February 18, 2016

Dispatches from the frontier of wireless research

MOBILE BROADBAND DOWN UNDER

Initial Thoughts after Testing 256 QAM,
3x20 MHz FDD with a Cat 11 Modem,
and FDD + TDD Carrier Aggregation

www.signalsresearch.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Last week we upped our United Airlines mileage club status by flying down to Melbourne, Australia
for an action-packed week of mobile broadband testing. Armed with the Accuver XCAL-M drive
test software we were able to test 256 QAM and 3x20 MHz FDD Carrier Aggregation with a Cat
11 Modem (Telstra) as well as FDD + TDD Carrier Aggregation (Optus), with the TDD portion of
the network supporting up to two 20 MHz TDD carriers in addition to up to two FDD carriers 3
carriers total. We will be publishing our detailed analysis of the results in two separate reports
starting sometime in March, but in the interim wed like to share some initial thoughts.

As always, unlike our subscription-based Signals Ahead reports, you may forward this Signals
Flash! report to whomever you want.

Background Information

Data Consumption. In total, we generated at least 800 GB of transferred data on the two
networks over a period of only a few days well have an exact tally after we finish the analysis.
We did a majority of the testing during the nighttime within the Melbourne CBD as well as
immediately outside of the CBD in a more suburban environment. In addition to drive testing
for a preponderance of the time, we also included stationary testing, pedestrian testing during
the afternoon, and a lengthy City Link train ride around the core of the CBD.

The Telstra Network Configuration. The Telstra network supports up to three 20 MHz FDD
carriers with 256 QAM enabled in each carrier and at each cell site. In addition to Band 28
(778 MHz) and Band 3 (1812.5 MHz), we identified two carriers deployed in Band 7 (2640 MHz
and 2659.8 MHz). We used the NETGEAR AirCard 810S mobile hotspot with the Qualcomm
Snapdragon X12 LTE modem. Ericsson is the infrastructure supplier.

The Optus Network Configuration. The Optus network supports 3-carrier CA with the twist
being that it includes a mix of FDD and TDD carriers. Throughout our testing we encountered
10 MHz of FDD spectrum in Band 28 (763 MHz), 15 MHz of FDD spectrum in Band 3 (1857.5 MHz)
and two 20 MHz allocations of TDD spectrum in Band 40 (2331.8 MHz and 2312 MHz). We used a
Qualcomm mobile test platform (MTP) while testing this network. Huawei is the infrastructure
supplier in Melbourne.

Why it Matters. 256 QAM can provide measurably higher individual data rates and it can
increase network efficiency for a relatively modest incremental cost if the RF conditions are
favorable enough to support it. FDD + TDD carrier aggregation gives the operator the best of
both worlds: FDD for coverage and TDD for capacity. However, the two duplex modes need to
work seamlessly together and the ecosystem needs to support it.

2 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

Unlike our more in-depth Signals Ahead research reports, there are not any restrictions associ-
ated with the redistribution of this document. Recipients of Signals Flash! may share this docu-
ment both internally within their organization and externally with reckless abandon. In fact,
we encourage it! In addition to providing near-real-time commentary and analysis of industry
noteworthy events, Signals Flash! provides readers with a summary of past and planned research
reports that we offer through our subscription-based Signals Ahead research product. We have
also taken the opportunity to promote a couple of our most recent and futuristic reports for
readers of this Signals Flash! who dont subscribe to Signals Ahead.

As we indicated in our last Signals Flash! we are going to miss putting out a Signals Ahead report
in February. The cat is now out of the bag regarding one of the primary reasons namely that we
spent a week traveling down and back to Melbourne, Australia during which time we consumed
at least 800 GB of data. MWC is right around the corner and we are sure operators and vendors
will be hyping mobile broadband, either in the form of LTE-Advanced Pro or a next-generation
wireless technology which 3GPP has yet to identify for Release 15 and Release 16. Therefore, we
thought it would be appropriate to provide a teaser of the here and now when it comes to
mobile broadband.

For this two-part study, we collaborated once again with Accuver Americas, who provided us
with its XCAL-M drive test solution and XCAP post-processing software for the analysis portion
of the study. Although it has been nearly six months since we published our last network-based
performance study, long-time Signals Ahead readers should know that we frequently collaborate
with Accuver. One of the primary reasons is that their solutions support the latest and greatest
network/chipset features, which is paramount for us given that we want to test new network
functions before they become mainstream.

We reached out to both operators and secured their support for testing their respective For this two-part study, we
networks. Their invaluable support included to varying degrees the use of commercial devices, collaborated once again
test SIMs and access to an internal FTP server that we used to generate the traffic load. For with Accuver Americas, who
testing simplicity we used a Qualcomm MTP (Mobile Terminal Platform) with the X12 modem to provided us with its XCAL-M
test the Optus network although we note that Samsung has commercial solutions in the network. drive test solution and XCAP
For the Telstra network we used a commercial NETGEAR AirCard 810S hotspot, also with the X12 post-processing software.
modem. To the best of our knowledge Ericsson and Huawei had no knowledge that we tested
their network infrastructure.

As a courtesy to the operators who supported our initiative, we will provide them with a pre-
brief of the results and our analysis just prior to publishing the reports. If all goes according to
plan, well have the FDD + TDD carrier aggregation report published soon after MWC. This report
will be followed by the 256 QAM study although at some point we also intend to publish a report
stemming from the 3GPP RAN #71 Plenary that we will be attending in early March. Weve yet to
determine which report will come first.

3 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

 COMING SOON!
HOW FAST IS THAT KANGAROO
IN THE WINDOW?
THE ONE WITH THE 256 QAM

HOW FAST IS THAT KANGAROO IN THE WINDOW? CONTACT INFORMATION

The One with the 256 QAM To purchase, call +1 (510) 273-2439 or email information@
signalsresearch.com. Subscription information for Signals Ahead,
which includes these reports, can be found on the last page of this
PRE-PUBLICATION PRICE: $1,200 report. You can also visit our website at www.signalsresearch.com
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Figure 1. Melbourne, Australia

Source: Google Earth and SRG

As previously indicated, we transferred at least 800 GB of data while in Melbourne. Figure 1

shows the various drive routes that we used for this study. It understates the amount of testing
that we did since we repeated some routes multiple times as part of a sensitivity study that we
conducted. Additionally, despite the randomness of our drive routes in the CBD, we know we
drove or walked down several streets multiple times. The figure also excludes all of the stationary
tests that we conducted.

For various factors, the results of our two independent studies are very relevant for the industry.
There is currently an industry lovefest with anything that has a 5G label tied to it. This relation-
ship is especially true when it comes enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) or the prospects for
tens of Gigabits-per-second data rates. Weve also read in the popular press how 5G will bring
about the prospects for 1 Gbps per second speeds, or at least so says a senior executive for a
North American operator who has been making lots of noise about its future plans.

However, there is no need to wait for Release 15 functionality when those data speeds are Before the end of the year
possible with Release 12/Release 13 functionality and compatible modems that support higher we will be doing drive
device categories. To be more specific, we fully expect that before the end of the year we will testing in a commercial LTE
be doing drive testing in a commercial LTE network that supports a theoretical peak data rate of network that supports a
approximately 1 Gbps. These speeds are achievable with LTE through a combination of 3 or more theoretical peak data rate of
LTE radio carriers, 256 QAM and 4x4 MIMO. Whether or not the network can deliver 256 QAM approximately 1 Gbps.
and 4x4 MIMO simultaneously across multiple bands remains to be seen, but that is one of the
reasons why we do what we do.

5 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

 COMING SOON!
FDD + TDD CARRIER AGGREGATION
NOW YOU CAN HAVE YOUR COVERAGE
AND CAPACITY TOO!

FDD + TDD CARRIER AGGREGATION CONTACT INFORMATION

Now you can have your coverage and capacity too! To purchase, call +1 (510) 273-2439 or email information@
signalsresearch.com. Subscription information for Signals Ahead,
which includes these reports, can be found on the last page of this
PRE-PUBLICATION PRICE: $750 report. You can also visit our website at www.signalsresearch.com
or write us at
PUBLICATION PRICE: $925
Included with an annual subscription to Signals Ahead Signals Research Group
10 Ormindale Court
6 | Signals Flash February
Oakland,18,
CA2016
94611
Figure 2. Oh The Places We Did Go!

Source: Signals Research Group

TR 36.872 (Release 12) defines the results of a study item for small cell enhancements to identify
the most viable means of enhancing the physical layer of the air interface to deliver optimal
performance. The results of the study item showed that 256 QAM can deliver up to double-
digit gains in the user perceived throughput as well as an increase in overall network efficiency.
However, these gains are highly influenced by the linearity of the transceiver/power amplifier in
the eNB and by the quality of the air interface 256 QAM only works when the SINR conditions
are optimal. In addition to changes in the network, which should be software related, the modem
in the LTE device also needs to support the 256 QAM capability.

The interesting element associated with 256 QAM is that it is typically associated with small cells. If Telstras strategic approach
In fact, the highest performance gains documented in TR 36.872 were observed with indoor pays off them operators
small cells that used a different carrier frequency from the outdoor macro network. Telstras around the world may need
approach to 256 QAM is far more massive and a bit revolutionary. Instead of isolating 256 QAM to rethink their approach to
the higher order modulation
functionality to small cells, the operator has deployed the capability to all of its cell sites and
scheme
across all frequencies. In some cases the operator has up to four 20 MHz FDD carriers at a single
cell site. Normally, one wouldnt expect similar performance gains in a macro network compared
with a small cell deployment, but if Telstras strategic approach pays off then operators around
the world may need to rethink their approach to the higher order modulation scheme a modu-
lation scheme that will also be supported in the uplink in the not-too-distant future.

7 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

Figure 3. Sample Throughput Plot Melbourne CBD at 1700 hours

Total PHY Layer Throughput (Avg) = 243.8 Mbps P Cell (Band 7) PHY Layer Throughput (Avg) = 94.5 Mbps
S Cell #1 (Band 28) PHY Layer Throughput (Avg) = 53.9 Mbps S Cell #2 (Band 7) PHY Layer Throughput (Avg) = 95.3 Mbps

Mbps
400

350

300
Total PHY Layer Throughput
250
P Cell PHY Layer Throughput S Cell #2 PHY Layer Throughput
200
S Cell #1 PHY Layer Throughput
150

100

50
0

2713 2720 2730 2740 2750 2760 2770

Time (sec)
Source: Signals Research Group

Figure 3 shows a plot of the throughput that we observed in the Telstra network while riding the
City Link train in downtown Melbourne. Weve included this figure, not because the data speeds
were the highest that we observed, but because of the time and location of the test. There are
very few LTE networks anywhere in the world where this level of performance can be observed
at any time of the day, let alone during the evening commute in a large metropolitan area.

While testing the Telstra network we also had the opportunity to evaluate the performance We also had the opportunity
impact of vendor-specific optimization techniques designed to improve the radio conditions by to evaluate the performance
minimizing interference and thereby increase the probability of enabling 256 QAM functionality, impact of vendor-specific
not to mention increasing the use of other higher order modulation schemes (e.g., 64 QAM optimization techniques
versus 16 QAM and 16 QAM versus QPSK). We plan to include the results of this study, which we designed to improve
conducted over a multi-day period with different configurations enabled in the network in our the radio conditions by
forthcoming report. minimizing interference.

Back in the good old days when there was a healthy amount of debate regarding the best next- The link budget disadvantage
generation cellular technology, there was also the inevitable FDD versus TDD debate. The FDD of TDD translates into a
proponents argued that TDD has a ~3 dB link budget disadvantage (which it does) since the mobile coverage disparity compared
device is only transmitting for half the amount of time compared with an FDD device. In reality, with FDD.
since most operators overweight the amount of time allocated to the TDD downlink versus the
uplink direction, the link budget disadvantage is even greater. The link budget disadvantage trans-
lates into a coverage disparity between the two duplex schemes, meaning that far more TDD cell
sites are required to achieve a comparable coverage grid with that of the FDD duplex scheme.

The TDD camp argued that the FDD technologies wasted precious spectrum because the network
traffic is largely in the downlink (which it is), yet an FDD air interface means that an operator
must allocate the same amount of spectrum to the downlink as it allocates to the uplink. This
scenario means that the uplink spectrum/network capacity is under-utilized while the downlink
spectrum/network capacity is over-utilized. And for reasons that we still dont understand, the

8 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

TDD proponents also promoted the notion that TDD didnt have a link budget disadvantage
compared with FDD.

Now that the dust has settled on the technology argument, the polarizing views on the relative FDD is better for coverage
merits of FDD versus TDD are more evenly balanced. This outcome isnt surprising given that LTE and TDD is better for
supports both duplex schemes and vendors are in a position where they need to support mobile capacity.
operators with different deployment requirements. However, the engineering arguments for the
strengths and weaknesses of the two duplex schemes are still valid. FDD is better for coverage
and TDD is better for capacity.

The problem, if you will, is that most FDD spectrum is becoming fully utilized, although in some
cases it could be refarmed from 2G or 3G to support LTE. Additionally, most new spectrum
becoming available for the foreseeable future will be unpaired spectrum, meaning that it is
ideally positioned to support LTE TDD. Alternatively, the unpaired spectrum could be used for
a supplemental downlink channel whereby the FDD duplex scheme is used but there are more
carriers/spectrum used in the downlink than in the uplink direction.

LTE networks exist today which support both FDD and TDD Sprints network, which we used Without seamless mobility
to evaluate 8T8R and Transmission Mode 8 (TM8), is one example. In principle, an operator with between the two duplex
both LTE FDD and LTE TDD can meet both its coverage and its capacity requirements. However, modes of LTE, the net results
without seamless mobility between the two duplex modes of LTE operation, the net results are of LTE FDD and LTE TDD in the
subpar with excessive signaling and brief interruptions when moving between the modes of LTE same network are subpar.
operation.

LTE FDD and LTE TDD carrier aggregation solves this dilemma. In addition to reaping the inherent
benefits of carrier aggregation, the combination of FDD and TDD takes matters to an entirely
new level while making it fully seamless to the end user. Optus was one of the very first opera-
tors in the world to leverage this capability, which 3GPP introduced in Release 12. Although the
feature has vendor support in the infrastructure and in the devices/chipsets, the feature needs
broader exposure and adoption so that the ecosystem can become as robust as it is for stand-
alone LTE FDD and LTE TDD modes of operation. Were pretty sure that other major operators
with LTE FDD and LTE TDD assets will adopt the same strategy as Optus starting later this year.
Hopefully the results of our study will resolve any uncertainties that exist regarding the merits of
the feature and its maturity.

Were now off to Barcelona for some tapas, sangria, and the occasional meeting.

9 | Signals Flash February 18, 2016

 IN CASE YOU MISSED IT: SIGNALS AHEAD BACK ISSUES
1/29/2016 The Murky Underworld of IoT - How
3GPP-based Solutions Pave the Way to a Connected
World Whilethere is a lot of industry interest in IoTair
interfacesand their individual merits, there is also more than a
fair amount of uncertainty and unknowns regarding these tech-
nologies and what they can and cannot do, both in the short term
and in the longer term. In this Signals Ahead report we look at
the collective group of 3GPP-based CIoT technologies, by lever-
agingoperator and vendor interviews, ouranalysis of 3GPPfilings,
and our recent participation in the last few3GPP standardiza-
tion meetings. Key Highlights include the following: (1) History
101. We take a trip back through memory lane to show how and
why we ended with the existing family of 3GPP-based CIoT tech-
nologies and device categories, including Cat 0, Cat M1, EC-GSM
and Cat M2 (aka NB-IoT). (2) The Traffic Profiles. The best way
to understand what NB-IoT / EC-GSM can and cannot do is to
understand the traffic profiles and use cases used by 3GPP during
the standardization process. (3) Performance Analysis. Leveraging
the traffic profiles and published performance analysis results,
we show what the marketing claims of NB-IoT really mean, the
inherent tradeoffs that exist, and why we believe capacity is (or
at least should be) dead last in terms of operator requirements.
(4) Getting from Here to There. We discuss the likely impacts to
the RAN and CN, including the potential / likely role of network
virtualization and the use of an EPC-lite network. Included in
this discussion is an update on the status of the NB-IoT specifi-
cation, including some of the outstanding issues that remain. (5)
The Deployment Scenarios. We discuss the pros and cons of the
3 deployment scenarios, namely standalone / GSM refarming,
guard band, and in-band. (6) Adding another G. Based on what
NB-IoT can and cannot do, as well as the likely traffic profiles, we
discuss the practicality of NB-IoT fulfilling the 5G use cases being
discussed that pertain to uMTC and cMTC. (7) And in the other
Corner. CIoT technologies are not the only option that exists. In
addition to the non-3GPP wide area technologies there are also
the local and personal area technologies that play a role, either in
a complementary or competitive role. We discuss.
12/21/2015 ALL QUIET ON THE 5G FRONT an update
on the 5G standardization efforts and other
3GPP-related activities Just recently we returned from
the 3GPP RAN#70 Plenary, which was held it Sitges, Spain.
Conventional wisdom suggests that the 5G standard is baked
and resting on a hot plate, given all of the operator claims about
forthcoming trials, not to mention commercial launches and
anticipated vendor demos at MWC 2016. The reality, we believe,
is entirely different with much work to remain starting with
RAN Plenary Group Study Items on the next-generation wireless
network that have yet to begin. Topics Discussed in this Report
Include the Following: 1) We take a look at where the 3GPP RAN
and SA working groups are with respect to standardizing the next-
generation network (aka 5G).2) We examine the current and yet-
to-be approved Study Items to provide an extremely preliminary
view of what is in store. Unlike earlier technical requirements (TR)
documents, the 5G TR is shaping up to be entirely different. 3)
Speaking of TRs, we take a trip down memory lane and revisit the
initial TR documents for UMTS (3G) and LTE (Evolved UTRAN) to
see if the proposed requirements were achieved, and, if so, when
they were achieved. 4) Given the equal focus being given to LTE
and its evolution (LTE-Advanced Pro), we highlight and discuss
many of the Work Items being considered within the RAN Plenary.
If nothing else these Work Items provide great insight into near-
term and future operator strategies.
12/8/15 Get S MART[er] - the ins and outs of the
5G Use Cases Unlike what occurred during the previous
introductions of a new family of technologies, 3GPP has leveraged
the work of the NGMN Alliance and other entities to define the
Use Cases for 5G. Although the Use Cases are still in a state of flux,
there is at least some initial insight to be gained regarding what is
driving the 5G requirements and how the Use Cases will change
the very nature of the industry. Highlights of the Study include
the following: (1) We break out the 72 Use Cases into several
distinct categories, based on their requirements, and discuss the
scenarios they address as well as their subsequent requirements.
(2) Although eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) gets all the buzz,
the overwhelming majority of the Use Cases have very little to
do with mobile broadband. Instead, their requirements include
capabilities that we believe are more challenging than delivering
a high bit rate, or the Use Case is extremely futuristic in terms
of what 5G may be asked to do in the future. (3) To us, Network
Slicing is by far the most interesting Use Case. In addition to giving
more power to third parties to specify and implement how the
network will support their needs, Network Slicing introduces an
entirely new paradigm, as well as creating the need for new busi-
ness models / billing strategies that operators will need to pursue
(if net neutrality doesnt get in the way). (4) 5G could result in a
bit of a land grab for the cellular industry. If nothing else, they
will need to work more closely with other standards bodies and
vertical markets who seek to benefit from the capabilities that 5G
is supposed to deliver. Given the timing of the 5G core network
relative to the 5G radio access network, it will be well into 2020
before the full vision of 5G is realized.
10/29/15 When Iconic Meets Anechoic, Part II - Over-
the-Air (OTA) MIMO Performance Results of Fifteen
Smartphones - From Apple to ZTE In our 20th Chips and
Salsa, we collaborated closely with Spirent Communications,
PCTEST, and EMT Labs, to conduct arguably the industrys most
extensive independent OTA MIMO performance testing of
leading smartphones - from the Apple iPhone to the ZTE Nubia.
All testing took place within an ETS-Lindgren anechoic chamber.
In total, we tested 15 different smartphones (3 bands per phone)
that we procured from around the world, including LTE chipsets
from 4 different baseband suppliers. Highlights of the study
include the following: (1) Two of the top performing smartphones,
the Nokia Lumia 930 and the Alcatel OneTouch Idol 3 are value-
priced smartphones, indicating a disparity between price and
performance. (2) In general there was a large variance in the
results with the top performing smartphone in a particular band
outperforming most of its peers by 50% or more with moderate
SNR values.
 EXPLORE THE

5G
WORLD OF

WIRELESS

FOLLOW THE 5G STANDARDIZATION EFFORT AS IT HAPPENS

Redefining Research December22,
December 8, 2015
2015 Vol.
Vol.31,11, No.
No.10
11,2012, 11 PREVIEW Redefining Research December
January8,31,
January 2015
31, Vol.
2012,
2012, 11,88No.
Vol.
Vol. No.10
No. 22 Redefining Research December
January8,31,
2015 Vol. 11,8NN
January Vol. 8 No. 2 Redefining Research September
January30,
January 31,2015
31, 2012,Vol.
2012, Vol.11,
Vol. No.
No.282
88No.
2012, Vol.

EXPLORING THE WORLD OF WIRELESS

EXPLORING THE WORLD OF WIRELESS
EXPLORING THE WORLD OF WIRELESS EXPLORING THE WORLD OF WIRELE

ALL QUIET ON THE 5G FRONT LOOKING FURTHER

AHEAD TO 5.5G1
Feel free to note the sarcasm
1 GET SMART[ER] MORE 5G
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N

New subscribers to SIGNALS AHEAD will receive these ...with more

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ON THE HORIZON: POTENTIAL SIGNALS AHEAD/SIGNALS FLASH! TOPICS

We have identified a list of pending research topics that we are currently considering or presently working on completing.
The topics at the top of the list are definitive with many of them already in the works. The topics toward the bottom of
the page are a bit more speculative. Obviously, this list is subject to change based on various factors and market trends. As
always, we welcome suggestions from our readers.

Ongoing Series on the 5G Standardization Process

LTE and the Connected Car

The Core Network evolution

LTE Broadcast versus LTE unicast video benchmark study

VoLTE Part Five multi-vendor, multi-operator benchmark study to include feature sets, call quality, reliability,
performance and scheduling

VoLTE Part Six lab-based testing of VoLTE clients and VoWi-Fi

Chips and Salsa OTA smartphone performance benchmark study Transmission Mode 2

Multi-vendor HetNet benchmark study

Network impacts (to include signaling) of using various smartphone OS platforms and/or applications (video,
VoLTE, social networking, etc.)

VoLTE Part Seven IR.94 and RCS

Mobile Computing platforms and the impact of data caching at the cell edge

Cloud RAN

Uplink CoMP network benchmark study

4x4 MIMO network benchmark study

LTE FDD and LTE TDD Carrier Aggregation network benchmark study

Chips and Salsa LTE TDD chipset benchmark study

MU-MIMO
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