g-Factor of Electron using Electron Spin Resonance

KOUSIK LOHO
M.Sc Physics
Roll No-16510039
kousik.loho@iitgn.ac.in
16 January , 2017

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

Contents
1 Abstract 3

2 Definition 3

3 Theory 3
3.1 Classical Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Quantum Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Experimental set-up 5

5 Mesurement 5

6 Exprimental data 6

7 Error Analysis 7

8 Remark 7

9 References 8

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

1 Abstract
In this expriment, we are calculating g-factor of magnetic moment of electron using electron
spin resonator.

2 Definition
The spin magnetic moment for particle due to internal magnetic structure is given by
M = g (e/mh) S
where M=spin magnetic moment of the particle; S=spin angular momentum; g=g-factor of
particle; e=electronic charge ; (for electron g=2)

3 Theory
3.1 Classical Picture
When molecules of solid has unpaired electron, transition may occur between different spin
states by applying external magnetic field. The relation betweeen magnetic moment(M) and
angular momentum(J) is
e
M = J =J
2m

=
h
= Gyromagnetic ratio of electron. The spin magnetic moment M is related with spin
angular momentun S as
M = ge S
ge is the g-factor of electron for spin. The magnetic moment, which arises from internal
magnetic field, will undergo a precessional motion in magnetic field Bo . The frequency of
precessional motion is given by
o = Bo
This is what we call Larmour frequency
Now, if we apply another small magnetic field, B in XY-plane at a frequency , the resonance
condition is given by
= o = Bo
It causes the dipole to flip with respect to B, which correspond to the high energy state.
In resonance condition, the motion of magnetic moment is combination of high frequency
precession around Bo and low frequency precession around B. The magnetic field changes
therefore +z-axis to -z-axis, i.e. low energy to high energy stateby absorbing energy ,which
is now related to the magnetic resonance transition between state| 1/2 > to | + 1/2 >.
Thus,
h = ge b Bo
o = Bo = 2

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

3.2 Quantum Picture

A magnetic moment M placed in a magnetic field B, energy is given by
H =M B
and
M = ge S
ifB = Bo k(zeeman field)
Ho = ge Bo Sz
Now if we apply a small magnetic field B , with angular frequency

H1 = ge e B1 (Sx cos(t) + Sy sin(t))

so total hamiltanian is given by
H = Ho + H1
H1 can be treated as small peturbation. It can be shown that an oscillatory peturbation
gives rise to a transition probablity per unit time Wnm between states |m > and|n >
with energyEm andEn (Em > En ) Wnm is proportional to expectation value of peturbed
hamiltanian in unpeturbed state. thus,
Wnm = cg()| < m |H1 |n > |2
c=constant of proportionality g() is called shape function.
power absorbed per unit volume is given by
Pa b = Wnm N (Em En )
maximum power will be absorbed when Bohr condition is satisfied i.e.
Em En = ho
o
o =
2
Hence resonance condition is given by
ho = gb Bo

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

4 Experimental set-up

5 Mesurement
Let the horizontal deflection between two peaks be Q for end to end seperation P for a given
current I(in mA) in H-coils. Then the resonance field Bo in Gauss is given by

KIQ
Bo =
2P
K=a constant depending upon the characteristics of helmholtz coils. For present set up
K = 156 103 in cgs units. By measuring Bo , we can find out the value of g-factor of
electron from resonance condition
ho = gb Bo
ho
g=
b Bo
Here in this experiment we have measured g-factor for two set of different frequencies by
varrying current in the range 100- 250 mA

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

6 Exprimental data
SET -1

Resonance frequency o =15.28 MHz

K = 156 103 in cgs
Planck constant= h=6.627 1027 Arg-Sec
Bohr magneton= b = 9.27 1021 erg/G

picture of peaks from CRO for a frequency and current

Current Q P B = KIQ
2P
g = muhb B
I (in ms) (in ms) (in Gauss)
127 3.68 7.80 4.6736 2.3
155 2.90 6.48 5.410 2.01
210 2.1 6.9 4.985 2.19
237 1.28 4.16 5.688 1.92

so avarage value of g is(for frequency 15.28 M Hz)=2.11

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

SET- 2

resonance frequency= 16.07 M Hz

picture of peaks from CRO for a frequency and current

Current Q P B = KIQ
2P
g = muhb B
I (in ms (in ms) (in Gauss)
128 3.94 7.50 5.245 2.19
156 3.09 7.00 5.371 2.13
212 2.22 6.309 5.827 1.971
238 2.02 6.18 6.067 1.89

so avarage value of g (for frequency 16.07 M Hz ) is 2.04

7 Error Analysis
Here the error due to accuracy of the instrument in calculating g-factor occurs only from Q
and P.
(g/g) = (Q/Q) + (P/P )

Maximum percentage error=0.049

8 Remark
Instead of division drawn on CRO screen, we have used cursor to reuce error.

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9 References
1.Quantum Physics-Eisberg and Resnick
2.Practical sheet supplied in course website
3.Youtube videos

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