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Fenmenos de Transporte II
Acarape
2016
Relaes com a Segunda Lei da Termodinmica e a Eficincia de Mquinas Trmicas
De acordo com Incropera (2011), "a eficincia de Carnot a eficincia mxima possvel
que qualquer mquina trmica pode atingir operando em um gradiente de temperatura." Para
tanto, consideramos a razo das temperaturas absolutas de um processo reversvel. Todavia,
numa mquina trmica real, que envolve processos irreversveis, a efincia ter valores menores.
Levando em considerao um modelo mais realstico de mquina trmica em que temos
resitncias trmicas associadas tranferncia de calor por conduo, conveco e/ou radiao
entre a mquina trmica e os reservatrios por meio de um gradiente de temperatura no nulo, a
eficincia de Carnot se basearia nas temperaturas (Tq,i e Tf,i) nas paredes da mquina trmica que
contm as resistncias.
Onde,
Assim,
1.52 (Incropera - 7. Edio) A hair dryer may be idealized as a circular duct through which a
small fan draws ambient air and within which the air is heated as it ows over a coiled electric
resistance wire.
(a) If a dryer is designed to operate with an electric power consumption of P elec = 500 W and to
heat air from an ambient temperature of Ti = 20C to a discharge temperature of To= 45C, at
what volumetric ow rate should the fan operate? Heat loss from the casing to the ambient air
and the surroundings may be neglected. If the duct has a diameter of D = 70 mm, what is the
discharge velocity Vo of the air? The density and specic heat of the air may be approximated as
(b) Consider a dryer duct length of L = 50 mm and a surface emissivity of e = 0.8. If the
coefcient associated with heat transfer by natural convection from the casing to the ambient air
is h = 4 W/m2.K and the temperature of the air and the surroundings is T = Tsur = 20C, conrm
that the heat loss from the casing is, in fact, negligible. The casing may be assumed to have an
average surface temperature of Ts = 40 C
1.53 (Incropera - 7. Edio) In one stage of an annealing process, 304 stainless steel sheet is
taken from 300 K to 1250 K as it passes through an electrically heated oven at a speed of V s = 10
mm/s. The sheet thickness and width are t s = 8 mm and Ws = 2 m, respectively, while the height,
width, and length of the oven are H o = 2 m, Wo = 2.4 m, and Lo = 25 m, respectively. The top
and four sides of the oven are exposed to ambient air and large surroundings, each at 300 K, and
the corresponding surface temperature, convection coefcient, and emissivity are T s = 350 K, h =
10 W/m2.K, and es = 0.8. The bottom surface of the oven is also at 350 K and rests on a 0.5-m-
thick concrete pad whose base is at 300 K. Estimate the required electric power input, P elec, to the
oven.