Names to Know

Guangxu (18711908): Influenced by liberal intellectuals Kang Youwei and

Liang Qichao, this youthful Manchu emperor introduced 40 major domestic
reforms in 1898. He was deposed and imprisoned by Cixi following the
Hundred Days of Reform.

Kang Youwei (18581927): Kang was the leading liberal reformer in the
last decades of the Qing dynasty. He persuaded Emperor Guangxu in 1898
to introduce major innovations in education, civil service exams, medical
training, and foreign affairs.

Liang Qichao (18731929): This student of Kang Youwei worked with

Kang to enact the reforms of 1898. Both men fled to Japan in 1898 after Cixi
suppressed the reforms and imprisoned Emperor Guangxu.

Important Terms
Lecture 6: Hundred Days of Reform and the Boxer Uprising

Boxer Protocol (1901): The treaty that ended the Boxer Rebellion; it
exacted large financial indemnities from the Manchus as punishment for
their complicity in Boxer attacks on foreigners.

Boxer Rebellion (18991900): Insurrection by secret society of harmonious

fists aimed at killing all foreigners and punishing the Manchus for
Chinas weakness.

Hundred Days of Reform (1898): Abortive effort by Emperor Guangxu to

reform the Manchu dynasty from within. Spearheaded by Liang Qichao and
Kang Youwei, the reforms were blocked by Dowager Empress Cixi.

Open Door policy (1898): The policy initiated by President William

McKinley that was designed to morally restrain foreign powers from
dominating China and to maintain equal access among foreign countries.

26