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TET
STUDY MATERIAL
PAPER II

CIVICS

UNIT- II

nghUslf;fk;
Fbikapay;
11-k; tFg;G

1. murpay; mwptpaypd; mbg;gilfs;

2. muRk; mjd; $WfSk;
3. ,iwik
4. murpayikg;G tiffs;
5. rl;lk;> ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;
6. thf;FWjp kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
7. kf;fshl;rp
8. murpay; fl;rpfs;
9. gd;dhl;L murpay; epWtdq;fs; mikg;G

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murpay; mwptpaypd; mbg;gilfs;

[Pd; Nghbd (1530-1596) vDk; gpnuQ;r; ehl;L murpay; jj;Jt Qhdp jhd; murpay; mwptpay; vd;w
nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhh;.

fhh;dh; - murpay; mwptpaypy; Muk;gKk; KbTk; muR gw;wpaJ.

murpay; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; gpur;ridfisg; gw;wpaJ-fpy; fpiu];l;.
fpNuf;f murpay; jj;Jt Qhdpahd mhp];lhl;by; (fp.K.384-322) murpay; vd;w nrhy;iy
Kjd;Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
murpay; vd;w nrhy; efu muR vd nghUs;gLk;.
Nghyp]; (POLIS) vd;w fpNuhf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J Mq;fpyr; nrhy;yhd ghypbf;];
vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.
gpnuQ;R Muha;r;rpahsh; ghy; n[dl; fUj;Jg;gb murpay; mwptpay; vd;gJ r%f mwptpaypd;
xU gFjp.
1948k; Mz;L rh;tNjr murpay; mwptpay; rq;fkhdJ jdJ ghhP]; khehl;by; murpay;
mwptpaypd; vy;iyg; gug;ig tiuaWj;jJ.
];Bgd; yPfhf; - murpay; mwptpay; murhq;fk; gw;wpaJ MFk;.
murhq;fkhdJ murpd; gzpahw;Wk; nray;.
murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs;> rh;tNjr cwTfs;
Mfpad murpay; mwptpaypd; vy;iyg;gug;Gfs;MFk;.
murpay; mwptpaypd; vy;iyg; gug;Gfs; murpd; tif kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; kdpj
chpikfs;> murhq;fk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Uf;fhyk;
murpay; mwptpaypd; je;ij mhp];lhl;by; murpay; mwptpaiy midj;J mwptpay;fspYk;
jiyahaJ vd;whh;.
Nkhjy; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G Mfpad murpay; mwptpaypd; ,U Kfq;fs;.
gpNsl;Nlhtpd; FbauR> &Nrhtpd; r%f xg;ge;jk; Mfpad kjpg;gPLfspd; mbg;gilapyhd
E}y;fs;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; (1939-45) KbTf;F gpd;G elj;ij rhh; ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ.
Xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;fF
; k; tha;g;G> tsUk; jd;ik kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ik
Mfpad elj;ijrhh; mZFKiwapd; epiyfs; MFk;.
r%f mwptpay;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kdpjdpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa gbg;G.
tuyhWk; murpay; mwptpaYk; xU nrbapd;> NtUk;> fdpAk; Nghd;wJ.
tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhy murpay;> murpay; vd;gJ jw;Nghija tuyhW.
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij - Mlk; ];kpj;.
cyf ehLfspd; nry;tj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Ma;T E}ypy; nghUspay; murpay;
mwptpaypd; xU fpis - Mlk; ];kpj;.

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Gtpay; murpay; (GEO POLITICS) jdpahd ghlg;gphpT.

Kf;fSila Rje;jpuk; murq;f mikg;Gfs; Gtpaikg;ig nahl;b Vw;gLfpd;wd.g+kp murpd;
,d;wpaikahj mq;fk; khz;nl];fpa+.
rKjha mwptpay;fSf;F Nth; Nghd;wJ r%ftpayhFk;.
murpay; r%ftpay; (POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY) jw;NghJ murpay; mwptpay; ghlj;jpd;
cl;gpupthFk;.

1.muRk; mjd; $WfSk;

mhp];lhl;by; - kdpjd; xU r%fgpuhzp.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; STATE vdg;gLk; STATUS nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
epf;fhNyh khf;fpaty;yp (1469-1527) vDk; murpay; rpe;jidahsh;jdJ ,sturd; vd;Dk;
E}ypy; Kjd;Kjyhf muR vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
mbg;gil Njitfs;> epiwtile;j gpd;dUk; kdpjDf;F ey;y tho;fi ; fia mikj;J juNt
njhlh;e;J ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
muR vd;gJ xu tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; rl;lj;jpw;fhf mikag;ngWk; kf;fs; $l;lk; -
cl;Nuh tpy;rd;.
muR vd;gJ Mde;jkhd kw;Wk; nfsukhd tho;f;if mlq;fpajd;dpiwthd tho;fi ; f
ngWtjw;fhf fpuhkq;fSk;>FLk;gq;fSk; ,ize;j xd;wpakhFk; - mhp];lhl;by;.
`hyz;l; - gy;NtW kdpj $l;lq;fis xd;wpizj;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyg;gug;gpy; FbNawp
mth;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdthpd; fUj;Jf;fis mjid vjph;NghiuAk; kPwp epytr;
nra;tjhFk;
gh;f]; vDk; E}yhrphpah;> kdpj th;ff ; j;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gq;fpdh; xU mikg;ghf ,Ue; J
nray;gLtNj muR.
Nguhrpah; yh];fp - xU epyg; gug;gpw;F cl;gl;l rKjhakhdJ murhq;fk; vd;Wk; Fbkf;fs;
vd;Wk; ,U Ntwhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
kf;fs; njhif> epyg;gFjp> murhq;fk;> ,iwik Mfpad murpd; $Wfs; MFk;
kf;fs;njhif jhd;; muir cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs; kf;fs;njhif muRf;F Kf;fpakhd xd;W.
jj;Jt Qhdp gpNsl;Nlh - Xh; ,yl;rpak; murpay; 5040 Fbkf;fs; tho;tJ NghJkhdJ.
&N]h - Xh; ,yl;rpa muR vd;gJ 10>000 kf;fl; njhifAilajha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;fpd; gb 102> 70> 15> 247 kf;fs; vz;zpf;if cilaJ.
epyg;gFjp ,iwik vd;gJ me;je;j murpd; vy;iyg; gFjpapDs; Rje;jpukhfTk; ntspapypUe;J
fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gijAk; jw;fhy muRKiw tho;f;if Fwpf;Fk; - Nguhrphpah; vypal;.
,e;jpa ehl;bd; epyg;gFjp 32> 87> 263 rJufpNyhkPl;lh;> ,J cyfstpy; 2.4.
murq;fk; murpd; %d;whtJ $W.

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Nguhrphpah; mg;ghj;Jiu - muR tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; xU fUtpahf murq;fk;

tpsq;FfpwJ.
C.F ];l;uhq; vd;gth; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp mKyhf;f muRf;F mjpfhuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. me;j
mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;jplk; cs;sJ.
,iwik murpd; ehd;fhtJ $W SOVEREIGNTY vd;w yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;> mjw;F cah;e;j
mjpfhuk; vd;W nghUs;.
gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j [Pd;Nghbd; vd;gth; etPd ,iwik Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij.
murpd; tiuaiw tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. rKjhaj;jpd; tiuaiw kpfg;nghpaJ.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; vd;w nrhy; ne\pNah vd;w yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;> gpwg;G my;yJ ,dk; vd;W
nghUs;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; kf;fshy; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L mikf;fg; gl;lJ muR MFk;. khwhf
kf;fs; cshPjpahf ,izj;J xd;whf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
Njrk; MFk;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F gpwF (1939-1945) xU Njrk; xU muR vd;w Nfhl;ghL nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
Ngr;R tof;fpy; muR vd;gJk; xNu nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Mdhy;
cz;ikapy; muR vd;gJk; murhq;fk; vd;gJk; ntt;NtwhdJ.
muR vd;gJ %y mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;wJ MFk;. murhq;j;jpd;mjpfhuq;fs; murplkpUe;J
ngw;wit MFk;.
rl;lkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rl;lj;ij mKyhf;FtJ jhd; nrayhl;rp FOtpd; gzp.
,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj;jiyth; ngaustpy; nrayhl;rp FO vdTk;> gpujkiu cz;ikahd
nrayhl;rp FO vd $wyhk;.
rl;lkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; filikiar; nra;fpwJ.
murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tUtjpy; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L.
ghuhSkd;wq;fspd; jha; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk;.
,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; jhd; cyfpNyNa goikahd ghuhSkd;wk;.
ePjpj;Jiw murhq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ Kf;fpa mq;fk;.
yh];fpapd; - rl;lkpaw;Wjy; xd;W jhd; rl;l kd;wj;jpd; gzp vd;gJ my;y.
kj;jpa rl;lk;d;wk; ehlhSkd;wk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
,U mitfis cilaJ.
xU rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpd; MjhuNk mjd; jpwikahd mikg;G jhd; gpiu];gphG.
,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; ,ju ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ,lk; nly;ypapy; cs;sJ.
mnkhpf;f cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp `f;]; - ehk; murpayikg;Gf;F fl;Lg;gl;L ,Uf;fNwhk; Mdhy;
murpayikg;G vd;gJ ePjpgjpfs; vd;d $Wfpwhh;fNsh mJ jhd;

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3. ,iwik
,iwik vd;fpw fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpwF jhd; jw;fhy muR KOik ngw;wjhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mhp];lhl;by; ,iwikia murpd; cah;thd mjpfhuk; vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhh;.
[Pd; Nghbd; vd;gth; jhd; jd;Dila Fbauirg; gw;wpa MW E}y;fs; vd;w E}ypy; ,iwik vd;w
fUj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf Kiwg;gbahf gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
,iwik vd;w nrhy;yhdJ yj;jPd; nkhopapy; #g;guhd]; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
mjd; nghUs; cah;thdJ.
[Pd; Nghbd; - ,iwik vd;gJ > Fbkf;fspd; kPJ rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj njhlh;e;J
nrYj;jg;gLk; cah;thd mjpfhuk;. ,jid muR gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
nghy;yhf; - ,iwik vd;gJ cah;thd mjpfhuk;. ve;j mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; gjpy; mspf;ff; $baNjh
my;y vd;gJ.
b.vg;.ury; - ,iwik vd;gJ murpay; rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj> gyk; tha;e;j cah;thd
mjpfhuj;ij Fwpg;gjhFk;.
yh];fp - ,iwik vd;gJ rl;lg;gbahf jdp kdpjh;fspd; kPJk; my;yJ FOf;fspd; kPJ
nrYj;jg;gLk; mjpfhuk;
,iwik vd;gJ cah;thd mjpfhuk;
,e;jpahtpy; FbauRj; jiyth; ngaustpyhd ,iwikiaAk; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; cz;ikahd
mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
M];bdpd; - rl;lk; vd;gJ cah;thdth; jdf;F fPo; cs;sth;fSf;F nfhLf;ff;$ba fl;lis.
M];bdpd; ,iwik Nfhl;ghL xUik thj ,iwik Nfhl;ghL
gd;ik thj ,iwik Nfhl;ghL go vy;yh mjpfhuk; ngw;w xNu xU epWtdk; murpy; ,y;iy
vd;gjhFk;.

4. murpayikg;G tiffs;;
cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU ehLk; murpayikg;ig ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. murpay; mikg;gpd;wp xU
ehl;bid Ml;rp nra;tJ ,ayhj fhhpak;.
Fog;gkpd;wp rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;a murpayikg;G mtrpak;.
ew;Fbkfdpd; chpikfSk;> flikfSk; murpayikg;ig cs;slf;fpajhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

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xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiuaiwapy; vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xh; Mtzk; vd murikg;ig

$Wfpd;wdh;.
murpaypd; je;ij mwpQh; mhp];lhl;by; Fbkf;fs; murpd; mq;fk; vdTk; mth;fSila
njhlh;Gfis murpayikg;G xd;NwhL xd;W njhlh;GgLj;jp xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
gpiu]; gpuG - xU rKjhak cUthf;fp Msg;gl xl;Lnkhj;j rl;lq;fSk;> kuGfSk; cs;slf;fpa
tpjpKiwfspd; ngl;lfNk murpayikg;G.
murikg;G rl;lNk murhq;fk; - yPfhf;.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; Njitg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jdpkdpj chpikia ghJfhf;fTk;> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp epiyf;fTk;.
Vwj;jho cyfpd; midj;J vOj;Jg;gl;l murpayikg;GfspYk; mbg;gil chpikfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp 3y; mq;fk; 12-32y; mbg;gil chpikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbg;gil chpikfis gwpf;f khepy muRfs; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhy; mtw;iw ePjpkd;wk;
murpayikg;G rl;lq;fSf;F KuzhdJ vd mwptpf;Fk;.
mnkhpf;fh;fs; mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Gdpjj; jd;ikfs; $ba khpahijia mspf;fpd;wdh;.
ekJ ,e;jpa murikg;G cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa murpayikg;G.
murikg;G rl;lNk ehl;bd; Mjhu rl;lkhFk;.
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik gy;NtW tpjkhd fyhr;rhuk; nkhop> ,dk;> kjk; kw;Wk; gy
NtWghLfisf; fle;J epw;Fk; gpukhz;lkhd murpayikg;G.
murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; vspjhd KiwapYk;> fbdkhd KiwapYk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
xU ey;y murpayikg;G fPo;f;fhZk; jd;ikfis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. njspthdJ 2. RUf;fk; 3.tpryhkhdJ
4.nefpOk; jd;ik 5. chpikfs; 6. ePjp Rje;jpuk; 7. Topfhl;Lk; newpfs;
Kjd;Kjypy; mwptpay; g+h;tkhd Kiw murikg;ig mhp];lhl;by; tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.
vOjg;gl;l murikg;G Mtz tbtpy; my;yJ E}y; tbtpy; mbg;gil kw;Wk; murhq;fq;fspd;
gy;NtW mq;fq;fSk; Njitahd tpjpKiwfspd; njhFg;G.
ek;Kila murikg;G Nguitapy; 1949 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; ,d;W ,e;j murikg;gpid
Vw;W> ,aw;wp. ekf;F ehNk toq;fp nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;w nrhw;fNshL KbfpwJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; ve;j rl;lk; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,aw;wyhk; mjw;F jilNaJk; ,y;iy.
mnkhpf;f murikg;G nefpoh murikg;G.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,q;fpyhe;J murikg;G Nghy; nefpOk; jd;ikak; mnkhpf;fh murpaikg;G
Nghy; nefpohj; jd;ikAk; ngw;wjy;y.

5. rl;lk;>ePjp>Rje;jpuk;>rkj;Jk;

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rl;lk; vd;gJ ePjpkd;wq;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjpKiwfs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G vd

nghUs;gLk;.
rl;lk; vd;gJ xU muR typAWj;Jk; chpik kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; KiwfshFk; -
b.vr;.fphPd;
Nkf; [th; - muNr rl;lj;jpd; ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; Foe;ij.
rl;lkd;wk; vd;gjidj; jhz;b rl;lj;jpw;F gy;tif Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd
1.tof;fhWfs; 2. ePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;Gfs;
mwptpay; rhh;G tpsf;fq;fs;4. rl;lkd;wk; ePjp> kjk;
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; gpsh];ld;> Nfhf; Nghd;wth;fs; vOjpa rl;l tpsf;fq;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J
ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fSf;F rkkhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; kl;LNk Msg;gLfpd;wdh;.
rl;lj;jpd; ghh;itapy; midtUk; rkk;. rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lth;fs; ahUkpy;iy.
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; mbg;gil jd;ikfs;.
1. ahUf;Fk; rpwg;G chpikfs; ,y;iy>
2. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;>
3. rl;lj;jpd; czh;TfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mhp];lhl;by; ePjpia %d;W tifahf gphpf;fpwhh;.
1. jz;lid ePjp 2. ,og;gPl;L ePjp 3. kW gfph;khd ePjp
fUj;J kw;Wk; nrhy; my;yJ Nrh;j;jy; my;yJ nghUj;Jjy; vd;W nghUs;gLk; ,yj;jPdpa
nkhopapDs;s vd;w JUSTIA nrhy;ypypUe;J ePjp my;yJ JUSTICE ngwg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuk; vd;Dk; nrhy; iygh; vd;Dk; yj;jPd; nkhopapy; Nth; nrhy;yhf nfhz;l Mq;fpy
nrhy; ypgh;b vd;gjd; jkpof;fk;.
khz;nl]; fpa+ $w;Wg;gb ehk; nra;a tpisgtw;iw nra;Ak; Mw;wy; Rje;jpuk; MFk;.
Nkf; [th; kw;Wk; yh];fp MfpNahh; $w;Wg;gb Rje;jpuk; gytifg;gl;lJ.
Nuhrphpah; rpyp $w;Wg;gb fl;Lg;ghby;yhikNa Rje;jpuk; MFk;.
Rje;jpuk; ,aw;if Rje;jpuk;> r%f Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jhh;kPf Rje;jpuk; vd %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
Rkj;Jtk;> murpay; mwptpaypd; xU Kf;fpa Ma;T nghUshFk;.
ey;yhl;rp> rpwe;j [dehafk;> ey;yuR Nghd;w mNef fUj;Jfspd; mr;rhzpahf rkj;Jtk;
jpfo;fpwJ.
v];.N[.yh];fp rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; rkd;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;tif vd jkJ
E}yhd murpay; ,yf;fzj;jpy; rkj;Jtj;ij tiuaWf;fpwhh;.
rkj;Jk; ,aw;if rkj;Jtk;> rptpy; rkj;Jtk;> murpay; rkj;Jtk nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L rkj;Jtk; vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 18 taJ te;j ,e;jpa Fbkf;fs; midtUk; thf;fspf;fyhk; vd;w
epiy cs;sJ.
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6. thf;Fhpik kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

thf;Fhpik ngw;w Fbkf;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; thf;fhsh; njhFjp vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.
Fbkf;fSf;F mth;fs; gpujpepjpfis Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F jug;gLfpd;w chpikNa thf;F
my;yJ xl;L.
thf;F vd;gJ Fbkf;fs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F jug;gLk; chpik vdyhk;.
,aw;if chpikf; Nfhl;ghL> kdpjDf;F ,aw;ifapNyNa thf;Fhpik cs;sJ vdf;
fUJfpwJ.
fhh;dh; vDk; E}yhrphpah; thf;Fhpik vd;gJ NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; toq;fg;gl
$ba ,aw;ifAhpik my;y vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; nrhj;Jilik vd;gJ thf;Fhpikf;fhd mbg;gil jFjpahf
,Ue;jJ.
[g;ghdpa ehl;by; 1925-k; Mz;L tiu thp nrYj;JNthUf;F kl;LNk thf;Fhpik
toq;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
gpNurpy;> rpyp Nghd;w ehLfspy; vOjg; gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;F thf;Fhpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
cyfstpy; 18 taJ vd;gJ Kjph;r;rpAw;w tajhff; fUjg;gLtjhy; gy ehLfspYk; 18
taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjypy; 21 taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. gpd;dh; 1989k;
Mz;L Kjy; 18 taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU egUf;F xU thf;F Kiwapy; jFjpAila midtUf;Fk; xU thf;Fkl;LNk
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xw;iw khw;W thf;F Kiwapy; xU thf;fsUf;F xU thf;F kl;LNk mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; mth; mjid Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Vw;wthW Kd;Dhpik mspj;J KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ vd mspf;fyhk;.
,e;jpahtpy; FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpf;F xw;iw khw;W thf;F
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
gd;ik thf;F Kiwapy; xNu thf;fhsUf;F gy thf;Ffs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
ntspg;gilahd thf;F Kiwapy; thf;fhsh;> jhd; ahiu Mjhpf;fpwhh; vd;gij
ntspg;gilahf ifia cah;j;jpf; fhl;bNah> tha;nkhopahfNth njhptpg;ghh;.
ufrpa thf;F Kiwapy; thf;fhsh; mth; ahUf;F thf;fspf;fpwhh; vd;gij gpwh;
mwpahtz;zk; nrd;W gjpe;Jtpl;L tUthh;.
kf;fshl;rpapy; ufrpa thf;nfLg;G jw;NghJ mtrpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpay; mwptpaypy; Fbkfd; vd;gtd;> xU murpd; vy;iyg;gug;gpw;Fs; tho;e;J> mjd;
nray;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;W r%f kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfisg; ngw;wth;.
FbAhpik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit ,aw;if FbAhpik> ngwg;gl;l FbAhpik.
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cyfpy; ,d;wstpy;> ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; kiwKf kf;fshl;rpNa eilKiwapy;

cs;sJ.
tpfpjrhu gpujpepj;Jtk; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J gphptpdUf;Fk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mspg;gJ.
N[.v];.kpy; gpujpthjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rpapy; xt;nthU gphptpdUk; tpfpjhr;rhug;gb
gpujthjpj;Jtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

7. khf;fshl;rp
Mg;ufhk; ypq;fd; - kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
kf;fshy; Msg;gLk; murhq;fkhFk;.
kf;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; DEMOS kw;Wk; Ml;rpajpfhuk; vd;W nghUs; jUk; KRATOS
jUk; vd;w fpNuhf;fnkhop nrhy;ypypUe;J kf;fshl;rp vDk; nrhy; te;jJ.
kf;fs; my;yJ kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; nra;Ak; Ml;rp kf;fhsl;rpia
Neub kf;fshl;rp> kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
Neub kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; midj;J Fbkf;fSk; vt;tpj ,ilg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfspy;yhkYk; kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gzpakh;j;jg;gl;l mYtyh;fs;
,y;yhkYk; kf;fNs Neubahf nghJ KbTfspy; fye;J nfhz;L nghJ KbTfis
xLf;Fk; Kiw Neub kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.
Neubahd kf;fshl;rp Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;j Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs;
njhif Njit.
gz;ila fpNuf;f ehl;bd; Vnjd;]; efuj;jpy; jhd; cyfj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf Neub
kf;fshl;rp eilngw;wJ.
Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ehl;by; Neub kf;fshl;rp eilngWfpwJ.
Xt;nthU FbkfDk; jd;Dila ehl;bw;fhf NeubahfNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshfNth murhq;fj;jpy; gq;nfLj;J nfhs;tJ
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.
,e;jpa FbauR kiwKf kf;fshl;rpf;F xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
kf;fshl;rpapd; cz;ikahd typikNa mbg;gil chpikfisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijANk
rhh;e;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
mbg;gil chpikfSk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuNk kf;fshl;rp ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl
cjTfpwJ.
kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ murpayikg;gpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfis
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; murhq;fk; vd;gjhFk;.
Kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; murq;fk; xU mq;fk;. mJ gy;NtW tifahd r%f
epWtdq;fisAk;> murpay; fl;rpfisAk; xd;wpize;J nray;gLfpwJ.

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Neub kf;fshl;rpapd; fUtpfs;> njhlf;fThpik> nghJkf;fs; thf;nfLg;G jpUk;g

mioj;jy;.
,e;jpa kw;Wk; mbnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehLfspy; mbg;gil chpikfs; Fbkf;fSf;F
murpayikg;gpy; cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;gpd; gFjp 111y; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;G tpjp 19 Kjy; 32 tiu
cr;rePjpkd;wKk;> cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSk; Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpik ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;
tpjpKiw ePjpg;Nguhiz (WRIT) %yk; mitfis nray;gLj;j mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sd.
Fb kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpik ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mth;fs; Neubahf
cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Nfh> cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh nrd;W ePjpg;Nguhiz mbg;gilapy;
Fiwfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.
Kjypy; nrhj;Jhpik ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ,e;j nrhj;Jhpik
1978Mk; Mz;by; 44tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkj;Jt chpik kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp my;yJ gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s NtWghLfis
,e;jpa murpayikg;G jil nra;fpwJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G vy;NyhUf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;gpYk;> murhq;fj;jpy; Ntiy nra;aTk;
rkkhd chpikia cWjp nra;Js;sJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G tpjp 19VO mbg;gil chpikfis Fbkf;fSf;F cWjp nra;fpwJ.
jdpkdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; cWjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
murpayikg;G tpjp 21 fPo; ve;jnthU kdpjDk; mtDila tho;fi ; f kw;Wk;
mtDf;Fs;s chpikfis tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s Kiwfs;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk jLf;f KbAk;. vd;W $WfpwJ.
murpayikg;G tpjp 23> tpgr;rhuk;> nfhj;jbik kw;Wk; 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfis
njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> FthhpfspNyh kw;Wk; tpgj;J Vw;glf;$ba njhopy;fspNyh Ntiy
mkh;j;Jtij jilnra;fpwJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpukhf ve;j kjj;ijAk;
jOtptjw;fhd chpikia mspj;Js;sJ.
midj;J rpWghz;ikapdUf;Fk; mth; kjk; mbg;gilapNyh> nkhop mbg;gilapNyh
,Ue;jhy; mth;fs; jq;fSf;nfd fy;tp epWtdq;fs; mikg;gjw;F cWjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
murpayikg;G tpjp 32d; fPo; mbg;gil chpikfis eilKiwg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W
cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f chpik ,Uf;fpwJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhizfs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

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cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Ml;nfhzh;jy;> nraYWj;jy;> jFjp Kiw tpdTjy; kw;Wk;

newpKiwfis cWj;jy; Nghd;w ePjpg;Nguhizfis gpwg;gpf;fTk; mitfis gpd;gw;w
tw;GWj;jTk; mjpfhu KilaJ.
mk;Ngj;jh; fUj;Jg;gb murpayikg;gpd; 32tJ tpjp murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk;
capUkhFk;.
24tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lg;gb> ghuhSkd;w tpjp 368y; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpw
Kiwfis gpd;gw;wp jpUj;j rl;lk; nfhz;L tUtjd; %ykhf mbg;gil chpikfis
khw;wNth> jpUj;jNth ePff ; Nth mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
25k; khw;wr;rl;lk; tpjp 31C apd; gb topfhl;L newpfis eilKiwg;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wk;
rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;. ,r;rl;lk; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzp vy;iyf;Fs; tuhJ.
42tJ khw;wr;rl;lk; mbg;gil chpikfisf; fhl;bYk; topfhl;L newpfs; Kd;Dhpik
ngw;wit vd;Wk; Nkyhdit vd;Wk; khw;wk;
Nra;Js;sJ.
cyfpYs;s 50 ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil flikfs; gl;bay; jug;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G gFjp 4m tpy; mbg;gilf; flikfs; tUfpd;wd.
1976k; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 42tJ khw;wr;rl;lk; 51m vd;w tpjpiar; Nrh;j;jJ.
,jd;gb 10 flikfs; cs;sd.
1948k; Mz;L brk;gh; 10k; Njjp [f;fpa ehLfs; fofk; nghJg; `Nguit khdpl
chpikfs; gpufldj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
Xt;nthU Mz;Lk; brk;gh; 10-k; Njjp kdpj chpikfs; jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

8. murpay; fl;rpfs;
fl;rp vd;gJ $l;L tho;f;iffhdp mikg;ghFk;.
xj;j murpay; fUj;Jf;fis nray;gLj;Jk; xU kf;fs; $l;likg;G murpay; fl;rp
vdg;gLfpwJ - fpy;fpiu];l;
epWtg;gl;l rKjhak; kl;LNk fl;rp vdg;gLk;
murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ 2000 Mz;LfSf;Fl;gl;l xU etPd epfo;thFk;.
19-k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gh> tl mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; jhd;
Kjd;Kjyhf fl;rpAk;> fl;rp mikg;GfSk; Vw;gl;ld.
murpay; fUj;Jf;fis nray;gLj;Jk; xU kf;fs; $l;likg;G murpay; fl;rp - fpy;
fpiu];l;
murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;;thfdq;fs;.
fy;yhik kw;Wk; jPz;lhik Nghd;w rKjhaf; nfhLikfis NtNwhL mopf;fg;
ghLgLtJld; gQ;rk;> nts;sk; Nghd;wit kf;fis jhf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;wpypUe;J
kf;fis J}f;fp tpl;L fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfg; ghLgLfpd;wd.

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fl;rpfis mitfspd; Nehf;fk;> nfhs;if kw;Wk; jq;fspd; yl;rpaq;fisailaf;

filgpbf;Fk; topKiwfis fzf;fpy; nfhz;L 4 tifahf gphpf;fyhk; 1.
Goikthjpfs; 2. kpjthjpfs; 3. gpwNghf;Fthjpfs; 4. jPtputhjpfs;
mbg;gil khw;wq;fis tuNtw;gth;fs; tyJrhhpfs;
rpy rkaq;fspy; xNu fl;rpapy; ,lJ rhhpfs; kw;Wk; tyJrhhpfs; cs;sdh;. (v.fh)
,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (,lJrhhp) kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (tyJ rhhp) vd ,U gphpT
cs;sdh;.
fl;rpfs; Njrj;jpd; ve;nje;jg; gFjpapy; Vw;gLfpd;wdNth mg;gFjpapd;
nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp ehl;bw;Fs; guTfpd;wd.
Njrpa fl;rpfs; kz;ly fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; cs;@h; fl;rpfs; vd nray;gLk;.
kf;fs; fl;rp vd;gJ fpis tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ. ,jpy; ahh; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
cWg;gpduhfyhk;.
kf;fs; fl;rpf;F cjhuzk;> Mq;fpNya njhopyhsh; fl;rp> n[h;kdpapd; r%f FbauR
fl;rp> ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rp> ghujpa [djh fl;rp
20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l u\;ag; Gul;rpNa xw;iwf;fl;rp mikg;G
cUthtjw;F mbNfhypaJ. (c.k;.) fk;a+dp];l; rPdh
,U fl;rpKiwapy; xd;W MSk; fl;rp> kw;nwhd;W vjph;fl;rp (v.fh.) ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
goik thj fl;rp kw;Wk; njhophsh; fl;rp mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfspd; [dehaff; fl;rp
kw;Wk; FbauRf; fl;rp
,e;jpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;R ehLfs; gyfl;rp mikg;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfis f;igdh; vd;gth; ngahplg;glhj NguuR vdTk;> kw;wth;fs;
,jid fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj murhq;fk; vdTk; mq;ff P hukw;w murhq;fk; vdTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
[dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fSf;fhfTk;> kf;fs; fUj;jpdbg;gilapYk; xg;Gjypd; NghpYk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJ vd tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
thf;fhsh; gl;bay;fspy; jpUj;jk; nra;tJk;> gl;bay;fs; jahh; nra;tJk; Njh;jy;
Mizaj;jpd; gzp.
Njh;jy; Mizak;> ghuhSkd;wk;> rl;lkd;wk;> FbauRj; jiyth;> FbauRj; jiyth;
MfpNahiu Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F Njh;jy; elj;JtJ Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzp.
Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; FbauRj;jiytuhy; 5 Mz;LfSf;F epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
,th;fsJ gzpAk;> gzpf;fhyKk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtpapypUe;J vLf;f ve;j tpjpiaf; filgpbf;fg;gLfpwNjh
mNj tpjpapd; gojhd; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizaiu ePff ; KbAk;.
Xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; Njh;jy; Mizj;jpd; fpisfspUf;Fk;> ,jw;F me;je;j
khepyq;fis fye;jhNyhrpj;J xU Kjd;ik Njh;jy; mjpfhhpia Njh;jy; Mizah;

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epakpg;ghh;. mth;fs; khepyq;fspy; Njh;jy; elj;j epiyahd Njh;jy; mjpfhhpfshfTk;

mikg;ghfTk; nray;gLthh;fs;.
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; gzpahw;WNthh; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;fk;. Mdhy; Njh;jy;
fhyq;fspy; Njitahd mjpfhhpfSk;> gzpahsh;fSk; gzpapy; mkh;j;jg;gLth;.
G+Nfhs gphpT kw;Wk; gug;G mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tifahd fl;rpfs; cs;sd.
1. Njrpa fl;rpfs; 2. khepy fl;rpfs;
3. xU rpy khepyq;fSf;F kl;Lk; njhlh;Gila fl;rpfs; 4. cs;@h; fl;rpfs;.
1954y; ele;j Nyhf; rghtpw;fhd nghJ Njh;jypd; NghJ Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ
4% Fiwahj thf;Ffs; ngw;w rpy fl;rpfis Njrpa fl;rpfshf ,e;jpa Njh;jy;
Mizak; mwptpj;jJ. (v.fh) fhq;fpu]; fl;rp> ghujpa [djh fl;rp.
,e;jpahtpy; khepyf;fl;rpfs; me;je;j khepy mbg;gilapYk;> Fbahl;rpKiwg; gz;ghL>
r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspilNa epyTk; gphpTfSf;F Vw;g
Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd.

9. kf;fshl;rp mjpfhuk;
jy Ra Ml;rp gpujpepjpj;Jiw muR Kiwia kf;fSf;F fw;Wzh;j;Jk; xU nraypahf
,Uf;fpwJ.
Kjd;Kjypy; vOe;j cs;shl;rp rl;lk; 1842 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhs kf;fs; $l;lk; vd;w
ngaud; te;jJ
jyRa Ml;rp Kiwia 1882-y; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; hpg;gd; gpuG
1906 Mk; Mz;L uhay; fkp\d; mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpghhprpid
nra;jJ
1957 gy;te;uha; Nkj;jh FO kw;Wk; 1963 re;jhdk; FO 1978-y; mNrhf;Nkj;jhFO
Nghd;wit gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfis Fwpj;J Muha mikf;fg;gl;l FO MFk;.
jkpo ehL gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; 1958 kw;Wk; 1994-y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

10. gd;dhl;L murpay;

epWtdq;fs;mikg;G

If;fpa ehLfs; fofj;jpd; Kf;fpa mikg;G

czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik fofk; (FAO) - Nuhk;

rh;tNjr mZrf;jp mikg;G (IAEA) -tpad;dh
rh;tNjr tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;G - (IACO) fdlh

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rh;tNjr Ml;rpg;gzp Mizak; - (ICSC) epa+ahh;f;

gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; - jp N`f;
gd;dhl;L Kd;Ndw;w mikg;G -(IDA) th\pq;ld;
gd;dhl;L epjp Ntshz;ik tq;fp - (IFDA) Nuhk;
cyf njhopyhsh; mikg;G - (ILO) n[dpth
gd;dhl;L fly;tho; mikg;G - (IMO) ,yz;ld;
cyf epjp epWtdk; - (IMF) th\pq;ld;
rh;tNjr ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp mikg;G - (INTRAW) rhe;Nj
Nlhkpdpf;
gd;dhl;L njhiynjhlh;G mikg;G - (ITO) n[dpth
cyf th;j;jf ikak; - (WTO) Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
If;fpa ehLfspd; $l;L nray;jpl;lk; - n[dpth
nra;jp rhjdKk; mikjp epWtdKk; - ghhp];
If;fpa ehLfspd; Foe;ijfs; ey epjp -(UNICEF) epa+ahh;f;
If;fpa ehLfspd; th;jf Kd;Ndw;w khehL (UNCTAO) - n[dpth
If;fpa ehLfspd; rh;tNjr kUe;J fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk; (UNDCP) tpad;dh
If;fpa ehLfspd; ngz;fspd; ey Kd;Ndw;w epjp (UNIFEM) - epa+ahh;f;
If;fpa ehLfspd; Kd;Ndw;w jpl;lq;fs; - (UNDP) epa+ahh;f;
If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mikg;G - (UNESCO) ghhp];
If;fpa ehLfspd; Rw;Wr;Roy; jpl;llg;gzpfs; -(UNESP) ieNuhgp
If;fpa ehLfspd; njhopy;Jiw Kd;Ndw;w mikg;G -(UNIDO) tpad;dh
If;fpa ehLfspd; gy;fiyf;fofk; - (UNC) Nlhf;fpNah
If;fpa ehLfspd; njhz;lh;fs; -(UNU) ghd;
gd;dhl;L mQ;ry; fofk; -(UPU) ngh;d;
ngz;fs; fhg;gfk; - epa+ahh;f;
cyf tq;fp FOkk; - th\pq;ld;
cyf czT jpl;lk; - (WFD) Nuhk;
cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; - (WHO) n[dpth
cyf mwpTrhh; nghUs; fofk; - (WIPO) n[dpth
cyf thdpiy mikg;G - Nkl;iul; (WMO) - ];ngapd;
cyf th;j;jf ikak; n[dpth
If;fpa ehLfs; fof rhrdk; mjd; cWg;G ehLfs; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfs;
kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
nghJg;Nguit I.eh-tpd; midj;J eltbf;iffSf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

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SAARC - cWg;G ehLfs; gq;fshnj\;> g+lhd;> ,e;jpah> khyj;jPTfs;> Neghsk;>

ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk; =yq;fh
ASEAN - 1976y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
NAM mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; ehLfSf;fpilNa 1949 - 89 Mfpa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; gdpg;Nghh; ele;j NghJ mzpNruh ,af;fk; (NAM) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

UNIT I
nghUslf;fk;
Mwhk; tFg;G
nghUsjhuk;- xh; mwpKfk;

Vohk; tFg;G
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;
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vl;lhk; tFg;G
gzk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL

xd;gjhk; tFg;G
1.NjitAk; mspg;Gk;
2.rkepiy tpiy

gj;jhk; tFg;G
1.ehl;L tUkhdk;
2.tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;

Mwhk; tFg;G
nghUshjhuk;-Xh; mwpKfk;

kdpjd; fz;l Kjy; njhopy; gaph;j;njhopy; MFk;.

cly; tsh;r;rpf;F czT Njitg;gLfpwJ

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mwpT tsh;r;rpf;F fy;tp Njitg;gLfpwJ.

ek;ik ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s kUj;Jtk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
kf;fs; gzpfis muR Copah;fs; nra;fpd;wdh;.
coth;fs;> njhopyhsh;fs;> KjyPl;lhsh;fs;> gzpahsh;fs; gzpahw;wp tUthia
<l;Lfpd;wdh;. ,J xl;L nkhj;jkhf ehl;L tUtha; vd;fpNwhk;.
jdpahf xUtUf;F kl;Lk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ijj; jdpegh; tUkhdk; vd;fpNwhk;.
cw;gj;jp> Efh;r;rp> gfph;T Mfpa %d;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilfshf mikfpwJ.
thq;FtJk;> tpw;gJk; eilngWk; ,lk; re;ij vdg;gLk;.
kf;fs; re;ijapy; nghUl;fis thq;fpj; jq;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;J
nfhs;tijNa Efh;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
rpy nghUl;fs; mjpfkhf FtpAk;NghJ mg;nghUspd; tpiy Fiwe;Jk;> gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gLk;NghJ tpiy mjpfhpj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fis muR epahatpiyf; filfs; %yk; toq;FfpwJ.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ cw;gj;jp> Efh;T> gfph;T ngUfpf;nfhz;Nl nry;tj;ijf;
Fwpf;fk;.
vd;d cw;gj;jp nra;tJ? vt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;tJ? vd;gij muR KbT nra;Ak;.
kj;jpa khepy muRfs; tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;f nghUshjhu mwpT mtrpak;.
nghUshjhu mwpT midj;J Jiwfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mtrpahfpwJ.
ekJ ehl;by; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhf mwpQh; mkh;j;jpahnrd; Nehgy; ghprpidg;
ngw;Ws;shh;.

Vohk; tFg;G
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;
nghUspay; vd;gJ xU r%f mwptpay;
kdpj tpUg;gq;fisg; gw;wpAk; mit epiwT nra;ag;gLtJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

nghUspay; mwpQh;fs;:-

Mlk;];kpj; nghUspaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

mth; jdJ E}yhd (1776) ehLfspd; nry;tk; vd;gjpy; nghUspay; vd;gJ
nry;tj;ijg; gw;wpa xU mwptpay; vd tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.
,tuJ Gj;jf ntspaPl;bw;F gpd;dNu nghUspay; xU Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwptpayhf
mwpag;gl;lJ.

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,yady; uhgpd;]; mth;fs; nghUspay; vd;gJ gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fNshL kdpj

eltbf;iffisg; gw;wp gapYfpd;w mwptpay; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;.

cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; :-

t.vz; cw;gj;jpf; ntFkjpfs; jd;ik

fhuzpfs;
1 epyk; thuk; mbg;gil
cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; my;yJ
cz;ikf;
fhuzpfs;
2 ciog;G $yp

ngwg;gl;l cw;gj;jpf;
3 %yjdk; tl;b fhuzpfs; my;yJ
jUtpf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpf;
;fhuzpfs;
4 njhopyikg;G ,yhgk;

1. epyk;:-
nghUspaypy; epyk; vd;gJ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;glhj midj;Jk; epykhFk;.
fhw;W> #hpa xsp> g+kp> fhLfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; fdpk tsq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk;
epyk; vdg;gLk;.

gz;Gfs;:-

epyk; ,aw;ifapd; nfhil MFk;.

epyj;jpd; mspg;G epiyahdJ.
epyj;ij mopf;f KbahJ.
epyk; nropg;gpy; NtWghLk;.
epyk; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpf;fhuzp

2. ciog;G:-
Cjpak; ngWtjw;fhf cly; ciog;G my;yJ kd ciog;gpid Nkw;nfhs;tijf;
Fwpf;Fk;

gz;gfs;:-

ciog;G mopaf;$baJ.
ciog;G kdpjDf;F kdpjd; khWgLk;.
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ciog;G ,lk; ngauf;$baJ.

jdp ciog;ghspfspd; Nguk; NgRk; Mw;wy; FiwT.

Ntiy gFg;G Kiiw:-

Mlk; ];kpj; jdJ E}yhd ehLfspd; nry;tk; vd;gjpy; Ntiyg;

gFg;GKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
Ntiyg;gFg;G vd;gJ xU Ntiyia gy;NtW FOf;fsplk; gfph;e;jspj;jiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
Mlk; ];kpj; Fz;^rp jahpg;ig 18 cl;gphpthf gphpj;J tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
10-kdpjh;fs; xU ehisf;F 48>000 Crpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;aKbAk; vdTk; xU
egUf;F 4800 tPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYk;.
NtiygFg;G ,y;iy vdpy; xU egh; xU Fz;^rp kl;Lk; nra;a KbAk; vd;fpwhh;.
3. %yjdk;;:-
nghJthf %yjdk; vd;gJ nry;tj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
nghUspaypy; %yjdk; vd;gJ nry;tj;ij NkYk; cw;gj;jp nra;jpl kdpj
Kaw;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nry;tj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

%yjdj;jpd; tiffs;:-

gUkg;nghUs; %yjdk; (fl;bq;fs; kw;wk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit)

gz %yjdk; (gzk;> gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit)
kdpj %yjdk; (fy;tp> gapw;rp Nghd;wit)

%yjdj;jpd; gz;Gfs;;:-

%yjdk; xU nrayw;w cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp.

%yjdk; kdpj Kaw;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
%yjdk; Mf;fKilaJ.
%yjdk; gy Mz;Lfs; ePbf;Fk;.
%yjdk; mjpf ,aq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
4. njhopyikg;G:-
epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk; Mfpa cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis xUq;fpizj;J
,lh;ghLfis Vw;Fk; fhuzp njhopyikg;G MFk;.

njhopy; KidNthh;:-

midj;J cw;gj;jp> fhuzpfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J ,lh;ghLfisAk; epr;rakw;w

jd;ikfisAk; vjph; nfhs;gtNu njhopy;KidNthh; Mthh;.
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,th; rKjha khw;Wk; fhZk; Kfth; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

gytifJiwfs;:-

1.Kjd;ikj; Jiw:-

Kjd;ikj;Jiw ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fis Kjd;ikg; nghUs;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ.

tptrhak;> kPz;gpbj;jy;> tdj;Jiw> Ruq;fj;njhopy; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
,e;jpahtpy; tptrhaj; njhopy; mjpfkhdjhfTk;> Kf;fpakhdjhfTk;
tpsq;FfpwJ.

2. ,uz;lhk; Jiw:-
,uz;lhk; Jiw vd;gJ %yg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fshf khw;WfpwJ.
rpW kw;Wk; ngUe; njhopy;fs;> fl;Lkhdk; iftpidg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;.

3. rhh;GJiw:-

rhh;Gj;Jiw vd;gJ Nritj;Jiw MFk;.

,jpy; tzpfk;> tq;fpfs;>Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> gz;ghL Mfpait
mlq;Fk;.
ngUk;ghyhd tsh;e;j ehLfspy; ,j;Jiwapy; mjpf njhopyhsh;fs; gzp
nra;fpd;wdh;.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; 80 rjtPjk; Ngh; ,j;Jiwapy; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;.

vl;lhk; tFg;G
gzk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; xU nghUSf;F khw;whf ,d;ndhU nghUisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhh;fs;.
,J gz;lkhw;WKiw vdg;gl;lJ.
,jpy; Vw;gl;l ,lh;ghl;bd; tpisthf gzj;ij ,ilaPl;Lf; fUtpahf
fz;Lgpbf;f cjtpaJ.

gzk; vd;gJ:-

thf;fh; mth;fsJ $w;Wg;gb> gzk; kl;LNk gzj;jpd; Njitia

re;jpf;Fk;. vd;Wk; gzk; vijnay;yhk; nra;a

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ty;yNjh mJNt gzk; vdTk; tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.

gzj;jpd; ngah; fhuzk;;:-

,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; gzj;jpw;Flkhdl;lh vd;gJ ngauhFk;.

khdl;lh vd;gJ cNuhkdpangz; flTs;[pdNlhtpd; kWngah;MFk;.
gzj;jpd; Mq;fpy thh;j;ij khdl;lhtpypUe;J kUtpajhFk;.
gzk; vd;gJ fhRfs;> &gha; Nehl;Lfs;> fhNrhiy> nrYj;jr; rPl;L> fld;
ml;il Kjypait ,ize;j xd;whFk;.

gzj;jpd; kjPg;gpL:-

gzj;jpd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ kf;fspd; Efh;tj;jpwid mbg;gilahf

nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kf;fspd; Efh;T jpwd; vd;gJ nghUspd; tpiyiar; rhh;e;Js;sJ.
gzk; xU fUtp kl;LNk mJNt ,Wepiy my;y.

gzj;jpd; gzpfs;:-

,ilaPl;Lf; fUtp (nghUl;fs; ghpkhw;wk;)

kjpg;gpd; msTNfhy;. (nghUspd; tpiy (kjpg;G)
kjpg;gpd; epiyfsd;. (Nrkpj;J itf;f)
vjph;fhy nrYj;Jif.(flid vjph;fhyj;jpy; nrYj;JtJ)

gzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:-

nghUspay; nray;ghLfshd Efh;T> cw;gj;jp> gfph;T> ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; nghJ

epjpay; Mfpatw;wpy; gzj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;.

Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL:-

Nrkpg;G vd;gJ tUkhdj;jpy; nrytopf;fg;glhky; cs;s gzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

KjyPL vd;gJ Nrkpf;fg;gl;ltw;iw cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Nrkpg;Gk; Kjyd Mf;fKk; ,d;wpaikahjJ
MFk;.
Nrkpg;G vd;gJ Efh;Nthh; fuq;fspypYk;> KjyPL vd;gJ njhopyjpgh;fs;
fuq;fspYk; cs;sd.

9-k; tFg;G
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1.NjitAk; mspg;Gk;

Njit vd;gJ:-

Njit vd;gJ tpUg;gNk. nghUspaypy; Njit vd;gJ thq;Fk; rf;jpAld; $ba

tpUg;gj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
Njit vd;gJ nghUl;fis thq;Fk; kf;fsplk; vOtjhFk;. mth;fs; Efh;Nthh;
vdg;gLfpwhh;fs;

Njitiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;:-

tpiyjhd; Njitiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. ,J jtp Efh;Nthhpd;

RitfSk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fq;fSk;.

2.gjpyPl;Lg; gz;lj;jpd; tpiy.

3.Efh;Nthhpd; vz;zpf;if
4.tUq;fhy tpiyg;gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;G
5.tUkhd gfph;T>
6.gUtfhy khw;wq;fs;.

Njit tpjp:-

My;gpuL khh;\y; Njit tpjpia tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.

tpiy cah;j;jhy; Njit FiwAk;> tpiy Fiwe;jhy; Njit mjpfhpf;Fk;.
tpiyf;Fk; Njitf;Fk; jiyfPo; njhlh;G cilaJ.
Njit ml;ltiz tpiyf;fk; Njitf;Fk; cs;s jiyfPo; njhlh;ig
tpsf;FfpwJ.
Njit ml;ltiz Efh;Nthh; gy;NtW tpiyfspy; thq;Fk; mstpidf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.

Njit tpjptpyf;F:-

Njit tpjpapypUe;J khWgl;L tpiy caUk; NghJ NjitAk; caUk; (v.fh.

itu Mguzq;fs; (ntg;sd; tpisT)
tpiy FiwAk;NghJ NjitAk; FiwAk;. (v.fh.Nfo;tuF (fpg;gd; tpisT).
,J Njit tpjptpyf;F vdg;gLfpwJ.

mspg;G vd;gJ:-

mspg;G cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J vOfpwJ.

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xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; tpw;gidf;F mspf;fg;gLk; gz;lj;jpd; msT mspg;G

vdg;gLk;.

mspg;igj; jPh;khdpf;fk; fhuzpfs;:-

tpiy mspg;ig jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;.

cw;gj;jpj; njhopy; El;gk;.

fhuzpfspd; tpiy
gpw gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
tUq;fhy tpiy gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;G.
thpfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs;.
nghUshjhuk; rhuh fhuzpfs;.

mspg;G tpjp:-

tpiy cah;j;jhy; mspg;Gk; caUk;> tpiy Fiwe;jhy; mspg;Gk; FiwAk;.

tpiyf;Fk; mspg;gpw;Fk; Neub njhlh;G cs;sJ.

2.rkepiy tpiy
rkepiy tpiy vd;gJ:-

xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy;> thq;fg;gLk; msTk;> tpw;fg;gLk; msTk; rkkhFk;.

mt;tpiy rkepiy tpiy vdg;gLk;.

rkepiy tpiyapd; fhyj;jpd; gq;F:-

My;gpul; khh;\y; rkepiy tpiy eph;zaj;jpy; %d;W tifahd fhyj;jpd;

gq;fpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

1. mq;fhbf; fhyk; my;yJ kpff; FWfpa fhyk;:-

,J Njit khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g mspg;ig khw;w Kbahj fhyk;.

,jpy; mspg;G khwhJ.
NjitNa tpiyiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.
2. FWfpa fhyk;:-
Njit khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g mspg;ig xusT khw;wf;$ba fhyk;.
Njit cah;T rpwpa tpiy FiwitiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
3. ePz;lfhyk;:-

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Njit khw;wj;ij KOikahf mspg;G khw;wj;jhy; re;jpf;f KbAk;.

tpiy NjitAk;> mspg;Gk; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.

gj;jhk; tFg;G
1.ehl;L tUkhdk;

ehl;L tUkhdk; vd;gJ:

ehl;L tUkhdk; vd;gJ> xU ehl;by; Xuhz;L fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;gpd; msNt MFk;.
ehl;L tUkhdk; xU ehl;bd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fs;:-

1. nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GNP-GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT)

xU ehl;by; xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd;
kjpg;Gk;> me;ehl;L kf;fs; Xuhz;by; <l;ba tUkhdKk;> ntspehl;bypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; ,yhgKk; Nrh;j;jNj nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jpahFk;.
2. nkhj;j cs;sehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP-GROSS DMESTIC PRODUCT):
xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; Xh; Mz;by; me;ehl;bw;F nrhe;jkhd cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j
kjpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk;.
3. epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp (NNP- NET NATIONAL PRODUCT):

epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp = nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp- Nja;khdr; nryT

4. epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (NDP-NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT):

epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp = nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp - Nja;khdr; nryT

5.jyh tUkhd (Percapita Income)

jyh tUkhdk; = ehl;L tUkhdk;

ehLfspd; jyh tUkhdk; xg;gPL:- kf;fs; njhif

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ehl;bd; ngah; jyh tUkhdk; (mnkhpf;f

lhyhpy;)

[g;gd; 47490

mnkhpf;fh 46020

,e;jpah 950

tq;fhsNjrk; 470

ehl;L tUkhdj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; Kiwfs;:-

ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fPo;fhZk; %d;W Kiwfspy; fzf;fplyhk;.

cw;gj;jp Kiw (ehl;bd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy;)
tUkhd Kiw (ehl;bd; midj;J kf;fspd; tUkhdq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;)
nrytpd; Kiw (ehl;bd; nkhj;j Efh;T> KjyPLr; nryT kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G)
,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jpKiw kw;Wk; tUkhd Kiw mbg;gilapy; ehl;L
tUkhdk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

ehl;L tUkhdf;fzf;fl
P ;d;NghJ fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;:-

fUg;ggzk;.
Gzk;rhuh nghUshjhuk; (gz;lkhw;W nghUshjhuk;)
,UKiw fzf;fpLjy;.
ek;gj;jFe;j Gs;sp tptuq;fs; ,d;ik.
,y;yj;jurpfspd; gzpfs;.
r%fg;gzpfis fzf;fpy; nfhs;shik.

,e;jpahtpy; ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; Nghf;F:-

Mz;L tpOf;fhL

2003 4.3%

2004 8.3%

2005 6.2%

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2006 8.4%

2007 9.2%

2008 9%

2009 7.4%

,e;jpa ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy;

Jiwfspd; gq;fspg;G:-

Jiwfs; tpOf;fhL

Kjd;ikj; Jiw 15.8

,uz;lhk; Jiw 25.8

gzpfs; Jiw 58.4

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; murpd; gq;F:-

goq;fhyq;spy;murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;if (Laissez-faire) eilKiwapy;

,Ue;jJ.
goq;fhy muRfs; fhty; murfshf (ehl;L ghJfhg;G) kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
etPd muRfs; kf;fs; ey muRfshf cs;sJ.
murpd; gzpfs;:-
ehl;il ghJfhj;jy;.
eph;thfg; gzpfs;(khf;fs; gzpahw;w rl;lkd;wk;> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw
Mfpa %d;Wk; murpd; Kf;f myfhfr; nray;gLfpwJ)
r%fg;ghJfhg;G gzpfs; (cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik epthuzk;)
nghUshjhug; gzpfs;.

2. tpLjiyf;fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;

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gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu epiy:-

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

70 rjtPj kf;fs; Ntshz;ikia rhh;e;jpUe;jdh;.
,e;jpahtpy; tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; efuq;fis ikakhf nfhz;L nray;gl;ld.
,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf [Tspj; njhopy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
iftpidg;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; jiy rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.

6) Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpa cw;gj;jpfs;:-

cw;gj;jpfs; efuq;fs;

fhspNfh Jzpfs; tq;fhsk;

gl;L nerT ngdhu];

ifj;jwp jkpo;ehL

rhy;it fh\;kPh;

kuj;jpyhd nghUl;fs; Y}jpahdh

gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpa tpisTfs;:-

fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tpo;r;rp.

iftpidg; nghUl;fspd; Gfo; kq;fpaJ.
Gjpa epy mikg;G Kiw (xUq;fpize;j ,e;jpah)

tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;:-

[tfh;yhy;NeU fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;ij tYg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;.

tprhak;> ePhg
; ;ghrdk; kw;Wk; kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;.
fyg;G nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;jpddh;.
nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;jpdh;.
,e;jpa Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; u\;ahtpd; 7-Mz;L jpl;lj;jpypUe;J te;jJ.
1950-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa jpl;lf;FO Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa tsh;r;rpf;FO (NDC) khepy murpd; xj;Jiiog;ig 5-Mz;Ljpl;lq;fSf;F
ngWtjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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(NDC) - jiyth; gpujkh; Mthh;. ehl;bd; midj;J Kjy;th;fSk; cWg;gpduhth;.

2007-2012-y; 11-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jw;NghJ 12-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; (2012-2017) eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.

,e;jpa Ntshz;ik:-

ekJ ehl;b ; d; KJnfYk;ghf Ntshz;ik jpfo;fpwJ.

ehl;bd; tUthapd; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 40 rjtPjkhf cs;sJ.
1967-y; ,e;jpahtpy; gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gRikg; Gul;rp vd;gJ epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;> tPhpa tpj;Jf;fs; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghLj;jg;gl;l ghrd trjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ,ilj;jufh;fis xopj;J epy cr;rtuk;gpid
eph;zapj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
g+kpjhd ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jth; Mr;rhh;a tpNdhghNt.
gRikg;Gul;rp NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gl;L ,e;jpah czT
cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT mile;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; tPhpa tpijfs; rhh;e;J Y}jpahdh> ge;j;efh; kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rp nra;jd.

,e;jpa njhopy;Jiw:-

nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; vd;gJ murhy; elj;jg;gLtJ.

,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;; fl;Lk; epWtdk;> rpe;jphp cuj;njhopw;rhiy> nguk;g+h; uapy;ngl;b
njhopw;rhiy Nghd;wit nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fshFk;.

nghUshjhu rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; 1991:-

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; 1991- kpf Kf;fpakhd Mz;lhFk;.

1991-y; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nghUshjhu rPjpUj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; me;epa KjyPL mjpfhpj;jJ.
gd;dhl;L epWtdk; vd;gJ gy ehLfspy; epWtdq;fis njhlq;fpAs;sit MFk;.
Fbirj; njhopy; vd;gJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fshy; goikahd cw;gj;jp Kiwapy;
nra;Ak; njhopyhFk;.
rpW njhopy; vd;gJ nghpa njhopy; epWtdq;fisr; rhh;e;j xd;whFk;.
nghUshjhu rPhj ; pUj;jk;-jhuhskakhjy;> jdpahh;kakhjy;> cyfkakhjy;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
jhuhskakhjy; vd;gJ jdpahh; njhopy; epWtdq;fSld; jdpahh; JiwiaAk;
mDkjpg;gJ Nghd;wit.
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jdpahh;kakhjy; vd;gJ nghJj;Jiwia jdpahhplk; xg;gilg;gijf;

Fwpf;Fk;.
cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; mq;fhbia gd;dhl;L mq;fhbAld;
njhlh;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,e;jpa mwptpay;:-

kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F mDkpd;rf;jp Njit vd;gij 1954-w;F Kd;dNu muR mwpe;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; mDrf;jp epiyak; 1956-y; buhk;Ngtpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
tpz;ntspapy; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis nrYj;Jk; 6-ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;W.
nraw;iff;Nfhs; kw;Wk; njhiynjhlh;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gtfpf;Fk; epWtdk; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdkhFk;. ngq;fShpy;
jiyikafk; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; 1975-k; Mz;L Mh;agl;lh vd;fpw nraw;ifNfhs; tpz;zpy;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
fle;j 40-Mz;Lfspy; 50 nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; ntw;wpfukhf Vtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2008-y; re;jpuhad;-1 tpz;fyk; epytpw;F ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
caphp njhopy; El;gj;jpd; thapyhf fhyuhtpw;F tha;nkhop jLg;G kUe;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhiy njhlh;G trjpfismspg;gjpy; ,e;jpah cyf ehLfspilNa 10-tJ
,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; 77.93 kpy;ypad; njhiyNgrp njhlh;gfSk;> 1.79 kpy;ypad; nghJ
njhiNgrp epiyaq;fSk; cs;sd;.
,e;jpahtpy; 65.2 Nfhb igNgrp gad;ghl;lhsh;fs; cs;sdh;. Khje;NjhWk; 1
kpy;ypad; ifNgrpfs; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
ngq;Sh;> i`juhghj; kw;Wk; nrd;id Kf;fpa jfty; njhopy; El;g ikaq;fshFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp tsh;r;rp:-

Mz;L; Mz; ngz; nkhj;jk; mjpf Fiwe;j jkpo;ehL

tpOf;fhL tpOf;fhL

2011 82.14% 65.46% 74.04% Nfush gPfhh; 80.3%

93.9% 63.8%

,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; fy;tp fw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if 778.45 kpy;ypad;fshFk;.

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,e;;jpahtpy; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; 80% muR my;yJ muR cjtp ngWk; gs;spfshf

cs;sd.
14 tajpw;Fl;gl;ll midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lhaf;fy;tp 2009-k; Mz;;L
rl;lj;jpd;gb eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
khtl;l njhlf;ff; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; SSA (midtUf;Fk; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd;)
%yk; khzth; Nrh;fi ; f njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; mjpfhpfj;Js;sJ.
14 Kjy; 18 taJ tiuapyhd khzth;fs; gapYk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; 88.5
kpy;ypad; khzth;fs; fw;W tUfpwhh;fs;.
,ilepiy fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf midtUf;fk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp (RMSA-
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan) jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; rpdh kw;wk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fgpd; ,e;jpah 3-tJ ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy;gy;fiyf; fof khdpaf; FO Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
2009-k; Mz;btiu 20-kj;jpa gy;fiyf; fofk;>215-khepy gy;fiyf;fofk;> 100-
epfh;epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; 13-Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fy;tp
epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd.
1600-k; fy;Y}hpfSk;> ngz;fSf;nfd 1800-fy;Y}hpfSk; nray;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;bd; fy;tp tsh;r;rp:-

jkpo;ehl;bd; njhlf;f fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Kd;dhs; Kjy;th; f.fhkuhrNu

Kf;fpa fhuzkhdth; Mthh;.
gs;spfspy; thuj;jpy; 5-ehl;fs; Kl;il toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; 30 Mrphpah; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; cs;sd.
cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; jkpo;ehL ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;dzp khepykhf cs;sJ.
2020-k; Mz;bw;Fs; cah;fy;tpapid 11.72 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 25 rjtPjkhf;FtNj
murpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

jkpo;ehl;by; kpd; cw;gj;jp:-

mdy;kpd; ePhk
; pd; mDkpd; fhw;Wkpd; caphp
epiyaq;fs; epiyaq;fs; epiyaq;fs;; epiyaq;fs; nghUl;fs;
(kuGrhuh) vhprf;jp

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; z;lD}h;
v Nkl;^h; Fe;jh fhy;ghf;fk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; jUkGhp
Jj;Jf;Fb nghpahh; miz $ld;Fsk; fd;dpahfkhp ehkf;fy;
nea;Ntyp NfhijahW J}j;Jf;Fb
Nkl;Lh; igf;fhuh jpUney;Ntyp
rpq;fhuh khahh; ,uhkehjGuk;

caphp nghUl;fs; vhprf;jpahdJ Ntshz;nghUl;fspd; foptpypUe;J

ngwg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa mdy;kpd; epiyaKk;> jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpaKk; jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;
ty;Y}hpy; mdy;kpd; epiyak; mikj;Js;sJ.

jkpo;ehL-Nghf;Ftuj;J:-

nrd;idapy; MRTS (Mass Rapid Transit System) kw;Wk; ngUefu nuapy;

jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Nghf;ftuj;J jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nghs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfnghpa JiwKfq;fs; nrd;id> vz;Z}h;> J}j;Jf;Fb.
jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfr;rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; flY}h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;.
tpkhdepiyaq;fs;-nrd;id> Nfhit> kJiu> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> J}j;Jf;Fb.

Ke;ija; TN TET 2 & TM TET RE - 2 Njh;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs;

1. njhopyq;fis ,af;Fk; caph;ehb vdg;gLtJ

A. vhprf;jp B) Nghf;Ftuj;JC) %yjdk
D) khazpahl;fs;
2. ntghpd; njhopyhf miktpl Nfhl;ghL ve;j mikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
A) tl;lk;
B) rJuk;
C) Kf;Nfhzk;
D) nry;tk;

3. xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; epfo;fpd;w tzpfk;

A) cs;ehl;L tzpfk;
B) Cuf tzpfk;
C) gd;dhl;L tzpfk;
D) jy tzpfk;

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4. Njrpa kf;fs; njhif nfhs;ifia ,e;jpa murhq;fk; mwptpj;j Mz;L

A) gpg;uthp> 2000
B) [dthp> 2001
C) Mf];L> 1999
D) mf;Nlhgh;> 2002
5. ika murpd; eph;thfj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs;
A) ,uhZtf; $l thhpaq;fs;
B) efu vy;iyg;gFjp
C) Fwpg;gpl;lvy;iyg;gFjp
D) FOf;fs; efhpfk;

6. ve;j Mz;il mbg;gil Mz;lhff; nfhz;L ,e;jpahtpy; epiyahd tpiyapy; ehl;L

tUkhdk; fzf;fpllg;gLfpwJ?
A) 1993 - 94
B) 1980 - 81
C) 1970 -71
D) 1960 61
1. gzk; vijnay;yhk; nra;a ty;yNjh mJnt gzk; tiuaWj;jth;
A) fpnusj;jh;
B) ,h;ypq;fg ; p\h;
C) thf;fh;
D) rhg;gpNuh
2. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
A) 1981
B) 1986
C) 1985
D) 1984
3. NtiygFg;G Kiw vd;w fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
A) Mlk;];j;
B) My;g;gpul;khh;\y;
C) J.M fPd;];
D) rhKNty;rd;
4. gjpNdhuhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lf; fhyk;
A) 2007 - 2012
B) 2002 -2007
C) 2012 - 2017

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D) 1997 2002
5. nghJ kf;fsplk; cs;s Gof;fg; gzk; vd;gJ

A)M1

B) M2

C) M3

D) M4

6. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa Neub cwT fhzg;gLfpwJ?

A) tpiy kw;Wk; Njit
B) tpiy kw;Wk;mspg;G
C) tpiy kw;Wk; tUkhdk;
D) tpiy kw;Wk; thp
7. rkepiy tpiyfPo;ff ; z;ltw;Ws; vj;id rkd;gLfpwJ?
A) Njit kw;Wk; mspg;G
B) Njit kw;wk; tUkhdk;
C) mspg;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp
D) Njit kw;Wk; gad;ghL
8. rKjhak; khw;wk; fhZk; Kfth;
A) Efh;Nthh;
B) njhopy;KidNthh;
C) ciog;ghsh;
D) tpdpNahf];jh;
9. nkJthd NtiyAk;> ifa+l;Lk; fPo;ff ; z;ltw;Ws; vjw;F fhuzkhf
tpsq;fpwJ?
A) cw;gj;jpapd; jpwikf; FiwT
B) tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tj;jpy; vw;wj; jho;T
C) njhopy; El;gkpd;ik
D) tsq;fisj; jpwikahf gad;gLj;Jjy;
10.fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ gzj;jpd; gzpia Fwpg;gjpy;iy?

A) ghpkhw;wf; fUtp

B) kjpg;gpd; msTNfhy;

C) vjph;fhy nrYj;Jiff;fhdepiykjpg;G

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D) xd;WgLj;Jtjw;fhd fUtp

11 cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; (gl;bay;A) kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Cjpaj;ijAk;

(gl;bay; B) nghUj;Jf.

gl;bay A; gl;bay; B

a.epyk; 1. ,yghk;

b.ciog;G 2. tl;b

c.%yjdk; 3. $yp

d. mikg;G 4. thlif

FwpaPLfs;

a b c d

A. 4 3 2 1

B. 3 1 2 4

C. 3 2 4 3

D. 4 2 4 1

12.,tw;wpy; vJ %yjdj;jpd; tbtk;l my;y?

A) gUkg;nghUs; %yjdk;
B) gzk%yjdk;
C) ,aw;if %yjdk;
D) kdpj %yjdk;

13.,jpy; jtwhd $w;iwf; $Wf

A) r%fKk; rKjhaKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;GilaJ

B) r%fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; nghJeyk;

C) r%fk; gy FOf;fspd; njhFjp - xd;Wf;nfhd;W

njhlh;GilaJ

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D) r%fk; vd;gJ kdpjh;fsplkpUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l tho;tjw;fhd Kiwia

vjph;ghh;j;jy;
14. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; gzpfspy; tuhj xd;W vJ?
A) fpuhkq;fspy; fpzW ntl;Ljy;
B) fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s tpisahl;L
C) ikjhdq;fis ftdpj;jy;
C) fpuhkq;fspy; rhiyfs; mikj;jy;
D) fpuhkq;fspy; kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Fjy;

15.jyh tUkhdk; vd;gJ

A) xU ehl;by; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyiaf; Fwpg;gJ

B) xU ehl;by; cs;s gzf;fhuh;fspd;

tho;fi
; fj;juk;

C) xU ehl;by; Vo;ikapy; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy

D) ehl;by; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;

16.ICAR ,d; tphpthf;fk; vd;d?

A) Ntshz; gFjpf;fhd ,e;jpa FO

B) Nthsz; Muha;r;rpf;fhd ,e;jpa FOkk;
C) Ntshz; Muha;r;rpf;fhd ,e;jpa FO
D) Ntshz; gFjpf;fhd ,e;jpa FOkk;
17. mspg;G tpjp vd;gJ ve;j ,uz;ow;fhd Neubj; njhlh;ig tpsf;Fk;?
A) gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiyTk; mspg;gpd; mstpw;Fk;
B) gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiyAk; mjd; juj;ijAk;
C) tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; Vw;wk; kw;Wk; gz;lj;jpw;fhd juk;
D) tpiyapwf;fKk; gz;lj;jpw;fhd juKk;
18. tpiiyahdJ rkepiy tpiyia tpl mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth
,Uf;Fk; NghJ> rkepiy tpiyia mila NjitAk; mspg;Gk; nray;
ghpfpd;wd.
A) tpiy rkepiy
B) mspg;G rkepiy
C) mq;fhb rkepiy
D) Njit rkepiy
19. ,e;jpa &ghapd; jdpg;gl;l rpd;dkhdJ ,jd; ,uz;bd; njhFg;Gfs; MFk;.
A) Njtehfhp Ra kw;Wk; Mq;fpy vOj;jpd; R
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B) Njtehfhp Ra kw;Wk; Nuhk vOj;jpd; R

C) ,e;jp vOj;jpy ; Ra kw;wk; Nuhk vOj;jpd; R
D) ,e;jp vOj;jpd;; Ra kw;Wk; Mq;fpyvOj;jpd; R

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