g-Factor of Electron using Electron Spin Resonance

Jitendra kumar gurjar

M.Sc Physics
Roll No-16510034
jitendra.gurjar@iitgn.ac.in
7 march , 2017

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

Contents
1 Abstract 3

2 Definition 3

3 Theory 3
3.1 Classical Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Quantum Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 graphical analysis of CRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Experimental set-up 6

5 Mesurement 6

6 Exprimental data 7

7 result 9

8 Error Analysis 9

9 Remark 9

10 References 10

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

1 Abstract
In this expriment, we are calculating g-factor of magnetic moment of electron using electron
spin resonator.

2 Definition
The spin magnetic moment of particle due to internal magnetic structure is given by
M = g (e/mh) S
where M=spin magnetic moment of the particle; S=spin angular momentum; g=g-factor of
particle; e=electronic charge ; (for electron g=2)

3 Theory
3.1 Classical Picture
when we applied the magnetic field then unpaired electron of molecule transition may occur
between different spin states. The relation betweeen magnetic moment(M) and angular
momentum(J) is
e
M = J =J
2m

=
h
= Gyromagnetic ratio of electron. The spin magnetic moment M is related with spin
angular momentun S as
M = ge S
ge is the g-factor of electron for spin Magnetic moment is arise due to internal magnetic
field,then eletron has motion in magnetic field Bo .then angular frequency of motion is
o = Bo
This is larmour frequency
Now, if we apply another small magnetic field, B in XY-plane at a frequency , the resonance
condition is given by
= o = Bo
corresponding to the high energy state It causes the dipole to flip with respect to B.The
magnetic is change from -zaxis to +z axis In resonance condition, the motion of magnetic
moment is combination of high frequency precession around Bo and low frequency precession
around B. low energy to high energy state by absorbing energy ,which is now related to the
magnetic resonance transition between state| 1/2 > to | + 1/2 >. Thus,
h = ge b Bo
o = Bo = 2

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

3.2 Quantum Picture

In a simple quantum meachanical description of the phenomena the interaction of the mag-
netic dipole with B and with time dependent magnetic field B1 (oscillatory ) is considerd.
A magnetic moment M placed in a magnetic field B, energy is given by
H =M B
and
M = ge S
ifB = Bo k(zeeman field)
Ho = ge Bo Sz
Now if we apply a small magnetic field B , with angular frequency

H1 = ge e B1 (Sx cos(t) + Sy sin(t))

so total hamiltanian is given by
H = Ho + H1
H1 can be treated as small peturbation. It can be shown that an oscillatory peturbation
gives rise to a transition probablity per unit time Wnm between states |m > and|n >
with energyEm andEn (Em > En ) Wnm is proportional to expectation value of peturbed
hamiltanian in unpeturbed state. thus,
Wnm = cg()| < m |H1 |n > |2
c=constant of proportionality g() is called shape function.
power absorbed per unit volume is given by
Pa b = Wnm N (Em En )
maximum power will be absorbed when Bohr condition is satisfied i.e.
Em En = ho

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

o
o =
2
Hence resonance condition is given by

ho = gb Bo

3.3 graphical analysis of CRO

In this experiment, the CRO is used in the x-y mode. The signal from the AC source, which
supplies current for the magnetic eld, is fed to the X plates of the CRO, and the absorption
signal is fed to the Y plates. The point on the extreme right on the CRO screen represents
the maximum positive value of the eld, and the point on the extreme left represents the
maximum negative value of the eld. The point at the center represents zero eld. Without
the Y-plates, the point on the CRO screen goes from maximum negative value to zero, and
the maximum positive value, and then back again to the mimimum value. As one can see
from the gure, the eld strength becomes B0 four times in one single sweep cycle. Now if the
absorption signal is fed to the Y-plates, whenever the eld strength becomes B0, the Y-axis
will show a peak. So, one should see four peaks corresponding to points 1,2,3,4 in the gure.
But one can see that on the X-axis of the CRO screen, points 2 and 3 are the same, because
they correspond to the same value of the eld B0, and points 1 and 4 are the same because
they correspond to the eld B0. So, the four peaks should overlap such that only two are
visible. However, the absorption signal passes through some electronic circuitry before being
fed to the Y-plates of the CRO, so it very dicult to make sure that no phase change occurs
in the process. If there is a small phase dierence between the AC signal on the X plates and
the signal on the Y plates, when points 3 and 4 are traced, the peaks do not overlap with
those at 1 and 2. So, in practice one would see four peaks. If one has a way of changing the
phase of, say, the Y signal, one can adjust the phase manually so that the four peaks merge
into two.

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

4 Experimental set-up

5 Mesurement
Let the horizontal deflection between two peaks be Q for end to end seperation P for a given
current I(in mA) in H-coils. Then the resonance field Bo in Gauss is given by

KIQ
Bo =
2P
K=a constant depending upon the characteristics of helmholtz coils. For present set up
K = 156 103 in cgs units. By measuring Bo , we can find out the value of g-factor of
electron from resonance condition
ho = gb Bo
ho
g=
b Bo
Here in this experiment we have measured g-factor for two set of different frequencies by
varrying current in the range 100- 250 mA

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

6 Exprimental data
SET -1

Resonance frequency o =15.02 MHz

K = 156 103 in cgs
Planck constant= h=6.627 1027 Arg-Sec
Bohr magneton= b = 9.27 1021 erg/G

picture of peaks from CRO for a frequency and current

Current Q P B = KIQ
2P
g = muhb B
I (in ms) (in ms) (in Gauss)
123 9.36 3.72 3.813 2.812557042
150 7.2 2.92 4.745 2.260122234
178 5.4 2.16 5.5536 1.93105013
204 5.8 2.48 6.803751724 1.576230356
231 4.04 1.92 8.563009901 1.252396076

so avarage value of g is(for frequency 15.02 M Hz)=1.97

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

SET- 2

resonance frequency= 15.99 M Hz

picture of peaks from CRO for a frequency and current

Current Q P B = KIQ
2P
g = muhb B
I (in ms) (in ms) (in Gauss)
128 9.2 3.88 4.210643 2.711429
156 7.6 3.12 4.995284211 2.285527613
183 6.68 2.6 5.555748503 2.05496343
211 5.84 2.28 6.425383562 1.776837116
233 5.12 2.04 7.241203125 1.576652361

so avarage value of g (for frequency 15.99 M Hz ) is 2.08

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

SET- 3

resonance frequency= 17 M Hz

picture of peaks from CRO for a frequency and current

Current Q P B = KIQ
2P
g = muhb B
I (in ms (in ms) (in Gauss)
124 9.2 4.4 4.62573913 2.624013084
124 8.72 3.36 3.726825688 3.256927213
181 6.2 2.44 5.556116 2.18462
208 6.96 2.84 6.620137931 1.833496541
231 5 2.2 7.92792 18.69847324

so avarage value of g (for frequency 17M Hz ) is 2.16

7 result
average value of g factor=2.07

8 Error Analysis
Here the error due to accuracy of the instrument in calculating g-factor occurs only from Q
and P.
(g/g) = (Q/Q) + (P/P )

Maximum percentage error=0.09%

9 Remark
Instead of division drawn on CRO screen by curser

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

10 References
1.jamia miliya report
2.Practical sheet supplied in course website
3.Youtube videos
4.wanda.f iv.edu
5.indiaamart.com

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