AUTOMATIC TOLLTAX GATE

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the award of the degree
Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Project Coordinator HOD (ECE & AEI)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure & satisfaction to present major

project report entitled AUTOMATIC TOLLTAX GATE. The
completion of any task is not only the reward to the person
actively involved in accomplishing it, but also the person
involved in inspiring & guiding. The project work in this report is an
outcome of continuous work over a period and drew intellectual support
from various sources.

We are highly indebted to my supervisor ---------for her

invaluable support and guidance throughout the work.

We would like to express my gratitude to

----------------------------------- for providing this opportunity to
carry out minor project.

We would like to express my gratitude to Prof.

---------------------------------HOD of Electronics &
Communication Engineering for his support without which
the work would have never been realized. Last but not the least;
we would like to thank all friends who directly or indirectly
helped me in completion of work.
 DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the major project entitled AUTOMATIC TOLLTAX

GATE by
------------------------------------------in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the award of degree of B.E. (Electronics and Communication) submitted in
the Department of Electronics and Communication at
----------------------------------------- is an authentic record of our own work
carried out under the supervision of -----------------(lecturer). The matter
presented has not been submitted by us in any other University / Institute for
the award of B.E. Degree.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to
the best of my knowledge

Project Coordinator HOD E.C.E.

_____________________________________________________________
___________
 Page |1

ABSTRACT

Due to advancement in technology, especially in the field of embedded

system, it is easier to build automated system using microcontrollers. In this
project of Toll Tax system, the tax would be paid on the basis of size of
vehicle i.e. on the basis of length. Since NANO, Maruti 800, Alto is much
smaller & cheaper than BMW, Mercedes, Audi, etc. the former deserve less
tax than luxury cars & large vehicles carries more no. of people. Thus, large
vehicles that covers large space on road than small ones that are light &
occupy less space comparatively.
 Page |2

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES. . .
Page-3

ACRONYMS. ..
Page-4

INTRODUCTION.
Page-5

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE. ..

Page-8

METHODOLOGY. .
Page-9

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE USED. ...

Page-12

DESIGN OVERVIEW.
Page-21

DESIGN DESCRIPTION. ..
Page-25
 Block diagram. Page-25

Flowchart. .. Page-26

RF Transmitter Section. .. Page-27

RF Receiver Section. .. Page-28

Circuit Diagram. . Page-29

BIBLIOGRAPHY .
Page-30

Page |3
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig1- Automatic Toll-Tax.

Fig2- Flow Chart.

Fig3- pin diagram of PIC16F877A.

Fig4- smart card set up.

Fig5- opt coupler.

Fig6- diagram of opt coupler sensors.

Fig7- internal circuit diagram of opt coupler sensor.

Fig8- pin diagram of ULN-2804.

Fig9- LCD pin diagram.

Fig10- LCD interfacing with microcontroller.

Fig11- pickit1

Fig12- pickit2

Fig 13-Design Overview

Fig 14-Design Description

Block Diagram

Flow Chart
 RF Transmitter Section

RF Receiver Section

Circuit Diagram.

ACRONYMS

PIC: peripheral interface controller

LCD: liquid crystal display

PC CARD:

APDU:

EEPROM: Electrically erasable read only memory

CAD: Computer aided

IFD:

RF: Radio frequency

PWM: Pulse width modulation

ULN 2804:

SSP: synchronous serial port

USART: Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter

BOR: Brown out reset

BOR: Brown out detection

WCT: Watch dog timer

ICD: In-circuit debug

LED: Light emitting diode

TTL: Transistor transistor logic

CMOS: Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

ANSI: American national standard

 INTRODUCTION

Fig1- Automatic Toll-Tax

In our day-to-day life we come across the toll gates. We pay certain amount
to the government in form of tax through this toll gate. We can see these toll
gates being placed on some national highways. So in order to pay tax we are
normally going to pay in form of cash, but instead of that as the technology
is growing we can make use of smart card which is nothing but like a
memory card in which we are going to store the details of particular person
and certain amount. The main objective of this project is to pay the toll-gate
tax easily, without any manpower.

The project is aimed at developing a toll tax system based on PIC

microcontroller manufactured by microchip which is an 8-bit
microcontroller. The system has optocoupler sensors to detect length of the
vehicle. This gives the data as input to the microcontroller which after
analysis controls the toll's lane gates & amount to be paid would be shown
on 16X2 LCD display. Hence, it would be more effective & cheap with
advancement.

Smart cards are secure tokens that can provide security services to a wide
range of applications. Along with other technology advances, smart card
technology has changed dramatically as well. However, its communication
standards are unchanged and do not match with those of mainstream
computing, which has limited its success in the Internet age.

The main objective of this project is to pay the toll gate tax using smart card.
Smart card must be recharged with some amount and whenever a person
wants to pay the toll gate tax, he needs to insert his smart card and deduct
amount using keypad.
By using this kind of projects there is no need to carry the amount in form of
cash and so we can have security as well.

Communicating with a Smart Card Reader

The reader provides a path for your application to send and receive
commands from the card. There are many types of readers available, such as
serial, PC Card, and standard keyboard models. Unfortunately, the ISO
group was unable to provide a standard for communicating with the readers
so there is no one-size-fits-all approach to smart card communication.

Each manufacturer provides a different protocol for communication with the

reader.

First you have to communicate with the reader.

Second, the reader communicates with the card, acting as the
intermediary before sending the data to the card.
Third, communication with a smart card is based on the APDU
format. The card will process the data and return it to the reader,
which will then return the data to its originating source.

In our project the Smart Card used is of the type Contact type cards.
Basically this type of Smart Cards got SIM like Structure Embedded on a
Plastic card for Physical Structure and Strength. There exist different types
of SIM structures according to the type of Application, Memory and features
involved in the Smart Card. It is extremely difficult to "hack" the value off a
card, or otherwise put unauthorized information on the card. Because it is
hard to get the data without authorization, and because it fits in ones pocket,
a smart card is uniquely appropriate for secure and convenient data storage.
Without permission of the card holder, data could not be captured or
modified. Therefore, smart card could further enhance the data privacy of
user.

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized
card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data or Memory.
This implies that it can receive input which is processed by way of the
ICC applications and delivered as an output. A smart card resembles a
credit card in size and shape, but inside it is completely different. First of all,
it has an inside -- a normal credit card is a simple piece of plastic. The inside
of a smart card usually contains an Embedded Microprocessor or
EEPROM (memory) or some times both.

The microprocessor is under a gold contact pad on one side of the card.
Think of the microprocessor as replacing the usual magnetic stripe on a
credit card or debit card.

Smart Card Reader

Smart Card Readers are also known as Card Programmers (because

they can write to a card), card terminals, card acceptance device (CAD) or
an interface device (IFD). When the smart card and the card reader come
into contact, each identifies itself to the other by sending and receiving
information. If the messages exchanged do not match, no further processing
takes place.

Working principle

Smart Card Readers are also known as card programmers (because

they can write to a card), card terminals, card acceptance device (CAD) or
an interface device (IFD). There is a slight difference between the card
reader and the terminal. The term 'reader' is generally used to describe a unit
that interfaces with a PC for the majority of its processing requirements. In
contrast, a 'terminal' is a self-contained processing device.
The reader provides a path for your application to send and receive
commands from the card. There are many types of readers available, such as
serial, PC Card, and standard keyboard models. Unfortunately, the ISO
group was unable to provide a standard for communicating with the readers
so there is no one-size-fits-all approach to smart card communication.
Each manufacturer provides a different protocol for communication with the
reader.
First you have to communicate with the reader.
Second, the reader communicates with the card, acting as the
intermediary before sending the data to the card.
Third, communication with a smart card is based on the APDU
format. The card will process the data and return it to the reader, which
will then return the data to its originating source.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

The device provides the users with an ease of paying toll-tax according to
size of their car automatically without using the traditional methods. It saves
time, and manpower.
Smaller & cheaper car owners deserve to pay less tax than luxury cars &
large vehicles. And the large vehicles carry more no. of person. Thus, large
vehicles that covers large space on road than small ones that are light &
occupy less space comparatively. Therefore tax should be according to the
size of the vehicles

If one person have a BMW or MERCEDES about 10-12ft long of Rs.50 lakh
or above, paying tax of Rs.20 and another have Maruti 800 about less than
9ft long of Rs.2 lakh is also paying the same amount, Is it fair???? We think
not!!!! That's why we decided to work on this project.

To The Individual

Very much cost effective.

Ease of access to the individual.
Saves time.

To The Society

The device can be easily implemented in national highways.

It will reduce the traffic on roads as people will prefer to use small
vehicle which would cover less space, easy to turn, & hence traffic
would reduce.

To The Government

The project is effective, efficient & easy to implement as well as

reliable.
Less manpower required.
Since large vehicles cover large space on roads, they should pay more
tax as compare to other small vehicles.

METHODOLOGY

Microcontroller is switched on and giving the required power supply

to all the components on the circuit.

The optocoupler sensors operates only when a vehicle pass through it.

Vehicle is passed through the optocouplers which is displayed on LCD

display and buzzer beeps.
 By sensing the size of the vehicle the amount to be paid is displayed
on the screen.

Smart card is inserted in to the smartcard reader, the reader will read
the data which is present on the smartcard, and this information is
transferred to the microcontroller through the RS232. The
microcontroller will checks the balance present on the smartcard and
displayed on the LCD.

Toll tax can also be paid in form of cash.

After paying the amount, barrier gate automatically opens which is

controlled by 2c Relays.

After vehicle passed through the gate it closes automatically after

some delay

If an ambulance car comes, it will send RF signals that will open the
barrier gate from 500m distance in front of it. That will allow all the
vehicles in that lane to pass without paying the tax clearing the way
for the ambulance car.
FEATURES

Automatic device.
Embedded system based portable sensors.
A device with high speed of response.
Automatic opening of barrier gate.
buzzer system for sensing any vehicle.
Reliable (Microcontroller Brain).
Very low component cost.
More user friendly (Easy to use).
Ease of installation (Once installed rarely needs further
service).
Operates in real time (Faster Response )

ADVANTAGE

Since large vehicles cover large space on roads, they should pay more
tax as compare to other small vehicles.

It will reduce the traffic on roads as people will prefer to use small
vehicle which would cover less space, easy to turn, & hence traffic
would reduce.

The project is effective, efficient & easy to implement as well as

reliable.

FUTURE ASPECTS

1 . The Smart Card used in this project is of Contact type. The Contact
less type Smart Cards can be used by which the need to insert the
Smart card can be avoided.
2 . This project can be implemented in the form of a system by any
company by which it can be made commercial by providing
Recharge-coupons etc.
 3 . The Smart can also be used as an ATM card by which a Single card
can be used for both the financial transactions and toll gate.
4 . Contactless smartcards will be introduced soon. With this the
smartcard reader and smartcard mutually communicates through the
RF- FREQUENCIES .In this case both the smartcard and the reader
has transmitter and the receiver
5 . In the future all the smartcards will be made up on the single protocol
which will help the civilians for different purposes.
6 . Smartcards are going to be used as unique identity to notice the
civilians status in the country.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE USED

The development of an embedded system requires some hardware and

software products. Although the hardware requirements depend on the type
and complexity of the project, the following hardware tools are required in
all of the experiments we are going to discuss here.

HARDWARE used

1. PIC microcontroller (PIC16F873A)

2. Smart card setup
3. Optocoupler sensors
4. RF transmitter
5. RF receiver
6. ULN-2804
7. 2c Relays
8. LCD displays
9. buzzer
10.keys
PIC16F877A:

It is an 8-bit microcontroller developed by microchip. Micro uses nano

technology in its microcontrollers. It is a 40 pin IC shown as below:
 Fig3- pin diagram of PIC16F877A

Peripheral Features

Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
Sleep via external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
 Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C
(Master/Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
(USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS
controls (40/44-pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Special Microcontroller Features

100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
Self-reprogrammable under software control
In-Circuit Serial Programming via two pins
Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving Sleep mode
Selectable oscillator options
In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
SMART CARD

Fig4- smart card set up

Optocoupler sensors

This device has a compact construction where the emitting-light sources and
the detectors are located face-to-face on the same optical axis. The detector
consists of a phototransistor. Transmitter is positioned opposite the receiver
used for small distances and narrow objects.

Fig5- optocoupler

Optoelectronic transmitters and receivers are used in pairs and linked

optically
Emitting light is influenced by an object on its way to the detector
Known as reflective or trans missive sensors or interrupters or slotted
switch or optical switch.
 Change of the light signal causes a change in the electrical signal in the
receiver

Fig6- diagram of optocoupler sensors

The basic elements of an optical transmissive sensor also known as Photo

interrupter are an emitter and a photo detector. Typically an IRED (Infrared
emitting diode) and a phototransistor is used. The anode of IRED is
connected to the power supply via the resistor 680R and the cathode is
grounded. The resistor adjusts the irradiance by limiting the forward current
of the IRED. The collector of the phototransistor acts as an output pin,
connected to microcontroller pins. If an object is moving between the gap
the light will be blocked and the transistor base will on, hence give an high
output.
 Fig7- internal circuit diagram of optocoupler sensor

ULN-2804:

DESCRIPTION

The ULN2804 is a high voltage, high current Darlington array comprised of

eight NPN Darlington pairs. The device features open-collector outputs with
suppression diodes for inductive loads and is ideally suited for interfacing
between low-level logic circuitry and high power loads. Typical loads
including relays DC motors, filament lamps, LED displays, printer hammers
and high power buffers.

FEATURE
* Eight Darlingtons with common emitters
* TTL, PMOS or CMOS Compatible inputs
* Peak output current to 500mA
* Output voltage to 50V
* Clamp diodes for transient suppression

Order number package packing

normal Lead free plating
ULN2804L- ULN2804L-D18T DIP-18 TUBE
D18T
ULN2804L-S- ULN2804L-S- SOP-18 TAPE
18R 18R REEL
ULN2804L- ULN2804L-S18T SOP-18 TUBE
S18T
 Fig8- pin diagram of ULN-2804

LCD

LCD is liquid crystal display. Its top contains a screen composed of

rectangular array of so called pixels 240 across and 64 down. Each pixel is
about 0.8 mm sq. the pixels are part of what is called liquid crystal display.
 Fig9- LCD pin diagram

Fig10- LCD interfacing with microcontroller

Microchip Pickit2
This tools helps us to burn the program written in MPLAB IDE
software into the pic microcontroller.

Fig11- pickit1

Fig12- pickit2
 SOFTWARE used

1. MPLAB IDE
MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated
toolset for the development of embedded applications employing
Microchip's PIC microcontrollers. On this platform, program is written in C
language. Program is debugged, compiled & run.

2. PIC C Compiler
Microchips MPLAB C compilers are full-featured, ANSI compliant high-
performance tools tightly integrated with MPLAB IDE. Source level
debugging allows single stepping through C source code and inspecting
variables and structures at critical points in the code.
 PROJECT DESIGN

Project Design explains the designing techniques of the project. For

designing the project following techniques were followed:

a) Design Overview Software methodology

1. Open MPLAB IDE program.

2. Go to project and select project wizard to make a new project.

 3. Now select the desirable pic microcontroller. Press next.

4. Select the tool suite. Browse the contents if not available.

5. Write the program and add the .asm or .c file of your program to the
source file.
 6. Build your program.

7. The output on PIC simulator software

b) DESIGN DESCRIPTION

1. BLOCK DAIGRAM
2. RF TRANSMITTER SECTION
3. RF TRANSMITTER SECTION

4. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Easy Microcontroller by David Bension

2. PIC Microcontroller by Roger L Stevans
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/
4. http://www.microchip.com/
5. http://www.electronicengineering-ch.com/