the results discussed with the manufacturer.
Since they closely simulate actual fault conditions [12]
transient tests signals are required to fully assess relay
performance. Transient tests need include only those system
conditions relevant to the application.
Harmonic contaminated test signals may also be applied
in some application test plans, particularly where the
measured signal is also contaminated with harmonics.
Environmental test signals may be applied in application
test plans, particularly where the manufacturer's specifica-
tion is silent about an environmental factor which may be
present in an application.
4.0 TEST EQUIPMENT
4.1 General
Equipment used for testing protective relays spans a wide
range of technologies. Virtually all prior test equipment
developments remain in use today. Earliest relay test
equipment included general purpose passive components,
interconnected to provide the necessary test signals.
Variable resistive, capacitance, and inductive elements were
used to produce voltage and current test signals and to
create phase angle relationships between test signals. All
outputs were metered during the test process to provide a
continuous indication of actual values. This method used
the power mains as a signal source.
Later, test equipment manufacturers assembled these
passive components into packages, organized specificallyfor
relay testing. Control circuits, signal switching, and
metering were incorporated to simplify operation.
More recently, electronic test instruments synthesized
test waveforms and incorporated direct reading digital
controls for amplitude, phase angle, and frequency. Voltage
and current outputs were regulated and unaffected by
variations in mains voltage or waveform, or changes in relay
burden.
From earliest periods, analog model power systems were
used by relay manufacturers and research laboratories.
There were power systems in miniature having three phase
generators driving lumped-constant RLC lines. Relays
switched interconnections to produce fault conditions. cr
and PT provided analogs of voltage and current
representing the model systems' performance. Graphic
recorders were used to provide a record of system response
to disturbances. Initially voltage and current outputs were
capable of limited burden. Voltage and current amplifiers
were used to increase CT and PT voltampere output
sufficiently to drive protective relays.
Later, higher powered model lines were capable of
driving relays directly. Interaction between relay and system
model is an important feature of the analog model power
system.
 Today, computer based electronic simulators of various
types have become available, and are used in increasing
numbers by utilities and manufacturers alike. The most
basic playback simulators use records of actual faults from
DFR or system waveform information produced by
mathematical models. Real time digital simulators provide
the interactive flexibility of analog model power systems.
They compute initial, balanced system conditions and the
changes in system conditions due to disturbances, all in real
time, e.g.: protection system response modifies the system
parameters and conditions are re-computed in real time.
Section 4.2 briefly reviews the characteristics of the
passive test equipment, and presents criteria for its
application.
Electronic test instruments are used extensively today.
They are described in more detail to provide an overview of
their broad applicability. Signal generation, parameter
control and amplifier requirements are discussed.
Model power systems are described in sufficient detail for
the user to comprehend concept and basic applications.
Refere nces are extensive.
Users must be aware of the limitations in all test
equipment and in various methods. Even the most
sophisticated test equipment is not capable of compensating
for poorly organized test protocols or incorrectly applied
signals. Intelligent planning and observation, coupled with
effective documentation and appropriate instrumentation
are mandatory adjuncts to all test sessions.
4.2 Passive Electromechanical Test Sources
The oldest form of relay test equipment used passive
electro-mechanical components. Load box, variac, phase
shifter, and measuring instruments were interconnected to
provide the range of signal amplitudes and power required
for the particular relay. Single or three phase mains power
sources supplied commercial quality sinewave signals and
energy to drive the relay burden.
4.2.1 Voltage Signals
Adjustable autotransformers commonly known as
"variacs'' are used to provide secondary voltage and current
- 14 -
test quantities. Variacs can be utilized in single phase, three
phase open delta or three phase wye configuration. They
modify the mains potential, producing a source of variable
voltage. Outputs are not isolated from the power mains and
are a shock hazard. Relay inputs must be connected
appropriately to prevent incorrect signal paths. Variacs can
be a source of undesired harmonics.
Variacs are also utilized as an integral extension ofeither
the load box or the phase shifter to vary the voltage or
current test quantities.
4.2.2 Current Signals
A current test circuit typically consists of a variable
autotransformer, a multi-ratio transformer, a series imped-
ance, and an ammeter, as shown in Figure 9. When supplied
with a distorted waveform, relay operation may be out of
tolerance even with correct metered values. The discrepan-
cy may take the form of different pick up values and/or
different operating times.[2,13] The relay burden is often
a non linear saturating inductance. The non-linear burden
of the relay will cause distortion of the test signal if the
current test circuit presents a low source impedance.
A linear series impedance is used to increase circuit
impedance and so reduce waveform distortion due to
changes in relay burden. To be effective, this series
impedance (often a load box) should be at least six to ten
times the impedance of the relay under test. [13]
Distortion in the power mains contributes to distortion
in voltage and current test signals; unexpected relay
performance may result.
Load Boxes.
A load box is a collection of switch selectable fixed
impedances, usually resistors; these are arranged to provide
a variable impedance. Load boxes are frequently equipped
with a vernier adjustable impedance, an ammeter and a load
shorting switch. When used in conjunction with a voltage
source (they commonly plug directly into the domestic
mains) they can be used to provide a source of test current.
 Multi Ratio
Variac Transf.
Load Shorting Sw.
Figure 9 Simple Current Test Circuit
4.2.3 Phase Shifter
The phase relationships between test signals can be
developed by using a specially constructed three-phase
"wound rotor" or with switched transformers.
The output voltage from a special three-phase induction
motor with a balanced and symmetrical rotor (primary) and
stator (secondary) windings provides continuously variable
phase relationships with respect to its input.
A six-phase to three-phase tapped transformer, tap
changing switches and a variac also provide variable phase
angle output voltages with respect to its input. Tap selection
provides coarse selection of phase angle; the variac is used
for fine tuning.
4.3 Electronic Test Instruments
4.3.1 Common Characteristics
Common characteristics of electronic instruments
designed specifically for protection testing include:
Internally generated sine wave reference
Variable frequency operation
Direct digital control of voltage, current, phase
angle, and frequency
- 15 -
Load Resistors
Tap Select
Variable
Resistor
L..----(O
Output Terminals
Transformer coupled feedback amplifiers provide
regulated voltages and currents. Variations in test
signals due to fluctuations in the power source, or
variations in relay burden are minimized.
Internal alarm systems eliminate use of external
meters
Electronic relay test instruments produce sine waveforms
of voltage and current at appropriate levelsfor testing relays.
Typical voltage and current maximums are 300V rms and
35A rms, at power ratings range up to 100 VA. Higher
powered current sources for high current tests on
electro-mechanical relays are rated around 150A and 500
VA.
Advanced functions provided by newer digital designs
include synchronous switchingof phasors for dynamic-state
tests and playback of waveforms from external digital files
for transient simulation tests. Use of external frequency
references from satellites allows synchronization of
remotely located test instruments for in-situ end-to-end
tests on relays. D.C. coupled feedback amplifiers offer
reproduction of the d.c, transient component of fault
waveforms. P.C. based programs for steady-state, dynamic
and transient test methods are in general use; automated
integrity testing for periodic maintenance testing is a
common application.
 EXTERNAL REFERENCE
MAINS
POWER INPUT
~ PHASE
LOCKED
VARIABLE DIGITALDIVIDER
LOOP

FREQUENCY
REFERENCE (GPS ETC.)

FREQUENCY REFERENCE
---------------
DIGITAL
ANALOG
OUTPUT

SAMPLE
CLOCK

WAVEFORM GENERATION
ERROR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
ALARM ~
___ --~__t ERROR DETECTION \V
-------
FEEDBACK
.......- .....----<
CONVERTIBLE
ANALOG VOLTAGE
INPUT CURRENT
DIRECTCOUPLED
OUTPUTSTAGE

CONDITIONING
AMPLIFIER

TRANSFORMER
COUPLED
CURRENT
OUTPUTSTAGE

TRANSFORMER
COUPLED
VOLTAGE
OUTPUTSTAGE

AMPLIFICATION AND OUTPUT STAGES

Figure 10 Electronic Test Instrument

4.3.2 Operation
Frequency Reference
Test signal frequency is established using a high
frequency clock. The clockmaybe derived froman internal
temperaturecompensatedquartzcrystal or froman external
reference. The powerlineisa convenientexternalreference
for LineSynchronization. Geostationary OrbitingEnviron-
ment Satellite (GOES) and Global Positioning Satellite
(GPS) satellite receivers provide access to Universal
Coordinated Time (UTC) for synchronization of remotely
located instruments.
An intermediate frequency sample clock is produced
using the internal crystal frequency, divided by a variable
divider to provide variable frequency operation.
Alternatively, the sampleclock can be derived from a phase
locked loop (PLL)synchronized to an externalsignal. For
line synchronization the PLL multiplies a signal from the
nominal 60 Hz line by 3600, producing216,000 Hz sample
clock, lockedto the line. For synchronization to UTC the
PLLmultiplies the one pulseper second(lPPS) signalfrom
a GPSreceiver by216,000, locking the sampleclockto UTC
time. The PLLincludes a variablemultiplier, thisprovision
allows generating arbitrary clock frequencies for transient
simulation waveforms which mayhavesamplerates ranging
from ten to thousands of samplesper cycle.
Waveform Generation
Under the controlof the instrument microprocessor, the
sample clock drives a binary address counter; this strobes a
random access memory (RAM) containing waveform
co-efficients. Each clock pulse sequentially advances the
waveform address strobe to read a newvaluefrommemory.

- 16 -
 For sinewave generation, 3600 sine co-efficients are
stored in memory, in this example; one value is stored for
every0.1, from 0 to 359.9.The address counter wraps
around afterevery3600 counts and returns to the start point
to produce a continuous waveform. Phase control is
achieved byoffsetting the start point of the address counter.
The phase angleisset by front panel controlsor byexternal
computercontrol. Sincephasecontrol iscompletely digital,
thisdesign does not create phase errors when the sinewave
frequency is changed.
When reproducing transient waveforms, the stored
coefficients are those of the desiredwave. Coefficients may
represent any digital number within memory depth
(typically 16 bits) and any number of samples within
memorycapability. The clockfrequency isset to the desired
samplereproductionrate; the addresscounterruns through
a sampleset once, then stops. UsingEMTP data at 10J,lSec.
per sample for example, a transient event of one second
requires 100,000 samples or 1666/1667 samples per 60 Hz
cycle.
The numerical output of the waveform memory drives a
digital to analog converter(DAC)providing instantaneous
analogvalues for each co-efficient. The sequentialsamples
producethe desiredwave at a smallsignal referencevoltage,
typically around 10volts peak. That referencewave is fed
into a multiplying digital to analogconverter, (XDAC). This
scales the sinewave amplitude according to the digital value
set by the front panel controlsor externalcomputercontrol.
When the XDAC is set to full scale, scaled amplitude is
equal to the reference wave amplitude. The analogoutput
signal drives poweramplifiers to attain VAlevels suitableto
drive relay inputs.
Amplification and Output Stages
The smallsignal output from the waveform generator is
amplified by negative feedback amplifiers to produce
relaying level voltages and currents.
Because relays contain saturating electromechanical
components, the amplitude and phase of the relayburden
can change by orders of magnitude. This mandates
amplifier stability under rapidly changing load impedance.
The amplifiers maybe voltage, current,or convertible types
capable of being switched between voltage and current
modes.
The amplifier output is fed to the output terminals byan
output stagewhich conditions the feedback, and rangecon-
trol relays. Transformer coupledsources include a variable
ratio output transformer. This maximizes amplifier power
transfer to the load by impedance matching. DC coupled
sources drive the relay directly. Feedback is derived from
a current shunt for current sources and from a resistorfor
voltage sources. Negative feedback around the amplifier
compares the output withthe input,correcting errors in the
- 17 -
output causedby changesin the load impedanceor the line
powersupply. The output is monitored by error detection
circuits and an alarm issoundedifthe output containsampli-
tude or total harmonic distortion errors exceeding test in-
strument specifications.
4.4 Transient Simulators
Descriptions of the designs and operationalcharacteris-
ticsof the three mostprevalentformsof transientsimulator
available today are included in this section.
Transientsimulators accurately representthe steadystate
and the transientpowersystem waveform. Earlysimulators
were analog, and used scaleddownor electronicmodelsof
power system elements. These model power systems tend
to be large and expensive and have been confined to
manufacturers, larger utilities, and research laboratories.
Playback digital simulators using off-line EMTP
solutions and conditioning amplifiers allow stored digital
waveforms to be fed to relays. These simulators are less
costly and smallerthan the ModelPowerSystem (MPS), but
cannot acceptinput from the device under test and interact.
The MPS has the advantage of runningin real time and can
be used in an interactive mode with the device under test.
Real time digital simulators are nowavailable. Running
EMTP in real time with parallel processing computers
which driveconditioning amplifiers, combines the smallsize
of the playback simulator with the real time interactive
capability of the MPS. They are more expensive than
playback simulators.
4.4.1 Analog Simulators
Lowand high power analogsimulators or MPSutilizing
lumped parameter models have been used to simulate
power systems for many years. These provide analog
waveforms fortestingrelays understeadystate and transient
conditions. The lowpower MPS requirespowercondition-
ing amplifiers. These convert the signals to levels suitable
for driving the relayunder test. Amplifiers are described in
Section 4.5. The highpowerMPS operates at signal levels
which allow direct connection between the MPS and the
relayunder test. See Figure 11.[14]
The MPS provides facilities for representationof all the
important elements of a power system.[14] These include
transmission lines, shunt reactors, series compensation
capacitors, circuit breakers, and generation sources. cr
and CVT models are also available. Fault location, fault
type and point-on-wave fault initiation are controllable to
research wide ranges of power system operation.
Relayoperation and the MPS waveforms are measured
and recorded to provide information describing how the
relaywould performon the actualpowersystem. The MPS
usesac contactorsto simulatecircuitbreakers;these maybe
operated from the trip contacts of the relay or recloser
where appropriate.
 "LOW
ANALOG MODEL POWER
.........
.........
CONDITIONING
I---

........ RELAY SYSTEM UNDER

POWER SYSTEM HIGH AMPLIFIERS JIIlIlIII""'"
TEST
POWER

~~ I
"
USER INTERFACE --. MONITORING
EQUIPMENT

Figure 11 Analog Model Power System

Because of size and cost considerations, the high power
MPS is limited in the extent and number of power system
components which are modeled. It generally models a
smaller part of the power system to simulate the most
important conditions for relay testing.
The analog MPS is very flexible providing rapid testing
over a wide range of parameters. Load flow, source to line
impedance ratio, fault incidence angle and evolving faults
are typical simulations. Many cases can be modelled in a
short time period, efficiently locating the worst case
condition for the relay under test.
4.4.2 Real Time Digital Simulators
Advances in computing technology have now made it
possible to run transient simulation programs in real time
on digital simulators.[15][16] Instead of scaled down
physical models or electronic models of system elements,
digital simulators solve the equations representing the
behavior of the system elements. The hardware does not
change from one study to the next, only the software. The
simulator can model any system element for which there is
an accurate software subroutine.
The initial digital simulators [15] were based on parallel
processing techniques and used many high speed digital
signal processors. Parallel processing means that the
computations required in a particular time step are shared
between several processors. Each processor performs its
calculation independently of the other processors. Informa-
tion exchange between processors occurs at the end of each
time step. By sharing the computational load in this way the
real time simulator overcame the inability of a single
processor to solve the system equations in realistic time
steps of 50J,ls.
Some of the newer Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) workstations are now (1993) capable of handling the
computations for a power system of sufficient size for testing
relays [16]. Both the parallel processing based simulator and
the RISC based simulator use extensive rewrites of the
established electromagnetic transients programs in order to
meet the constraints of running in real time.
The simulator is generally configured for the application
using graphics based software for system diagrams and data
entry. This software performs the same task as "patching"
the R.L.C. models in an analog simulator. Software allows
the user to set up steady-state prefault conditions by altering
set points on voltage regulators or governors, taps on
transformer banks, etc., then applies the fault on request.

- 18 -
 ~,

D/A CONVERSION
REAL TIME SYSTEM .......... ......... RELAY SYSTEM UNDER
SIMULATOR ...... AND CONDITIONING ....... TEST
AMPLIFIERS

~~

USER INTERFACE --.. "

MONITORING
EQUIPMENT

Figure 12 Real Time Digital Simulator

Typicalphysical connections to the simulator are;
between the Digital to Analog (01A) output ports
and the test current and voltage conditioning
amplifiers
between the ac test signals, the logic signals
representing breaker states, and a digital fault
recorder for monitoring
between simulator input ND ports or logic gates
and the relay trip contacts or the output of any
other apparatus under test. Examples of other
apparatus include a metal oxide varistor energy
monitor in a series compensation application, or a
power system stabilizer in a power swing study,
etc.
Real time digital simulators occupy less space than their
analog counterparts and are less expensive. Digital
simulators can be interfaced to existing analog simulators
via DIA and ND connections creating a "hybrid" simulator.
4.4.3 Playback Digital Simulators
A playback digital simulator is much simpler than a real
time digital simulator. The essential difference is that the
action of the device under test has no effect on the
simulation. The playback simulator provides real-time
playback of voltage, current, and logic signal waveforms
which have been stored in' a file. The file may contain
waveform and logic signal data of a real system event from
a DFR. It may also contain waveforms calculated off-line
using an EMTP simulation program [17].
Playbacksimulator hardware is essentially that described
in 4.3for electronic test instruments, many of which provide
playback functions. Hardware elements include RAM
storage for both power system signals and logic signals.
These data are synchronously clocked to DIA converters
which produce low level analogs of the waveforms.
Conditioning amplifiers produce cr and PT secondary
level test signals at voltampere levelssuitable to drive relays
or relay systems.
Simulator test waveforms and relay outputs are
monitored by digital fault recorders or equivalent
instruments. The resultant profile of test and relay signals
vs. time documents the results for analysis.
Graphic software running on PCs or workstation
preprocesses the data before downloading to the playback
simulators.
Editing functions include:
Selecting the files required to run tests
Converting files to one sampling rate for synchro-
nous replay
Scaling data to establish secondary cr and PT
levels

- 19 -
 Identifying coefficients on various waveforms at
which protection timing begins
Converting files to binary for downloading to
waveform memory
Storing test results
For DFR and EMTP files, extending the prefault data
period is an important editing function. Sufficient prefault
is required to allow relays to normalize operation before
disturbances are applied. Post-fault periods may require
extension as well, if reclose functions are involved in the test
plan.
In the event that tests using actual DFR records are
insufficient to establish relay performance, complementary
EMTP studies will be required. Power system and relay
application experience will dictate the level of complexity
required for playback simulators.
In comparison to todays real time simulators and model
power systems, the off-line EMTP runs can represent very
complex power systems.

EMTP SIMULATION D/A CONVERSION

DFR OR RELAY AND CONDITIONING
RECORD AMPLIFIERS

DATA FILES RELAY SYSTEM UNDER

TEST

"
USER INTERFACE "
MONITORING
EQUIPMENT

Figure 13 Playback Digital Simulator

4.5 Power Conditioning Amplifiers
All electronic test and simulation systems require power
amplifiers to convert their output signal levels (typically
...
10V from a high impedance source) to the secondary
levels of the main CT and PL The nominal CT secondary
level is SA or 1A; and the nominal PT secondary level is 70
or 120V
Voltage Signal
For voltage sources, two to three per-unit values are
required. For 120~ RMS phase-to-phase quantities, two
per unit values reach 336V-pk.
(2 x f2 x 120V = 336V pk.)
Power levels for current sources are much higher than
required for voltage sources due to the higher per unit values
required to effectively simulate power system conditions.
Factors such as cost, portability and relay burden influence
the choice in VA rating of conditioning amplifiers. For a
relay burden of 5VA at rated tap, the power required for ten
per unit simulation would be 500VA, (5VA 10 * 10)since VA
is proportional to the current squared. For 20 p.u., 2kVA
would be required. For a 25VA relay burden, the VA
requirements for 10 and 20 p.u. would be 2.5 kVA and 10
kVA respectively. Recent field simulation tests have
simultaneously driven both primary and backup relaying.
Selecting and applying conditioning amplifiers for these
high burden loads requires investigation of relay burdens for
all parallel voltage and series current inputs.

Current sources must be capable of ranges from 10 per
unit up to a maximum of 50 per unit for some power systems.
Typical 20 per unit, SA secondary current values are:
20 x f2 x SA = 141A pk.
Minimal specifications for power conditioning amplifiers:
Amplifier performance must conform to the require-
ments of both the relay burden, and the simulation quality.
Higher DFR sampling rates and typical, 50J..Ls per sample
EMTP calculations place significant burdens on amplifier

- 20 -
design. Amplifiers formerly suitable for use with analog
model power systems have less dynamic range and
frequency response than required by today's simulators.
Frequency response, output amplitude range and
accuracy are well known criteria. They conform to
specifications and standards for instrument transformers
and with power system performance. As noted previously,
peak voltampere rating must be considered in light of both
per-unit simulation values and relay burden.
Amplifier stability under widely changing relay burdens
has been mentioned. Load power factors from unity to
nearlyzero lead and zero laghavebeen observedand should
be considered limits for amplifier specifications. Stability
under rapidly changing signal conditions should also be
consideredwhen specifying amplifiers. Large signalslewing
rates of a few amperes per microsecond are commonly
observed in EMTP simulations. A change in peak current
from -7A pk (SA RMS), to 210A pk is based on 140 A pk
at 20EU. plus 70A pk(50% offset). Toaccommodatea fully
offsetcurrent signal,twice the peak current of a symmetrical
signal is required. The slewing rate is approximately
0.5NJ..Ls (2l7NlOOJ..Ls). Lightning strikes represent
thousands of amps per J..ls in primary current - requiring
slewing rates of tens of amperes per J..lS secondary current.
Voltage amplifiers
Input voltagerange + 10Vpeak (high impedance
source) --
Output voltage range.::!:. 300V peak
Power output: 75 - 150 VA rms (150 - 300 VA
peak)
Frequency response (small signal) de to 10 kHz
+ 3dB
Noise -80 dB of full scale
Transfer Gain Error @ nominal frequency.::!:. 1%
Common Mode rejection -60 dB of full scale
Current amplifiers
Input voltagerange.::!:. 10Vpeak (high impedance
source)
Output current range.::!:. 160A peak
Power output 0.5 - 3kVA rms (1- 6kVApeak)
Frequency response (smallsignal)de to 10kHz +
3dB --
Noise -80 dB of full scale
Transfer Gain Error @ nominal frequency... 1%
Common Mode rejection -60 dB of full scale
- 21 -
5.0 TEST METHODS
5.1 General
Previoussectionsof thispaper havediscussed varioustest
signals and test equipment that are available to the relay
engineer for both integrity and application testing. This
section is a general discussion of how that information may
be used to plan effective integrity and application tests.
It should be recognized that protective relays come in a
wide variety of complexities, from simple single quantity
overcurrent functions to complete distance protection
schemes: therefore this paper is not a comprehensiveguide
on relay testing. Section 6 of this paper includes examples
of integrity and application tests and should help illustrate
test protocols.
Care is required in applicationof multiphase test signals
to ensure accuracy of the test signal. For instance, the
voltagesduring a phase-to-phase fault maybe simulatedby
applying twophase to neutral phasors withthe proper phase
relationship.
In cases when the phase-to-phase voltage is low, very
smallerrors in the phase relationshipof the twotest phasors
will cause large errors in the magnitude of the test voltage.
On a 120volt system, a phase fault with a source to fault
impedance ratio of 10 to 1 would result in a faulted
phase-to-phase voltageof 12volts. In a wyeconnected test
systemthe phase-to-phase fault voltagewouldbe produced
by two phasors with equal magnitude of 35 .157Vdisplaced
by 9.83 0 A total phase difference error of plus 10 (10.83 0 )
would result in a phase-to-phase to voltage of 12.6 V, a
voltage error of + 5%. A phase angle error of 0.50
producing12.3 voltsisa 2.5%error. Duringsuch tests,direct
application of a phase-to-phase signal is preferable if
possible.
For any given test, the relay engineer must decide what
type of input signals and what type of test equipment are
required. In some cases, compromise may be necessary
because of practical considerations such as test equipment
availability. In the choiceof input signals, the engineer must
be guided by his experience and knowledge of both the
power system and the relay.[18]
In many cases,the test will be similar to those suggested
by the relay manufacturer. For these tests, decisions are
generally straightforward, depending primarily upon what
equipment is available to meet the manufacturer's require-
ments. If, for example, the test involves verificationof the
time curves on a time overcurrent relay, the engineer may
conclude that steady-state current signals will produce the
desired results. This choice will allow the use of several
different types of test equipment.
However, when a relay is being tested for a specific
application, or as the result of some specific power system
condition,the manufacturer's instructionbook method may
not be sufficient. Recent examples haveproven the need for
simulation tests on overcurrent relays, one in an industrial
protection circuitwith highlydistorted waveforms, another
where an instantaneous element was driven by a saturated
CI: For these tests the relay engineer must determine the
appropriate inputs and test equipment. Since all relaysare
applied on power systems, a power system simulator will
generallyprovide proper current and voltageinputs for any
type of test. However, power system simulation tests are
usually expensive and time consuming.
Between these two extremes are many other tests of
varying degrees of complexity. The selection of the input
signals and the type of test equipment is not directly
dependent upon whether the test is an integrity test or an
application test, but rather on how close to actual power
system signals the test signal must be. Since many relays
filter out all components except the fundamental from the
measured signal, dynamic state simulation is a powerful
method of application testing, but it has some important
limitations.[10]
The improper representation of transition from
one state to another can sometimes cause
incorrect relayoperation, especially in high speed
relays.
The effectof non fundamental frequency compo-
nents such as harmonics is not included. It is
important to includethese effectsin manyapplica-
tion tests. Somerelayssuchasharmonicrestrained
transformer differential relays require harmonics
forproper operation. Manyrelayscanbe adversely
affectedbyharmonicsand other non fundamental
frequencysignals; suchsignalsshouldbe present in
the test if they are present in the application.
However, dynamic state simulation tests may be
useful to explore the expanded characteristicof a
cross polarized mho or compensator relay in a
timely and complete fashion.[19,20]
5.2 Integrity Test Methods
The basis for most integrity testing on protective relays
will be the manufacturers' recommended methods for the
relay. These tests are designed to verify that the relay is
functioningproperly,and that the correctsettingshavebeen
applied.Generally,these are steady-state tests,but dynamic
state tests are sometimesused for checkingtimingand relay
memory action.
In some instancesthe user maydesireto includedifferent
methods in the integrity test plan for a particular
application. These additional tests may be steady state,
dynamic state, or transient in nature.
In many instances the test equipment used in the
manufacturers literature is passive (load boxes, variacs, and
phase shifters). The same tests may be performed using
- 22 -
electronic test sources as well. However, the user must
ensure that the test connections and phasor relationshipsof
the electronicinstrument duplicate those of the passivetest
equipment.
5.3 Application Test Methods
When current and voltage signals representative of
actual power system conditions are desired, some form of
power system modeling is required. If dynamic state
simulation provides an adequate level of simulation, load
and fault phasor values can be calculated using traditional
principlesor a computer based fault study program.
If more realistictransient simulation is required, it may
be possibleto obtain actual disturbance data from a digital
fault recorder. Otherwise computer modelling with
programs similar to EMTP are required. Transient
simulation waveforms may be stored in either analog or
digital form. These may be played back to the relays at a
later time. Analog power systems may also be used. The
type of model is often determined by what means are
available.
In a playbacksimulator,the relaycannot interact directly
with the power systemsimulation. When the relay issuesa
trip output, since there are no circuit breakers in the
pre-recorded simulationto respond, there is no interaction.
(See Figure 13)
In a real time system, relay outputs can cause a change
in the power system model, such as opening the circuit
breaker when the relay operates. This is a "closed loop"
system as shown in the block diagram of Figures 11 and 12.
The majority of real time simulators use an analog model
of the powersystem. This maybe a lowpower modelwhich
requires current and voltage amplifiers. In high power
modelsthe current and voltageoutputs can drive the relays
directly without interposing conditioning amplifiers (see
Figure 11). Recent advances in digital power system
simulation have led to the development of real time digital
simulation. This allows the relay to modify the simulation
parameters (see Fig. 12).
6.0 EXAMPLE
6.1 Introduction
A Canadian utility was consideringapplication of a new
typeof multifunctiongenerator protection relayon some of
its hydraulicgenerators. A test program was developed to
determine whether the relay would be suitable for general
application on such generators. The relay generally
performed satisfactorily, but some operations that were not
apparent from the manufacturer's specification were
discovered.
The relay is capable of operating in two modes:
fundamental frequency measurement, and total rms
measurement. In the fundamental mode, all harmonicsare
filtered out. In the total rms mode, the rms value of the
signal, including the effect of all harmonics is measured.
Tests were made with the relay in both modes.
An overview of the test program is presented. Details of
numbers of tests at different settings are not included.
These data will vary depending on the relay being tested,
and purpose of the tests. It will be noted that a largevariety
of tests are included in the following program because the
relay is being tested for general application.
6.2 Sample Test Plan
TEST PROGRAM FOR A MULTIFUNCTION
GENERATOR PROTECTION RELAY
General
1. For internal timing functions, check accuracy at mini-
mum, reference, and maximum settings. Check over-
shoot (inertia) to determine whether signalspersisting
for marginally shorter duration than the timer setting
can still cause undesirable outputs.
2. In allcases,observeand report on contact chatter when
test signal approaches operating point.
3. Sixdifferent typesof testshavebeen identified; theyare
abbreviated as follows:
SS Steady-state 60 Hz tests. Unless otherwise
indicated, this test should be applied using
the fundamental frequency measuringmeth-
od of the relay.
TIME Steady-state timing tests.
SS Harm. Steady-state tests with harmonics superim-
posed on the fundamental frequency signal.
SS Freq. steady-state tests at variable frequencies.
Dynamic Dynamicstate simulationsof faultconditions
using 60 Hz test signals.
EMTP Transient tests using data derived from
EMTP or other similar simulator.
AID Converter Accuracy
1. Using the indication facility, check the accuracy of all
voltage and current input functions (magnitude and
angle). Use accurateexternalmeters to checksignalin-
puts. Checkallvoltageinputsat three points, (1.0~ ref.
V and max. V). Check allcurrent inputsat three points,
(0.lA, 5 A and max. available current, keepingin mind
the rating of the relay input circuits). (SS)
2. Check the effect of internal self-ealibration functions.
Look for sanity checks, or possibility of accidental re-
scalingcausingprotection function problems.
- 23 -
3. Checkeffectof frequencyvariationof input signalfrom
30 Hz to 120Hz. (SS Freq.)
Voltage and Current Measuring Elements - Steady-State
Performance
1. For allmeasuringelements,checkthe accuracy at min.,
reference and max. settings. Also check reset ratio.
Use pure 60 Hz sine wave signals. (SS)
2. For all measuring elements, check the effect of har-
monic contamination on the accuracy. Use 60 Hz sine
wavewith 20% third harmonic at variousphase angles
with respect to the fundamental. Run checksin funda-
mental and total rms modes. (SS Harm.)
3. For allelements,checkthe effectof frequencyvariation
on accuracy. Use a pure sine waveover a range of fre-
quencies from 30 Hz to 120 Hz. Run checks in funda-
mental and total rms modes. (SS Freq.)
4. For all timed elements, check the accuracy of timers.
(TIME)
5. Check the relationship between elements which con-
trol other elements internally. For example, the volt-
age controlled overcurrent function is not allowed to
start until the voltageis depressedbelowa settable lev-
el. Does lowvoltageon anyone phase allowall over-
current functionsto start, or does only the overcurrent
element on the associated phase start?
Current Measuring Elements - Dynamic Performance
1. Check the dynamic performance of the inverse time
overcurrent element. Does it emulate the integrating
actionof an electromechanical inductiondiscwhen the
fault current changes? (Dynamic)
2. Check operating time of instantaneous overcurrent
elements. Check effect of presence or absence of pre-
fault load. (Dynamic).
Voltage and Current Measuring Elements - Transient
Performance
1. Checkthe effectof transient decomponent on accuracy
of instantaneous overcurrent elements. Run checksin
fundamental and total rms modes. (EMTP)
2. Check the effect of ct saturation on time and instanta-
neousovercurrentelements. Run checksin fundamen-
tal and total rms modes. (EMTP)
3. Check the response of peak overvoltage elements to
distorted waveforms present during simulated ferrore-
sonant conditions. (EMTP)
Frequency Elements
1. Check accuracy of functions. Use 60 Hz sine wavesig-
nal. Check trip output maintained when frequency
raised to 120Hz. (SS Freq.)
2. Check reset frequency.
3. Check min. voltage at which frequency measurement
can be made. (SS Freq.)
4. Check whether trip timing is affected by application of
ramped frequency change or step frequency change. (2
Dynamic)
5. Apply third harmonic distortion such that there is more
than one zero crossing per fundamental frequency
cycle, and check whether measuring accuracy is re-
tained. (SS Harm.)
6. Check response to EMTP simulations of ferroresonant
conditions. (EMTP)
7. Check accuracy of timers. (TIME)
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Element.
1. Check whether accuracy is affected by use of single
phase current (12 = (1/3)applied current) or balanced
three phase current rotating with negative phase se-
quence.
2. Check accuracy of pickup. (SS)
3. Check definite maximum time to trip. (TIME)
4. Check time current characteristic. (SS)
5. Check reset time by measuring operating time with var-
ious intervals between successive fault applications.
(Dynamic)
6. Check integrating characteristic - similar to test 1 of dy-
namic tests on time overcurrent element. (Dynamic)
7. Check frequency response of pickup of function using a
single phase test signal. Check effect on timing of off
nominal frequency current. (SS Freq.)
8. Check effect on pickup and timing of third harmonic
current present in a single phase test signal. (SS
Harm.)
9. Check whether function responds to balanced three
phase current at 120 Hz rotating with positive phase se-
quence. (SS Freq.)
Directional Power Elements
1. Check accuracy of reverse element using one, two and
three wattmeter methods with various power factors.
Use 60 Hz sine wave test signals at nominal voltage.
(88)
2. Check effect on accuracy of max. and min. voltages for
operation of reverse power element at unity power fac-
tor. (88)
5. Check accuracy of timers. (TIME)
6. With high speed setting, and ref. pickup setting, check
effect on operating time of various amounts of power
over setting. (Dynamic)
7. Check effect of frequency variation on pickup setting
accuracy. (SS Freq.)
- 24 -
79. Reconnect Time Delay
1. This function will not normally be used, but will be
tested for completeness. Check timer accuracy. Check
how function is initiated and blocked. (TIME)
System Tests
1. Test the operation of the device with a variety of simul-
taneous and near simultaneous faults.
2. Simulate application of overcurrent and coincident un-
dervoltage conditions. Set test conditions so that the
inverse time overcurrent element is expected to oper-
ate just before undervoltage, and vice versa. (Dynamic)
3. Simulate application of single phase current such that
inverse time overcurrent function will operate just be-
fore negative sequence, and vice versa. (Dynamic)
4. Simulate application of overfrequency and overvoltage
conditions such that RMS overvoltage, Peak overvol-
tage, and overfrequency functions all operate near si-
multaneously. (Dynamic)
5. Simulate application of near simultaneous neutral
overcurrent and neutral overvoltage conditions such
that the rms neutral overvoltage and inverse time neu-
tral overcurrent functions operate near simultaneously.
(Dynamic)
7.0 CONCLUSION
Relay performance tests address two questions. Is the
relay operating as it was designed? Is the relay being applied
properly? Integrity tests are intended to answer the first,
and application tests the second. In the past, users have
concentrated on integrity tests using relatively simple
equipment in the field. Application tests required bulky and
expensive equipment which was usually only available in
relay manufacturers' plants, or in research laboratories.
Historically, field test equipment was only suitable for
steady-state tests and limited dynamic state simulations.
Manufacturers and users developed comprehensive test
plans to ensure the integrity of relays using passive test
equipment. Integrity tests were also designed to be
performed in the field using simple equipment. With
common applications, the manufacturers application tests
done during relay development will usually suffice to ensure
correct operation under normal circumstances.
Development of electronic test equipment in the 1970's
led to faster, more accurate steady-state tests and dynamic
state tests. These are regularly used for application tests in
the field. These tests allow users to answer some application
questions which might not be addressed by the manufactur-
ers' instruction manual. They also allow comparison of
different designs for simple applications and some trouble-
shooting. While dynamic state tests are useful for a wide
variety of applications tests, they have limitations which can
only be overcome by full transient tests.
Advances in relay test equipment have led to the
availability of relatively economic and portable equipment
capable of doing full transient simulation tests. Analog
simulators are the traditional means of transient testing and
they are still widely used in laboratories and factories. Play
back digital simulators are now being widely used in the field
and workshop for "open loop" transient tests. Real time
digital system simulators will allow relay users the ability to
do complete "closed loop" application tests in their own
premises. When the power system is properly modeled, and
test equipment is properly used, virtually any proposed
application can be comprehensively studied by the relay
user or manufacturer. It is important to completely
understand the signals that will be presented to the relay in
its intended application, when devising a test plan to
examine relay performance.
REFERENCES
1. A Survey of Relay Test Practices, 1991 Results, IEEE
Power System Relaying Committee Report, IEEE/
PES 1994 Winter Meeting, NY, NY, 94WM137-0
PWRD
2. IEEE/PSRC Working Group, "Sine-wave Distortions
in Power Systems and the Impact of Protective Relay-
ing", IEEE Report 84TH 0155- 6PWR
3. CIGRE SC 34 "Guide on Evaluation of Characteristics
and Performance of Power System Protection Relays
and Protective Systems"
4. ANSI/IEEE C37.111, Common Format for Transient
Data Exchange (COMTRADE)
5. IEEE Std. 519: IEEE Recommended Practices & Re-
quirernents for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
Systems
6. C. F Henville "Type Testing of Distance Relays" 14th
Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spo-
kane, WA October 1987
7. ANSI C37.90.1-1989 "Standard Surge Withstand Ca-
pability (SWC) Tests for Protective Relays and Relay
Systems"
8. ANSI/IEEE C37.90.2-1995 "Trial-Use Standard With-
stand Capability of Relay Systems to Radiated Electro-
magnetic Interference from Transceivers"
- 25 -
9. ANSI/IEEE C37.90-1989 "Standard for Relays and
Relay Systems Associated With Electrical Power Appa-
ratus"
10. C. F: Henville and J. A. Jodice "Discover Relay Design
and Application Problems with Pseudo Transient
Tests", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, October
1991,p.p.1438-1443
11. G. E. Alexander, E J. Lerley, and R. Ryan, "Compara-
tive Testing Using Digital Simulation and an Analog
Model Power System", a paper presented at the Doble
ProTesT Users Group Conference, 1990
12. M. Kezunovic, et al "DYNA TEST Simulator for Relay
Testing, Part II: Performance Evaluation" IEEE PES
Winter Meeting, February 1991
13. LA. Thiem, "The Effect of Waveform Distortion on
Overcurrent Relay Calibration", 49th Annual Interna-
tional Conference Doble Clients, Boston, MA, 1982
14. "General Electric Model Power System", GE publica-
tion GER-3225
15. EG. McLaren et al. '~Real Time Digital Simulator for
Testing Relays.", IEEE Trans. PWRD, Vol. 7, No.1,
January 1992.
16. M. Kezunovic et aI, "Transients Computation for Relay
Testing in Real Time", IEEE Trans. Pwrd., Vol. 9, No.
3, pp. 1298-1307, July 1994
17. J. Esztergalyos, J. Nordstrom, L Short, K. Martin,
"Digital Model Power System", IEEE Computer
Applications in Power, Vol. 3, No.3, July, 1990, p. 19
18. K. H. Engelhardt, "Dynamic Performance Testing of
Mho Relay Memory Action", 1982 Western Protective
Relay Conference, Spokane, WA
19. W O. Kennedy, B. 1. Gruel, C. H. Shih, L. Yee, "Five
Years Experience with a New Method of Field Testing
Cross and Quadrature Polarized Mho Distance Re-
lays", IEEE/PES Winter Meeting February 1987
20. R. Ryan, 'Automatic Testing and Plotting of Protective
Relay Polarized Mho Characteristics", 59th Annual In-
ternational Conference of Doble Clients, Boston, MA,
1991