Sei sulla pagina 1di 13

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing

Engineering

Laboratory Experiment

Subject Code and Name: MIET1071, Solid Mechanics 3

Experiment Title: Plastic Bending of Portals

Course Coordinator: Dr. Monir Takla

Tutors Name: ________________________________

Student Name: ________________________________

Student Number: ________________________________

Date: ________________________________
Title: Plastic Bending of Portals

SUMMARY
(written by student)

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 2


1. Learning Objectives of the Experiment

Demonstration of Plastic Bending of Portals


Observing Positions of Plastic Hinges
Examining Load-Deflection Relationship
Measuring Collapse Load
Comparing Collapse Load to Theory
Writing up a technical report
Review of theoretical knowledge

2. Introduction to Experiment

In this experiment you are asked to set up and perform experiments related to the
plastic bending of portals, then compare the results to the simple Plastic Design theory.
The experiment clearly demonstrates the principles involved and gives practical support
to your studies.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 3


3. Description of Equipment
Figure 1 below shows the Plastic Bending of Portals experiment set up in a Test Frame.
It consists of a specimen steel portal frame held firmly at the bottom corners by two
fixing blocks (ensuring an encastre fixing). Two load cells load the specimen frame by
wires and adjustable pulleys. These ensure the loads pull the frame in the correct
direction. Each of the pulley mounting plates has a long travel digital indicator attached.
This accurately measures the deflection of the specimen frame in the horizontal and
vertical directions. The experiment hardware fits onto a Structures Test Frame.

Figure 1

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 4


Figure 2 below shows the different components of the experimental testing equipment.

Figure 2

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 5


4. Description of Experiment

Fix a specimen portal frame (two uprights with a cross-beam at the top) to the bottom
cross-piece of a test frame. The test frame also holds horizontal and vertical screw
mechanisms with electronic load cells for loading the portal frame. Set the portal frame
load conditions by arranging the load cell screw mechanisms to provide either single or
combined loads. Load the portal frame manually by adjusting the screw mechanisms.

The electronic load cells connect to a Digital Force Display that shows the horizontal
and vertical loads as the portal frame deforms. Two long-travel digital deflection
indicators measure the portal frame deformation. Continue to load the portal frame until
it is in the fully plastic condition, that is, it has undergone plastic collapse. Monitor the
collapse load, deformations, and note where plastic hinges formed during collapse.

The square portal frame with encastre fixings has three redundancies. If it forms four
plastic hinges it will turn into a mechanism and collapse. Alternatively, if any individual
member fails as a beam it will effectively fail as a structure. In this experiment you will
load specimen portals vertically and then horizontally. In both cases you will observe the
positions of the plastic hinges, examine the load deflection relationship and compare the
collapse load to theory.

Part 1: Vertical Loading

Take a specimen portal and check the corners are reasonably square and its legs are
straight. If they are not, you need to use another frame. If the frame is a little distorted_
make a note of any distortion so you can make a comparison before and after the test.
Measure the section of the frame and calculate a value for the second moment of
Area, I, in m4

Remove the clamp plates and locate the ends of the specimen portal into the fixing
blocks. Ensuring the clamp plates are square, clamp the specimen using a clamp plate
and screw in each block. Find the centre of the portal top beam and mark it with a
pencil. Find the longer wire and position the small diameter pin underneath the pencil
mark position with the offset end toward the indicator anvil. Clamp it to the frame using
the clamp pin and two screws.

Rest the indicator anvil on the pin. Pass the wire around the adjustable pulley and
secure the end into the load cell clevis using two clevis shear screws. Using a
combination of the adjustable Pulley and the load cell, make sure the wire comes
vertically down from the frame, around the pulley, then horizontally across to the load
cell. Look at the digital force display readout to ensure the Frame is not Pulled during
these adjustment. Ensure there is no load on the wire and zero both the load cell and
the indicator.

Wind the load cell handwheel to pull the frame and cause a measured deflection of 1
mm, take a reading of the force required. Continue to wind the load cell to cause
deflections in 1 mm steps until there is very little or no increase in load for each
increment of deflection. Enter your results into Table 1.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 6


Deflection Force
(mm) (N)
0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Table 1 Results for Part 1

Plot a graph of force versus deflection. From your results, comment on the shape of the
resulting plot and note the collapse load. Release the load and carefully remove the
portal, sketch the shape of the collapsed portal making note of the positions of the
hinges that have formed. Save the portal for later tests.

How many hinges have formed? Has the portal failed completely (turned into a
mechanism) or has only one part of the structure failed?

Part 2: Horizontal Loading

Take another (new) portal and fix it into the blocks (as you did in Part 1). Find the
shorter wire and position the small diameter pin into the right-hand corner with the offset
end toward the indicator anvil. Clamp it to the frame using the clamp pin and two
screws. Pass the wire around the adjustable pulley and secure the end into the load cell
clevis using two clevis shear screws. Using the adjustable pulley and d the load cell,
make sure the wire comes horizontally from the frame. around the pulley, then vertically
up to the load cell. Check the digital force display to ensure the frame is not pulled
during these adjustments. Check there is no tension in the wire, ensure the indicator
anvil is pushed up to the pin, then zero both the load cell and the indicator.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 7


Wind the load cell handwheel to pull the frame and cause a measured deflection of one
mm. Take a reading Of the force required. Continue to wind the load cell to cause
deflections in 1 mm steps, checking that the indicator anvil stays in contact with the pin.
Carry on until there is very little or no increase in load for each increment of deflection
Enter your results into Table 2.

Deflection Force
(mm) (N)
0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Table 2 Results for Part 2

Plot a graph of force versus deflection. From your results, comment on the shape of the
resulting plot. Note the collapse load. Release the load and remove the portal and
sketch the shape of the collapsed portal making note of the positions of the hinges that
have formed.

How many hinges have formed? Has the portal failed completely (turned into a
mechanism) or has only one part of the structure failed?

Sketch bending moment diagrams for both load cases and compare with the two modes
of failure. Are these what you expected? Could you use the bending moment diagram
to predict the positions of the plastic hinges?

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 8


5. Theoretical Background

To compare the collapse loads to theory we can use the following equations (for a portal
with a height to width ratio of 2:3.

V = 8Mp/L

H= 6 Mp/L

Where:

V = Vertical load to cause collapse (N)


H = Horizontal load to cause collapse (N)
Mp = Plastic Moment (Nm)
L=Width of frame (m)

Reference: Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics of Materials, Sixth International Edition, Prentice


Hall

Useful Literature for this lab work:

Nash, W.A., Strength of Materials, Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1994.

Takla, M., Mechanics of Solids III, Resource Material, Unit 9.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 9


6. Calculation of Results
(Written by student)
[The report must contain all raw results and calculated results must be presented as
well as sample calculations]

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 10


7. Discussion
[Students to discuss the results, their accuracy, their significance, any abnormalities or
restrictions that existed in the experiments]

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 11


8. Conclusions

[The experiment has stated aims and objectives. What conclusions were drawn in
relation to those aims? What other conclusions were drawn from the experiment]

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 12


9. Student Comments

[Students comments/suggestions are welcome to improve the learning outcomes from


this experiment]

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University 13

Potrebbero piacerti anche