Music Production Essentials

Nan Jerry Smith
Music
Production
Essentials
For music enthusiast
Music Production Series

2
Preface
Modern music producer, need to learn a variety of areas
of knowledge at the same time, such as instrumental
performancerecordingmixingcomputer equipment
audio interfaces setupMIDIDAW Operations..,familiar

with modern music production tools, Incrase operating
efficiency, enhance competitiveness, this book dedicated to
all music enthusiast , as a basic tool.
Nan Jerry Smith
Author by Nan Jerry Smith

Audio Demo by Nan Jerry Smith
Cover design by Chu Chou Chiung
Copyright 2017 by Nan Jerry Smith

Publisher: Nan Jerry Smith
e-mail:nanjerrysmith@gmail.com
No part of this book or audio file may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the author.
ISBN 978-957-43-4353-9
3
Contents
Music Production Essentials
Chapter 1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2. Music Production Tools ................................................................................................................... 9
2-1. Computer ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2-2. Master Keyboard ............................................................................................................................... 11
2-3. Audio Interface .................................................................................................................................. 12
2-4. Microphone ....................................................................................................................................... 13
2-5. Monitor Speakers .............................................................................................................................. 14
2-6. Mixing console & Mixer .................................................................................................................. 16
2-7. Music Workstation & Synthesizer & Hardware Sound Module .................................................... 17
2-8. DAW & VST ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3. Audio Interface ............................................................................................................................... 21
3-1. Audio Input (Recording)................................................................................................................... 22
3-2. Audio Output (Virtual Studio Technology) ..................................................................................... 24
3-3. Microphone Pre Amp ........................................................................................................................ 27
3-4. Audio Interface Midi Function ......................................................................................................... 28
3-5. Audio Interface Connection diagram ............................................................................................... 29
3-5-1. 2In / 2Out ............................................................................................................................... 29
3-5-2. 4In / 4Out ............................................................................................................................... 30
3-5-3. 8In / 2Out ............................................................................................................................... 31
3-5-4. 8In / 8Out ............................................................................................................................... 32
3-5-5. 16In / 8Out ............................................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 4. MIDI ................................................................................................................................................ 34
4-1. MIDI Develop History...................................................................................................................... 36
4-2. MIDIInOutThru .................................................................................................................... 38
4-3. MIDI Connections ............................................................................................................................ 40
4-4. Studio MIDI Connections ................................................................................................................ 47
4-5. MIDI Channel ................................................................................................................................... 49
4-6. GM / GS Standard............................................................................................................................. 52
4-7. SMF ................................................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 5. MIDI Continuous Controllers ........................................................................................................ 64
5-1. Modulationulation Wheel (Controller number 1) ........................................................................... 65
5-1-1. Modulationulation Demo ...................................................................................................... 66
5-1-2. Modulation Event List .......................................................................................................... 67
5-2. Volume (Controller number 7) ......................................................................................................... 68
5-2-1. Volume Demo ........................................................................................................................ 68
5-2-2. Volume Event List ................................................................................................................. 69
5-3. Panpot (Controller number 10) ........................................................................................................ 70
5-3-1. Panpot Demo ......................................................................................................................... 70
4
5-3-2. Panpot Event List .................................................................................................................. 71
5-4. Expression (Controller number 11) ................................................................................................. 72
5-4-1. Expression Demo .................................................................................................................. 72
5-4-2. Expression Event List ........................................................................................................... 73
5-5. Brightness (Controller number 74) .................................................................................................. 74
5-5-1. Brightness Demo ................................................................................................................... 74
5-5-2. Brightness Event List ............................................................................................................ 75
5-6. Effect 3 Depth (Controller number 93) ........................................................................................... 76
5-6-1. Effect 3 Depth Demo ............................................................................................................ 76
5-6-2. Effect 3 Depth Event List ..................................................................................................... 77
Chapter 6. DAW Software ................................................................................................................................ 78
6-1. Cubase ............................................................................................................................................... 79
6-2. Logic Pro X ....................................................................................................................................... 80
6-3. Digital Performer .............................................................................................................................. 81
6-4. Pro Tool ............................................................................................................................................. 82
6-5. SONAR .............................................................................................................................................. 83
6-6. FL Studio ........................................................................................................................................... 84
6-7. Reason ............................................................................................................................................... 85
6-8. Ableton Live ...................................................................................................................................... 86
6-9. Studio One ......................................................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 7. VST.................................................................................................................................................. 88
7-1. Native Instruments ............................................................................................................................ 89
7-2. East-West ........................................................................................................................................... 90
7-3. IK Multimedia ................................................................................................................................... 91
7-4. Vienna Symphonic Library .............................................................................................................. 92
7-5. ProjectSAM ....................................................................................................................................... 93
7-6. Cinesamples ...................................................................................................................................... 94
7-7. Orchestral Tools ................................................................................................................................ 95
7-8. Audiobro ............................................................................................................................................ 96
7-9. 8DIO .................................................................................................................................................. 97
Chapter 8. Scales and Key Signatures ............................................................................................................. 98
8-1. Major Scale........................................................................................................................................ 99
8-2. Major Scale Keys ............................................................................................................................ 100
8-3. Minor Scale ..................................................................................................................................... 103
8-4. Harmonic Minor Scale Keys .......................................................................................................... 104
8-5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 107
Chapter 9. Major Scale Chords ...................................................................................................................... 108
9-1. Major Scale Triad Chord ................................................................................................................ 108
9-2. Major Scale Triad Chord List ......................................................................................................... 109
9-3. Major Scale Triad Chord Conclusion ............................................................................................ 112
5
9-4. Major Scale Seventh Chord............................................................................................................ 113
9-5. Major Scale Seventh Chord List .................................................................................................... 114
9-6. Major Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion........................................................................................ 117
Chapter 10. Minor Scale Chords (Harmonic) ............................................................................................... 118
10-1. Minor Scale Triad Chord (Harmonic) ......................................................................................... 118
10-2. Minor Scale Triad Chord List (Harmonic) .................................................................................. 119
10-3. Minor Scale Triad Chord Conclusion (Harmonic) ..................................................................... 122
10-4. Minor Scale Seventh Chord (Harmonic) ..................................................................................... 123
10-5. Minor Scale Seventh Chord List (Harmonic) ............................................................................. 124
10-6. Minor Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion (Harmonic) ................................................................. 127
6
Chapter 1. Overview
What this Book is offer

Due to advances in modern technology, everyone can built lower cost personal music studios, Perform
band recordingComposingArranging sessions.., This book provides music production hardwares and
softwares introduction, Give the reader an understanding of entry, following is a brief introduction to each
chapter:
Chapter 1. Overview (Chapter)
Chapter 2. Music Production Tools

In this chapter we will introduce the Music Production Tools Containing Hardware and Software:
Computer
Master Keyboard
Audio Interface
Microphone
Monitor Speakers
Mixing console & Mixer
Music WorkstationSynthesizerHardware Sound Module
DAW & VST
Give to the reader preliminary understanding.
Chapter 3. Audio Interface

In this chapter we will introduce the Audio Interface, include What is Audio Interface
Analog-to-digital recording theoryVirtual Studio Technology (VST) develop historyMicrophone Pre
Amp funtionAudio Interface Midi FunctionAudio Interface Connection diagram from 2In / 2Out~16In
/ 8Out...
Chapter 4. MIDI
In this chapter we will introduce the MIDI, include Develop HistoryMIDI In Out Thru socket
explainwhat is Local On / OffMIDI Connections diagramStudio MIDI ConnectionsMIDI Channel
GM / GS StandardSMF(Standard MIDI File).
7
Chapter 5. MIDI Continuous Controler
In this chapter we will introduce the MIDI Continuous Controler, include
Modulationulation WheelDemoEvent List
VolumeDemoEvent List
PanpotDemoEvent List
ExpressionDemoEvent List
BrightnessDemoEvent List
Effect 3 DepthDemoEvent List
Chapter 6. DAW Software

In this chapter we will introduce the DAW Software products, include
Cubase
Logic Pro X
Digital Performer
Pro Tool
SONAR
FL Studio
Reason
Ableton Live
Studio One
Chapter 7. VST
In this chapter we will introduce the VST (Virtual Studio Technology instruments) products, include
Native Instruments
East-West
IK Multimedia
Vienna Symphonic Library
ProjectSAM
Cinesamples
Orchestral Tools
Audiobro
8DIO
8
Chapter 8. Scale and Key Signatures
From this chapter we return to music throry introduce the Scale and Key Signatures, include
Major Scale
Major Scale Keys
Minor Scale
Harmonic Minor Scale Keys
Conclusion table
Chapter 9. Major Scale Chords

In this chapter we will introduce the Major Scale Chords, include
Major Scale Triad Chord
Major Scale Triad Chord List
Major Scale Triad Chord Conclusion table
Major Scale Seventh Chord
Major Scale Seventh Chord List
Major Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion table
Chapter 10. Minor Scale Chords (Harmonic)

In this chapter we will introduce the Minor Scale Chords (Harmonic), include
Minor Scale Triad Chord (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Triad Chord List (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Triad Chord Conclusion table (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Seventh Chord (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Seventh Chord List (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion table (Harmonic)
9
Chapter 2. Music Production Tools
Music Production Tools

In this chapter we will focus introduce the Music Production Tools Containing Hardware and
Software below:
1.Computer 2.Master Keyboard 3.Audio Interface
4.Microphone 5.Monitor Speakers 6.Mixing console & Mixer
7.Music WorkstationSynthesizerHardware Sound Module 8.DAW & VST
Give the reader preliminary understanding.
2-1. Computer
In modern music production environment, computer is a device for storing all data, Like Audio track
MIDI trackVST Instrument sound libraryScores...
Computers are broadly divided into two broad categories, Mac and PC, In 1990 to 2005.. Mac host
has more rich resources in music production software, After years of progress, today Mac computers also
use Intel series CPU, Manufacturers in the development of all kinds of hardware and software, Both focus
dual platform compatibility, PC support is increasingly rich available for music production.
MacBook Pro
Apple MacBook Pro equipped with Intel Core i5 or i7 CPU, support 16GB Ram, Beautiful shape,
Convenient mobile operation.
Fig.2-1-1 Apple MacBook Pro
Reproduce Photo From
http://www.apple.com/tw/shop/buy-mac/macbook-pro
Fig.2-1-1. Apple MacBook Pro

Mac Pro
Apple Mac Pro equipped with Intel Xeon E5 CPU(QuadSixEight cores), support 64GB Ram, more
computing power, For music productionProfessional audio and video synthesis operations.
Fig.2-1-2 Apple MacPro
http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/mac/new-mac-pro-release-date-rumours-uk-2017-tech-specs-future-of-
10
mac-pro-3536364/
Fig.2-1-2. Apple Mac Pro

Music Production PC
In the field of PC parts more freedom, Optional Intel i5 or i7 processor(Quad coresQuad cores
eight Threads), Basic support to 64GB RAM, For music productionProfessional audio and video
synthesis operations.
If you are not familiar with PC assembly, PC manufacturers can contact on behalf of operations, For
example the following figure:
Fig.2-1-3 Rok Box MC 10 Configuration
http://pcaudiolabs.com/product/rok-box-mc-10-configuration/#prettyPhoto
Fig.2-1-3 Rok Box MC 10 Configuration
TOP Music Production PC

In the PC assembly, Motherboard is most important core component, it is decision of computing
power and expansion capabilities, The motherboard manufacturer's website has documentation to
download instructions about support CPU Kinds and Max RAM capabilitie.
Under stand-alone machine use rule(not servers), we take Gigabyte GA-X99-Designare EX
Motherboard for instructions, support Windows 10 64bit OSIntel Core i7(6 cores)~ XEON
E5-2699v4(22 cores)Support RAM 128GBUse Registered DIMM RAM max to 256GB, according to
budget selection.
11
Fig.2-1-4 GA-X99-Designare EX
http://www.gigabyte.tw/products/product-page.aspx?pid=5812#ov
Fig.2-1-4 GA-X99-Designare EX
Compatibility
Before the purchase of computer hardware to note:
a. Operation System (OS Support)
b. Audio Interface driver Compatibility
c. DAW Compatibility(CubaseLogic Pro XDigital Performer...)
d. The expansion interface is provided(ex.USB2.03.0Thunderbolt...)
e. Hardware or software must be install tested before working
2-2. Master Keyboard

Master Keyboard
Master Keyboard without sound module, Acquisition costs down, Use USB cable or MIDI cable
MIDI interface connect to computer., By playing produce MIDI signal sent to DAW(Digital Audio
Workstation) record,, DAW realtime playback MIDI signal output to Sound Module sounding(Hardware
moduleVST Software module).
Fig.2-2-1. Alesis Q61 USB/MIDI Keyboard Controller

http://alesis.com/products/legacy/q61
Fig.2-2-1. Alesis Q61 USB/MIDI Keyboard Controller

12
Fig.2-2-2. MOTU MIDI Express XT MIDI interface Rear panel
http://motu.com/products/midi/xpressxt_usb
Fig.2-2-2. MOTU MIDI Express XT MIDI interface Rear panel
2-3. Audio Interface

Audio Interface
Modern music production sessions, Such as Vocal recording, Instrument recording, Microphone Pre
Amp, Software module sounding..., Can be integrated into a set of Audio Interface complete, For music
production, enthusiasts essential device.
Benefit from modern USB Audio Interface universal, About 150 USD cost to meet the needs of personal
music production operations.
Fig.2-3-1. Steinberg UR22mkII USB Audio Interface

http://rittor-music.jp/products/2015/11/46866
Fig.2-3-1. Steinberg UR22mkII Front&Real Panel

13
2-4. Microphone
Microphone
Microphone, A device that converts sound wave air pressures into electrical signals, the use of the
microphone, such as telephone, concert hall, film production, live recording project ..., different types
microphones, using different methods converts sound wave air pressures into electrical signals, The most
common microphone has two types, as follows:
Dynamic Microphone
Dynamic Microphone basic structure includes coil, diaphragm, permanent magnet three parts, When
the sound waves into the microphone, the diaphragm by the pressure of sound waves and vibration, The
coil connected with the diaphragm starts to move in the magnetic field, The coil generates induced current,
Dynamic Microphone is RuggedCheapResistant to moisture making it is a popular choice for stage use.
Fig.2-4-1. AKG D5 (S) Dynamic Microphone Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone

http://www.akg.com/pro/p/d5group http://www.akg.com/pro/p/c7
Fig.2-4-1. AKG D5 (S) Dynamic Microphone Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone
Condenser Microphone
Condenser Microphone without coils and magnets, The voltage change is produced by a change in the
distance between the two plates of the capacitor, When sound waves enter the microphone Vibration of
the diaphragm, Because the Back Plate is fixed, so that the distance between the vibrating diaphragm and
the Back Plate changes with vibration, This type of microphone requires additional power to operate,
General common power supply for the battery, Or powered by Phantom Power, Condenser Microphone
high sensitivityHigher prices, Commonly used in high-quality recording.
Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone

14
2-5. Monitor Speakers
Monitor Speakers
Monitor speakers are designed for professional audio production applications, Such as multimedia
studios, film productions, television studios, radio studios and home studios.., Where accurate audio
reproduction is essential.
Monitor Speakers features

The monitor speakers has the following features:
a.Flat Frequency Response
b.Linear Phase Charastics
c.High Peak Level
d.Protection Circuit
Monitor speakers, not too much emphasis on a particular frequency or enhanced, Accurate
reproduction of source audio, Sound transparent without staining, In the sound field of stereo recording
perspective close to no distortion.
Monitor speakers on the market a wide range of brands, Can check their specification table, You can
narrow the scope of your choice, according to the budget to buy.
Fig.2-5-1. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers
http://www.yamahaproaudio.com/global/en/products/speakers/msp_studio_series/
Fig.2-5-1. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers

15
Fig.2-5-2. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers specifications
http://www.yamahaproaudio.com/global/en/products/speakers/msp_studio_series/specifications.jsp
Fig.2-5-2. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers specifications

16
2-6. Mixing console & Mixer
Mixing console
In Audio, Mixing Console is used for combining & mixingrouting and change the volume level, tone
or dynamics of many different audio signals, Such as a microphone used by singersAll kinds of musical
instruments pick up the microphone(DrumViolins...)Electrical bass or synthesizer electric signalCD
player music signal.
Benefit from technological advances, modern Mixing Console can handle both analog and digital
signals, Mixing Console are used in many applications, including recording studios, live concert, public
address systems, radio, television and film post-production...
Fig.2-6-1 SSL Duality Delta Console
http://www2.solidstatelogic.com/studio/duality/daw-control
Fig.2-6-1 SSL Duality Delta Console

Mixer (small mixing console)
Mixer equipment size is usually smaller than the mixing console to facilitate use of small studios and
stage peformances, The mixer also provides multiple inputs, Each input is fed by a micphones or DAW
system, Mixer usually has Left&Right two main outputs in two-channel stereo mixing.
Fig.2-6-2 Yamaha MG10XU Mixing Console
http://www.yamahaproaudio.com/global/en/Images/photoviewer_mixers_mg10xu_front_02_l.jpg
Fig.2-6-2 Yamaha MG10XU Mixing Console

17
2-7. Music Workstation & Synthesizer & Hardware Sound Module
Music Workstation
Music workstation contains the Sound moduleMusic sequencerKeyboard three parts, without
computer connection can operate Music ComposingArranging sessions alone.
The price is also higher than MIDI master keyboard, from 700 to 4000 USD.., mainstream popular
price is probably fall 1000 USD ~ 1600 USD products, The main design manufacturers is distributed
JapanGermany and USA.
Fig.2-7-1 KORG KROME MUSIC WORKSTATION
http://www.korg.com/tw/products/synthesizers/krome/
Fig.2-7-1 KORG KROME MUSIC WORKSTATION
Synthesizer
Synthesizer only contains the Sound moduleKeyboard two parts, different from the Music
Workstation, It has more knobs and rods to realtime adjust the sound, Let artists in live performance
adjust the sound, make sound pitchbrightnessvolume variation, With DAW System can record the
session.
Fig.2-7-2 Roland JD-XA Analog/Digital Crossover Synthesizer
https://www.roland.com/us/categories/synthesizers/analog_modeling/
Fig.2-7-2 Roland JD-XA Analog/Digital Crossover Synthesizer

18
Hardware Sound Module

Hardware Sound Module only contains the Sound module part, Must use MIDI or USB cable
connect to DAW system or master keyboard to play sounding.
In the 1980 to 2005, As the computer hardware processor speed and software module is still in
development, Music production session common using multiple Hardware Sound ModulesSynthesizers
Music Workstations through multi Port midi interface, connect to DAW Computer, Recording, playback,
mixing session.
Various manufacturers have developed Hardware Sound Modules provide sound library expansion,
Until after the 2005's, Computer processor speed and the development of software module progress,
Hardware Sound Module development slowed down.
Fig.2-7-3 Roland INTEGRA-7 Sound Module

https://www.roland.com/us/products/integra-7/
Fig.2-7-3 Roland INTEGRA-7 Sound Module

19
2-8. DAW & VST
DAW(Music sequencer)
Music sequencer can record AudioMIDIVST Plug-in...data, All notes and performance expressions
data can be edited in detail, All audio data can be played back through the Audio Interface connection.
Unlike the Music Workstation built-in sequencer, Music sequencer software application installed on
computer which connectivity and scalability is better, Now Music sequencer are referred to as DAW
(digital audio workstation).
Fig.2-8-1 Cubase Pro 8.5
http://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/CubaseP85Up1
Fig.2-8-1 Cubase Pro 8.5
VST(Virtual Studio Technology)

Developed by Steinberg is a software interface that integrates software audio synthesizer and effect
plugins with audio editors and recording systems.
VST plug-in can be used with VST-compatible host software(CubaseLogic ProXDigital
Peformer...), Support for third-party software development, Both support Mac and Windows operating
platform, have many commercial and freeware plugins exist.
Under Steinberg license software manufacturers can development audio applications support VST.
20
Fig.2-8-2 Steinberg HALION SONIC 2 VST Instruments
http://www.kvraudio.com/news/steinberg-releases-halion-5-and-halion-sonic-2-22982
Fig.2-8-2 Steinberg HALION SONIC 2 VST Instruments

21
Chapter 3. Audio Interface
What is Audio Interface

Audio Interface is one of the core component for modern music production,usually has the following
features:
1.Audio Input (Recording)
2.Audio Output (Virtual Studio TechnologyPlayback)
3.Microphone Pre Amp
4.MIDI Interface
Audio Interface is a computer audio input and output device.

https://us.focusrite.com/usb-audio-interfaces/scarlett-2i2
Fig.3-1-1. Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Front Panel
Fig.3-1-2. Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Rear Panel

22
3-1. Audio Input (Recording)
Audio Interface depend on A/D Converter chip through the cable and micphone take instrument or
vocal signal and converted into digital signals recorded in the computer.
Analog-to-digital converter chip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter
A/D converter chip made by Wolfson Microelectronics placed on an X-Fi Fatal1ty Pro sound card.
Fig.3-1-3. A/D converter chip

Analog-to-digital process
As shown in Fig.3-1-4, the original sound signal is round and smooth. After 12 steps of sampling, the
digital signal is processed into digital waveform signal. In theory, sampling will cause the original signal
distortion. Through the larger bit depth and Sampling rate allows distortion to be minimized.
http://www.nutaq.com/blog/analog-digital-%E2%80%93-part-2-conversion-process
Fig.3-1-4. Analog-to-digital process

23
Bit depth
In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit depth is the number of bits of information
in each sample, and it directly corresponds to the resolution of each sample. Examples of bit depth
include Compact Disc Digital Audio, which uses 16 bits per sample, and DVD-Audio and Blu-ray Disc
which can support up to 24 bits per sample.
Reproduce From
http://www.presonus.com/news/articles/sample-rate-and-bit-depth
Fig.3-1-5. Bit depth

If the bit depth is low (a), the signal will be inaccurately converted because its sampled in large
increments. By increasing the bit depth (b), you get finer increments and a more accurate representation
of the signal.
Sampling rate
A commonly seen measure of sampling is S/s, which stands for "Samples per second." As an
example, 1 MS/s is one million samples per second.
When it is necessary to capture audio covering the entire 2020,000 Hz range of human hearing,such
as when recording music or many types of acoustic events, audio waveforms are typically sampled at 44.1
kHz (CD), 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, or 96 kHz.
24
3-2. Audio Output (Virtual Studio Technology)
Virtual Studio Technology
Virtual Studio Technology (VST) is a software interface that integrates software audio synthesizer
and effect plugins with audio editors and recording systems. VST and similar technologies use digital
signal processing to simulate traditional recording studio hardware in software. Thousands of plugins
exist, both commercial and freeware, and a large number of audio applications support VST under license
from its creator, Steinberg.
History
Steinberg released the VST interface specification and SDK in 1996. They released it at the same time
as Steinberg Cubase 3.02, which included the first VST format plugins: Espacial (a reverb), Choirus (a
chorus effect), Stereo Echo, and Auto-Panner.
Steinberg updated the VST interface specification to version 2.0 in 1999. One addition was the ability
for plugins to receive MIDI data. This supported the introduction of Virtual Studio Technology Instrument
(VSTi) format plugins. VST Instruments can act as standalone software synthesizers, samplers, or drum
machines.
Neon was the first available VST Instrument (included with Cubase VST 3.7). It was a 16-voice,
2-oscillator virtual analog synthesizer. The VST interface specification was updated to version 2.4 in 2006.
Changes included the ability to process audio with 64 bit precision.
VST 3.0 came out in 2008. Changes included:
Audio Inputs for VST Instruments
Multiple MIDI inputs/outputs
Optional SKI (Steinberg Kernel Interface) integration
VST 3.5 came out in February, 2011. Changes included note expression, which provides extensive
articulation information in individual note events in a polyphonic arrangement. This supports
performance flexibility and a more natural playing feel.
In September, 2013, Steinberg discontinued maintenance of the VST 2 SDK. In December, Steinberg
stopped distributing the SDK. The higher versions are continued.
VST plugins
There are three types of VST plugins.
1.VST instruments generate audio. They are generally either virtual synthesizers or samplers. Many
recreate the look and sound of famous hardware synthesizers. Better known VST instruments include
Nexus, Sylenth 1, Massive, Omnisphere, FM8, Absynth, Reaktor, Gladiator and Vanguard.
(Reproduce from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology)
25
Fig.3-2-1 is VST Halion Sonic SE2 in Steinberg Cubase Pro 8.5.
Fig.3-2-1. Halion Sonic SE2
2.VST effects process rather than generate audioand perform the same functions as hardware audio
processors such as reverbs and phasers. Other monitoring effects provide visual feedback of the input
signal without processing the audio. Most hosts allow multiple effects to be chained. Audio monitoring
devices such as spectrum analyzers and meters represent audio characteristics (frequency distribution,
amplitude, etc.) visually.
Fig.3-2-2 is VST effect revelation in Steinberg Cubase Pro 8.5.
Fig.3-2-2. revelation
26
3.VST MIDI effects process MIDI messages (for example, transpose or arpeggiate) and route the
MIDI data to other VST instruments or to hardware devices.
Fig.3-2-3 is VST MIDI effect midi echo in Steinberg Cubase Pro 8.5.
Fig.3-2-3. midi echo
VST hosts
A VST host is a software application or hardware device that VST plugins run under. The host
application presents the plugin UIs and routes digital audio and MIDI to and from the plugins.
VST host Software:

Like Digital PerformerLogic ProSteinberg CubaseFL StudioCakewalk Sonar.., Many VST hosts are
available.
27
3-3. Microphone Pre Amp
Microphone Pre Amp funtion
The microphone picks up the original signal of the instrument or vocal, usually too weak to transmit
to the Mixing console or recording equipment.
The Microphone Preamp is required to amplifie the original signal to the appropriate level,and then sent
to the back-end equipment for processing, In the amplifie process,the quality of the Microphone Pre Amp
has a decisive effect on the signal amplification distortion reducing.
https://us.focusrite.com/mic-pres/isa-two/images
Fig.3-3-1. Focusrite ISA TWO Mic Pre Amp

Independent Mic Pre Amp in the amplifie capacity and reduce noise distortion, better than the sound
interface built-in Mic Pre Amp, of course, the higher the price, usually in the professional studio will be
used, maybe a working Micphone may be more than 1500 USD or above, requires professional Mic Pre
Amp devices.
Simple Mic Preamp connection diagram:

The sound picked up by Microphone is amplified by Mic Preamp, sent to the Audio Interface recording,
and then sent to the computer records.
Micphone Micpreamp Audio Interface Computer
Fig.3-3-2. Simple Mic Preamp connection diagram
Limited budget without a separate Mic Preamp,connection diagram:

The sound is picked up by the Microphone directly through the Audio Interface MicPreAmp amplified
and recorded, and then sent to the computer records.
Audio Interface
Micphone Computer
MicPreAmp
Fig.3-3-3. Limited budget connection diagram
28
3-4. Audio Interface Midi Function
Audio Interface Midi funtion
Most of the Audio Interface will have MIDI IN and MIDI OUT standard 5-pin socket, providing the
ability to connect MIDI devices, such as keyboard or drum machine ...

https://us.focusrite.com/usb-audio-interfaces/scarlett-6i6#panels
In the middle line is the MIDI IN and MIDI OUT socket.
Fig.3-4-1. Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Rear Panel

Mutil Ports Midi Interface
In the medium and large studio, here will be more than one MIDI Keyboard, Sound Module .., then
need Mutil Ports Midi Interface to transfer MIDI signals to multiple devices at the same time.
Fig.3-4-2. MOTU MIDI Express XT Rear Panel

Mutil Ports Midi Interface diagram:
In Fig.3-4-3,Sound Module,Drum Machine and Keyboard are connected to the Mutil Ports Midi
Interface. The signal is sent to the computer. After recording, the MIDI signal can played by the computer
daw software to transmit MIDI signal to these equipments sounding.
Sound Module
Mutil Ports
Drum Machine Computer
Midi Interface
Keyboard
Fig.3-4-3. Mutil Ports Midi Interface diagram

29
3-5. Audio Interface Connection diagram
Audio Interface Connection diagram
In this section we will introduce the Audio Interface Connection diagram from
2In / 2Out ~ 16In / 8Out.
3-5-1. 2In / 2Out

This setup is the most standard Audio Interface configuration, User can use input 1 recording guitar,
input 2 recorded vocal into the DAW soft and listening DAW playback through the headphones or
speakers.
Fig.3-5-1 is Focusrite scarlett-2i2
Fig.3-5-1. 2In / 2Out connection diagram

30
3-5-2. 4In / 4Out
This setup is the advance Audio Interface configuration, input 1 and 2 can record 2 signals like one
guitar one vocal or record 2 vocals.
Inputs 3 and 4 can record the signal of keyboard,the playback of any tracks on the DAW can be monitored
on headphones.
On stage two pairs of speakers can be small to provide band monitoring, large by the amplifier for the
audience to enjoy.
Scarlett 6i6 have two phono (RCA) in / out sockets carrying two-channel digital audio signals is
S/PDIF format,through the software control signal can be routed to the digital FX Device for processing.

31
3-5-3. 8In / 2Out
This setup can record much more artists, input 1 and 2 for guitar and bass,inputs 3 and 4 for
vocals,Input 5~8 can record 2 keyboards(2 pairs Stereo in).
Record singals playback on DAW can be monitored on Speakers.
On 18i8 audio interface have one OPTICAL INPUT TOSLINK connector able to carry eight
channels of digital audio in ADAT format at 44.1/48 kHz sample rate or four channels at 88.2/96 kHz.
You can connect additional 8-Channel A/D D/A Converter to add 8 channel input singals to DAW.


32
3-5-4. 8In / 8Out
This setup can record one band, input 1 and 2 for guitar and bass,inputs 3~5 for vocal & Chrous,Input
6~7 can record keyboard(Stereo in).
One headerphone to Mixing room and the line outputs can individual offer artists monitor,During
recording &playback DAW singals can be monitored on master Speakers.

33
3-5-5. 16In / 8Out
Here is one concert setup add one 8 Channel Micpreamp to record Strings section and Piano,use optical
ADAT cable transmit digital record signal to Audio interface.
On Audio interface itself record one drum set(BDTomsHHRide..), you can get total 16 input
channels.
If you use Focusrite product can visit knowledge base to get more:
https://support.focusrite.com/hc/en-gb/articles/206850129-How-do-I-use-all-18-inputs-on-the-Scarlett-18i
20-
Fig.3-5-5 is Focusrite OctoPre MKII dynamic and scarlett-18i20
https://uk.focusrite.com/mic-pres/octopre-mkii-dynamic/images

34
Chapter 4. MIDI
What is MIDI
MIDI for the abbreviation, the original isMusical Instrument Digital Interface.
Hardware analize MIDI is adigital interface devicefor musical instruments, Software analize MIDI is
an international uniform specification that enables the electronic musical instruments corresponding to
MIDI to communicate the musical performance information with each other numerically.
Fig.4-1-1 Reproduce Photo From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI
Fig.4-1-1. electronic musical instruments

MIDI allows multiple instruments to be played from a single controller (often a keyboard, as pictured
here), which makes stage setups much more portable. This system fits into a single rack case, but prior to
the advent of MIDI, it would have required four separate full-size keyboard instruments, plus outboard
mixing and effects units.
Fig.4-1-2 MIDI IN and MIDI OUT socket Reproduce Photo From

Fig.4-1-2. Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Rear Panel MIDI IN and MIDI OUT socket
35
Fig.4-1-3 Midi Events From Cubase Pro 8.5 List Editor
The DAW Soft (ex.LogicCubase..)Event window shows all events in the selected MIDI parts as a list,
allowing you to view and edit their properties numerically.
Each midi data position will explained in Chapter 5.
Fig.4-1-3. MIDI Events

Note pitch name, note length, play light or heavy, channel, performance control information.. , how to
define, this is the MIDI specification.
36
4-1. MIDI Develop History
Early development
In June 1981, Roland founder Ikutaro Kakehashi proposed the idea of standardization to Oberheim
Electronics founder Tom Oberheim, who then talked it over with Sequential Circuits president Dave
Smith. In October 1981, Kakehashi, Oberheim and Smith discussed the idea with representatives from
Yamaha, Korg and Kawai.
Sequential Circuits engineers and synthesizer designers Dave Smith and Chet Wood devised a
universal synthesizer interface, which would allow direct communication between equipment from
different manufacturers. Smith proposed this standard at the Audio Engineering Society show in
November 1981. Over the next two years, the standard was discussed and modified by representatives of
companies such as Roland, Yamaha, Korg, Kawai, Oberheim, and Sequential Circuits, and was renamed
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. MIDI's development was announced to the public by Robert Moog,
in the October 1982 edition of Keyboard magazine.
By the time of the January 1983 Winter NAMM Show, Smith was able to demonstrate a MIDI
connection between his Prophet 600 analog synthesizer and a Roland JP-6. The MIDI Specification was
published in August 1983. The MIDI standard was unveiled by Ikutaro Kakehashi and Dave Smith, who
both later received Technical Grammy Awards in 2013 for their key roles in the development of MIDI.
Impact on the music industry
MIDI's appeal was originally limited to those who wanted to use electronic instruments in the
production of popular music. The standard allowed different instruments to "speak" with each other and
with computers, and this spurred a rapid expansion of the sales and production of electronic instruments
and music software. This interoperability allowed one device to be controlled from another, which
reduced the amount of hardware musicians needed to own. MIDI's introduction coincided with the dawn
of the personal computer era and the introductions of samplers and digital synthesizers. The creative
possibilities brought about by MIDI technology have been credited as having helped to revive the music
industry in the 1980s.
MIDI introduced many capabilities which transformed the way musicians work. MIDI sequencing
made it possible for a user with no notation skills to build complex arrangements. A musical act with as
few as one or two members, each operating multiple MIDI-enabled devices, could deliver a performance
which sounds similar to that of a much larger group of musicians. The expense of hiring outside
musicians for a project could be reduced or eliminated, and complex productions could be realized on a
system as small as a synthesizer with integrated keyboard and sequencer.
MIDI helped establish home recording. By performing preproduction in such an environment, an artist
can reduce recording costs by arriving at a recording studio with a work that is already partially
completed. Educational technology enabled by MIDI has transformed music education.
37
Other hardware transport (USB & FireWire & Thunderbolt..)
In addition to the original 31.25 kbit/s current-loop transported on 5-pin DIN, other connectors have
been used for the same electrical data.
In addition to the original 5din socket, MIDI standard continue to develop other types of connection
(USB & FireWire or Thunderbolt..), MIDI over USB standards in 1999 to develop, the major
manufacturers operating system Like Linux, Windows, OS X, Continued development support. MIDI
over USB become the most common connection.
FireWire for the development of Apple in the 1990s, the original used in digital cameras and G3,
follow-up also supports MIDI transmission.
Thunderbolt for Intel in the development of the new standard in the 2009, after improved. In 2011
Apple MacBook and iMac with Thunderbolt interface, Thunderbolt v1 speed up to 10 Gbit/s per channel
(20 Gbit / s in total).
Reproduce From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI
For further information on MIDI specifications, refer to the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA)
at the following URL for technical specifications:
https://www.midi.org/specifications/item/the-midi-1-0-specification
Reproduce Photo From MMA Website
Fig.4-1-4. MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA)

MIDI is an hardware&software industry standard music technology protocol can connects many
products like digital musical instruments, computers, tablets and smartphones.
Modern art creation numerous equipments are used in MIDI specifications, whether it is film
soundtrack, music production, live concerts, lighting control, TV production... MIDI are inseparable from
modern life.
38
4-2. MIDIInOutThru
The corresponding midi digital eqipment must contain a midi interface device, in the interface device
must include one to three different functions of the socket, they are MIDI INMIDI OUTMIDI Thru,
which are equipped with midi interface device on the socket is also connected Is commonly referred to as
"MIDI Socket".
Fig.4-2-1 MIDI ThruOutIn Sockets of Roland integra-7 Module

https://www.roland.com/us/products/integra-7/
Fig.4-2-1 MIDI ThruOutIn Sockets of Roland integra-7 Module
Fig.4-2-2 MIDI INMIDI OUTMIDI Thru Socket explain:

MIDI IN:
MIDI information input, that is through this socket to the MIDI instrument internal processor.
MIDI Out:
Transmit out MIDI instrument performance information socket.
MIDI Thru:
Will enter the MIDI IN performance information, sent without modification, similar to the "passing"
function SOCKET, Thru word source "Through".
Fig.4-2-2. MIDI OUTThruIN

39
The MIDI socket is configured as a 5-pin din-pin connector, and is designed to have a 5-hole socket
with a transfer rate of 31.25k bit / sec.
Use opto-isolators keep MIDI devices electrically separated from their connectors, which prevents the
occurrence of ground loops and protects equipment from voltage spikes. There is no error detection
capability in MIDI, so the maximum cable length is set at 15 meters (50 feet) in order to limit
interference.
Fig.4-2-3 MIDI Cable

http://www.sweetwater.com/insync/midi-interface-buying-guide/
Fig.4-2-3. MIDI Cable

40
4-3. MIDI Connections
Local On / Off
Before the introduction of MIDI Connection, Let's talk about the Local On/Off, common keyboard
instruments include keyboard and sound module 2 parts.
Local On : the keyboard play information can be delivered to the sound module sounding.
Local Off : the keyboard and sound module transmission cut off, keyboard playing information
can not be delivered to sound module without sounding.
Fig.4-3-1. Local On / Off
Fig.4-3-1. Local On / Off

Local On / Off with DAW
In Fig. 4-3-2 Working with DAW system (Cubase, Locic Audio ...), please set Local Off for keyboard
instruments.
Keyboard instrument play information through the MIDI Out to the DAW system records,DAW
system playback MIDI information to the sound module sounding, If keyboard instrument set Local On,
sound module will receive KeyboardDAW dual MIDI information, causing the sound overlap.
Fig.4-3-2. Local On / Off with DAW

Live Band example
In the live Band, there are two keyboards and DAW Computer, the first keyboard instrument for the
DAW control is responsible for the entire band backing, second keyboard for live playing.
Band backing keyboard(set Local Off), live playing keyboard(set Local On), backing keyboard MIDI
connected with the DAW, live playing keyboard will not, the audio cable directly connect to the Mixer for
recording.
41
Two Keyboards MIDI Connections
With two MIDI Keyboard connections example, Keyboard B may or may not sound when I play
Keyboard A, even though Keyboard A may sound and may not sound, The following connection
examples are provided for reference.
There are several parameters to specify :
Local On / OffTch (Transmit Channel)Rch (Receive Channel).
Fig.4-3-3. Two Keyboard MIDI Connection 1
Keyboard A Set up Play Do Tch = 1 Rch = 1 Local On
Result Keyboard A soundingKeyboard B sounding

Keyboard A Set up Play Do Tch = 1 Rch = 1 Local Off
Result Keyboard A no soundKeyboard B sounding

42
Keyboard A soundingKeyboard B no sound
Result
Notice Keyboard B Rch = 2

Keyboard A no soundKeyboard B no sound
Result
Notice Keyboard A Local Off Keyboard B Rch = 2

43
Keyboard A no soundKeyboard B sounding
Result
Notice Keyboard A Rch = 2

Keyboard A no soundKeyboard B sounding
Result
Notice Keyboard A Rch = 2 Local Off
Fig.4-3-8 Two Keyboard MIDI Connection 6

44
Result
Notice Keyboard A Rch = 2 Keyboard B Rch = 2

Result
Notice Keyboard A Rch = 2 Local Off Keyboard B Rch = 2

45
Fig.4-3-11. Three Keyboard MIDI Connection 1
Result Keyboard ABC sounding
Fig.4-3-11 Three Keyboard MIDI Connection 1

When we play Keyboard A, the MIDI information goes into the Local MIDI interface device and sends
from MIDI OUT to the Keyboard B MIDI interface device.
The MIDI information keep no change and sent out from MIDI Thru to Keyboard C,In this connection
diagram Keyboard ABC all sounding.
Let's Remind MIDI INOutThru again

MIDI IN:
MIDI information input, that is through this socket to the MIDI instrument internal processor.
MIDI Out:
Transmit out MIDI instrument performance information socket.
MIDI Thru:
Will enter the MIDI IN performance information, sent without modification, similar to the "passing"
function SOCKET, Thru word source "Through".
46
Fig.4-3-12. Three Keyboard MIDI Connection 2
Result Keyboard AB sounding C no sound
Fig.4-3-12 Three Keyboard MIDI Connection 2
When we play Keyboard A, the MIDI information goes into the Local MIDI interface device and sends
from MIDI OUT to the Keyboard B MIDI interface device.
Keyboard B no play itself, MIDI OUT no signal output to the Keyboard C, it is no sounding.
Fig.4-3-13 MIDI OUT VS Thru Table

MIDI OUT MIDI Thru
Sent without modification.
Transmit local play MIDI information out
(Will enter the MIDI IN performance information)
Fig.4-3-13 MIDI OUT VS Thru
47
4-4. Studio MIDI Connections
Over the past 10 years, VST (Virtual Studio Technology) progress, a large virtual Instrument modules
can stored in the HD or SSD for musicians use, regardless of live concert, behind the scenes production,
film composing.., can carry a computer and a set of Audio Interface to complete.
Fig.4-4-1. Studio MIDI Connection 1(Focusrite scarlett-6i6 rear panel)

Master Keyboard playing midi signals to the DAW record through USB, DAW playback signal drives
Audio Interface sounding, all playing information and VST files are stored in the computer, properly
prepared backup solution (like backup HDs, SSDs), is a powerful mobile music workstation.
Fig.4-4-1. Studio MIDI Connection 1
Audio Interface selection, depending on budget and work requirements, from $ 150.00 USD to
$ 3000.00 USD, or higher, we choose the common USB Audio Interface as an example.
48
In the medium and large studio, here will be more than one MIDI Keyboard, Sound Module .., then
need Mutil Ports Midi Interface to transfer MIDI signals to multiple devices at the same time.
Master Keyboard playing midi signals to the DAW record through USB, DAW playback signal drives
Audio Interface sounding.
Midi signals are also output to multiple keyboard synthesizers, Sound Modules, Drum modules
sounding simultaneously by Mutil Ports Midi Interface.
For detailed MIDI control Each keyboard and Sound Modules can connect MIDI InOut to the Mutil
Ports Midi Interface become a larger MIDI System.
Fig.4-4-2. Studio MIDI Connection 2(MOTU MIDI Express XT rear panel)

Fig.4-4-2. Studio MIDI Connection 2

49
4-5. MIDI Channel
MIDI instruments to play simultaneously with each other, why only use a few MIDI Cables
connection to complete the performance of information transmission operations.
In 1983 before the MIDI specification published, the Japanese offered of the "Channel"concept, A
single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a
separate device.
With the "Channel" concept, we can control multiple MIDI instruments with just one MIDI-Master
keyboard(without soundmodule keyboard).
The "MIDI Channel" performance information transmission method in the MIDI specification
includes 16 channels such as "CH 1 to CH 16", aftered specified MIDI instrument transmitreceive
channel, the play information transmit with each other, through MIDI Cable or other interface.
Fig.4-5-1. MIDI Channel 1~16

MIDI Channel can carry up to 16 channels,the instrument can be put into different channels sounding.
Fig.4-5-1. MIDI Channel 1~16
In the DAW software can offer multiple (16 Channels)unlimited tracks we can play a large-scale
orchestral on midi instruments, according to our composing needs.
Once finish composing use score software can offer scores to real orchestra musician performance.
50
Transmit Channel VS Receive Channel
MIDI Instruments transmit information using the "channel designation" to communicate with each
other, When the transmit instrument transmits the performance information, the information will include a
wide range of performance data through the MIDI cable to the receive instrument.
The receive instrument is not always function, if the "Receive Channel" specified by the receive
instrument does not correspond to the "Transmit Channel" of the transmit instrument, the receive
instrument can not receive the performance information, and the performance information will be lost.
The following is a list of the Transmit Channel VS Receive Channel connection diagrams.
Fig.4-5-2. TCH VS RCH-1

Transmit and Receive instrument channel Consistent, Receive instrument sounding.

Transmit and Receive instrument channel not Consistent, Receive instrument not sounding.

Transmit and Receive instrument channel not Consistent, Receive instrument not sounding.

51
Transmit instrument channel is 1~16 any value
Receive instrument channel setomni,omni meaning all receive, Receive instrument sounding.

In Studio Master keyboard Transmit channel is 5
Module-1 Receive channel is 5 sounding
Module-2 Receive channel is 9 no sound
Module-3 Receive channel isomni sounding

conclusion
Transmit Channel and Receive Channel must be consistent, Receive instrument sounding, omni
meaning all receive.
In working environmentChannelis one important concept of MIDI System control.
52
4-6. GM / GS Standard
General MIDI (GM)
General MIDI, referred to as GM, is a unified MIDI specifications, Objective: Let the GM format
midi file can be read on different manufacturers GM midi instruments, to achieve the same basic
performance sounding.
Although the MIDI specification itself has provided similar agreements, but General MIDI further
requirements, all GM Instrument must have the following capabilities:
24 voices sounding simultaneously
Support note velocity
Support all 16 channels sound simultaneously
Support polyphony (multiple simultaneous notes) on each channel
Fig.4-6-1. Roland Sound Canvas VA VST Reproduce Photo From

https://www.roland.com/us/products/sound_canvas_va/
Fig.4-6-1. Roland Sound Canvas VA
GM was developed by the American MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) and the Japan MIDI
Standards Committee (JMSC) and first published in 1991. The official specification is available in
English from the MMA, bound together with the MIDI 1.0 specification, and in Japanese from the
Association of Musical Electronic Industry (AMEI).
GM also attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left
under-specified in the MIDI 1.0 spec, such as defining instrument sounds for each of the 128 possible
program numbers.
Reference From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_MIDI
53
GM SOUND SET
The following is the list of sounds defined by GM. GM does not define the way the sound will be
sounding, only the name of the sound.
Each manufacturer must ensure that their sounds provide an acceptable representation of song data
written for General MIDI. Guidelines for developing GM compatible sound sets and song data are
available.
We can use midi program number 1~128 to select GM Sound.
MIDI Channel 10 is for percussion sounds.
Fig.4-6-2. GM SOUND SET

Piano Series
MIDI Program Number Instrument Nmae Series
1 Acoustic Grand Piano Piano
2 Bright Acoustic Piano Piano
3 Electric Grand Piano Piano
4 Honky-tonk Piano Piano
5 Electric Piano 1 Piano
6 Electric Piano 2 Piano
7 Harpsichord Piano
8 Clavi Piano
Chromatic Percussion Series

9 Celesta Chromatic Percussion
10 Glockenspiel Chromatic Percussion
11 Music Box Chromatic Percussion
12 Vibraphone Chromatic Percussion
13 Marimba Chromatic Percussion
14 Xylophone Chromatic Percussion
15 Tubular Bells Chromatic Percussion
16 Dulcimer Chromatic Percussion
54
Organ Series
17 Drawbar Organ Organ
18 Percussive Organ Organ
19 Rock Organ Organ
20 Church Organ Organ
21 Reed Organ Organ
22 Accordion Organ
23 Harmonica Organ
24 Tango Accordion Organ
Guitar Series
25 Acoustic Guitar (nylon) Guitar
26 Acoustic Guitar (steel) Guitar
27 Electric Guitar (jazz) Guitar
28 Electric Guitar (clean) Guitar
29 Electric Guitar (muted) Guitar
30 Overdriven Guitar Guitar
31 Distortion Guitar Guitar
32 Guitar harmonics Guitar
Bass Series
33 Acoustic Bass Bass
34 Electric Bass (finger) Bass
35 Electric Bass (pick) Bass
36 Fretless Bass Bass
37 Slap Bass 1 Bass
38 Slap Bass 2 Bass
39 Synth Bass 1 Bass
40 Synth Bass 2 Bass
55
Strings Series
41 Violin Strings
42 Viola Strings
43 Cello Strings
44 Contrabass Strings
45 Tremolo Strings Strings
46 Pizzicato Strings Strings
47 Orchestral Harp Strings
48 Timpani Strings
Ensemble Series
49 String Ensemble 1 Ensemble
50 String Ensemble 2 Ensemble
51 SynthStrings 1 Ensemble
52 SynthStrings 2 Ensemble
53 Choir Aahs Ensemble
54 Voice Oohs Ensemble
55 Synth Voice Ensemble
56 Orchestra Hit Ensemble
Brass Series
57 Trumpet Brass
58 Trombone Brass
59 Tuba Brass
60 Muted Trumpet Brass
61 French Horn Brass
62 Brass Section Brass
63 SynthBrass 1 Brass
64 SynthBrass 2 Brass
56
Reed Series
65 Soprano Sax Reed
66 Alto Sax Reed
67 Tenor Sax Reed
68 Baritone Sax Reed
69 Oboe Reed
70 English Horn Reed
71 Bassoon Reed
72 Clarinet Reed
Pipe Series
73 Piccolo Pipe
74 Flute Pipe
75 Recorder Pipe
76 Pan Flute Pipe
77 Blown Bottle Pipe
78 Shakuhachi Pipe
79 Whistle Pipe
80 Ocarina Pipe
Synth Lead Series

81 Lead 1 (square) Synth Lead
82 Lead 2 (sawtooth) Synth Lead
83 Lead 3 (calliope) Synth Lead
84 Lead 4 (chiff) Synth Lead
85 Lead 5 (charang) Synth Lead
86 Lead 6 (voice) Synth Lead
87 Lead 7 (fifths) Synth Lead
88 Lead 8 (bass + lead) Synth Lead
57
Synth Pad Series
89 Pad 1 (new age) Synth Pad
90 Pad 2 (warm) Synth Pad
91 Pad 3 (polysynth) Synth Pad
92 Pad 4 (choir) Synth Pad
93 Pad 5 (bowed) Synth Pad
94 Pad 6 (metallic) Synth Pad
95 Pad 7 (halo) Synth Pad
96 Pad 8 (sweep) Synth Pad
Synth Effect Series

97 FX 1 (rain) Synth Effect
98 FX 2 (soundtrack) Synth Effect
99 FX 3 (crystal) Synth Effect
100 FX 4 (atmosphere) Synth Effect
101 FX 5 (brightness) Synth Effect
102 FX 6 (goblins) Synth Effect
103 FX 7 (echoes) Synth Effect
104 FX 8 (sci-fi) Synth Effect
Ethnic Series
105 Sitar Ethnic
106 Banjo Ethnic
107 Shamisen Ethnic
108 Koto Ethnic
109 Kalimba Ethnic
110 Bag pipe Ethnic
111 Fiddle Ethnic
112 Shanai Ethnic
58
Percussive Series
113 Tinkle Bell Percussive
114 Agogo Percussive
115 Steel Drums Percussive
116 Woodblock Percussive
117 Taiko Drum Percussive
118 Melodic Tom Percussive
119 Synth Drum Percussive
120 Reverse Cymbal Percussive
Sound Effects Series

121 Guitar Fret Noise Sound Effects
122 Breath Noise Sound Effects
123 Seashore Sound Effects
124 Bird Tweet Sound Effects
125 Telephone Ring Sound Effects
126 Helicopter Sound Effects
127 Applause Sound Effects
128 Gunshot Sound Effects
References from MIDI 1.0 specification.

59
GM Percussion Key Map
On MIDI Channel 10, each MIDI Note number ("Key#") corresponds to a different drum sound, as
shown below. GM-compatible instruments must have the sounds on the keys shown here. While many
current instruments also have additional sounds above or below the range show here, and may even have
additional "kits" with variations of these sounds, only these sounds are supported by General MIDI
devices.
Fig.4-6-3. GM Percussion Key Map
MIDI Note number Drum Sound
35 Acoustic Bass Drum
36 Bass Drum 1
37 Side Stick
38 Acoustic Snare
39 Hand Clap
40 Electric Snare
41 Low Floor Tom
42 Closed Hi Hat
43 High Floor Tom
44 Pedal Hi-Hat
45 Low Tom
46 Open Hi-Hat
47 Low-Mid Tom
48 Hi-Mid Tom
49 Crash Cymbal 1
50 High Tom
51 Ride Cymbal 1
52 Chinese Cymbal
53 Ride Bell
54 Tambourine
55 Splash Cymbal
56 Cowbell
60
57 Crash Cymbal 2
58 Vibraslap
59 Ride Cymbal 2
60 Hi Bongo
61 Low Bongo
62 Mute Hi Conga
63 Open Hi Conga
64 Low Conga
65 High Timbale
66 Low Timbale
67 High Agogo
68 Low Agogo
69 Cabasa
70 Maracas
71 Short Whistle
72 Long Whistle
73 Short Guiro
74 Long Guiro
75 Claves
76 Hi Wood Block
77 Low Wood Block
78 Mute Cuica
79 Open Cuica
80 Mute Triangle
81 Open Triangle
References from MIDI 1.0 specification.

61
Roland GS (General Standard)
Roland in 1991 proposed is GM standard extension features are as follows:
1.Supports up to 128 Banks (128 * 128) up to 12384 melodic instruments
2. 8 more drum kits
3. 15 more percussion instruments note
4. 3 effects (reverb/chorus/variation)
5. More controller events
The Roland SC-55, the first sound module to support the General MIDI standard, also supports the
GS standard.
Fig.4-6-4. Roland SC-55 Reproduce Photo From

https://analogrelics.wordpress.com/2012/06/19/roland-sc-55-sound-canvas-part-1/
Fig.4-6-4. Roland SC-55

62
4-7. SMF
Standard MIDI File
The SMF (Standard MIDI File) was developed to allow musicians and audio file developers to
transfer their sequenced MIDI data from one software application to another. This file format lets users
exchange music and data without regard to computer operating system platform. Today, there are many
Web sites devoted to the sale and exchange of music data in the Standard MIDI File format.
There are two variations of the Standard MIDI File format, called Type 0 and Type 1. Both variations
contain the same data, but the arrangement of the data within the file is different.
Type 0 is a single track of data;Type 1 is multi-track.
Many of the popular sequencing software packages available can import and export either type of file.
In the Type 0 Standard MIDI File, all data is saved to a single track without regard to its MIDI
channel reference. The file plays normally, but accessing the individual components is a bit more difficult.
If editing is needed, the user can open the Standard MIDI File in the application of choice and copy/paste
individual channels of information manually as needed.
A Type 1 Standard MIDI File outputs a separate track for each MIDI channel in the original sequence.
This format greatly simplifies editing once the sequence has been transferred from one sequencer to
another.
Reproduce From
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/SMF-Standard-MIDI-File
Cubase Pro 8.5 Export Standard MIDI File Steps
FileExportMIDI File...
Fig.4-7-1. Cubase Pro 8.5 Export SMF

63
Cubase Export SMF Options
When you have specified a location and a name for the file, click Save. The Export Options dialog
opens, allowing you to specify a number of options for the file, e. g. what is included in the file, its type
and its resolution (see below for a description of the options).
Click Export as Type 0 (Export SMF Type 0)
Not Click Export as Type 0 (Export SMF Type 1)
Fig.4-7-2. Cubase Pro 8.5 Export SMF Options

64
Chapter 5. MIDI Continuous Controllers
What is MIDI Continuous Controllers (CCs)

In MIDI terms, a continuous controller (CC) is a MIDI message capable of transmitting a range of
values, usually 0-127. The MIDI Spec makes 128 different continuous controllers available for each
MIDI channel, although some of these have been pre-assigned to other functions. CCs are commonly
used for things like MIDI controlling volume (#7), pan (#10),Modulation wheel (#1) and other variable
parameters.
Use of continuous controllers in performance and sequencing can be a major factor in adding life to
MIDI music but beware, over-use of CC messages can result in MIDI log-jam, where the amount of
data being sent is more than the bandwidth of MIDI can support. (Most sequencers support commands for
thinning CC data if this becomes an issue)
Reproduce from https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/continuous-controller/
The Most Common MIDI Continuous Controllers
In addition to data about notes, tempo, meter, the published spec for MIDI defines continuouscontrollers
so that various aspects of a performance can be conveyed along with the basic note data.
There are potentially up to 128 possible continuous controllers, but not all numbers from 0 to 127 are
neccessarily defined. Below are some of the most commonly used MIDI continuous controllers (CCs).
MOST COMMON MIDI CONTINUOUS CONTROLLERS (CC)
0 Bank Select 65 Portamento (on/off)

1 Modulationulation Wheel 66 Sustenuto Pedal (on/off)
2 Breath Controller 67 Soft Pedal (on/off)
4 Foot Pedal 68 Legato Pedal (on/off)
5 Portamento Time 74 Cutoff
6 Data Entry 93 Effect 3 Depth (Chrous Send Level)
7 Volume 120 All Sound Off
8 Balance 121 All Controllers Off
10 Pan Pot 123 All Notes Off
11 Expression 124 Omni Modulatione Off
12 Effect Control 1 125 Omni Modulatione On
13 Effect Control 2 126 Mono Operation
64 Hold Pedal (on/off) 127 Poly Operation
Here, we will discuss only six of the CCs: 17101174 and 93 as indicated by the gray color in
the table.
65
5-1. Modulationulation Wheel (Controller number 1)
Modulation Wheel data is added to the MIDI stream each time the position of the wheel changes.
There are 128 positions from Off (value = 0) to Full (value = 127).
How the sound generator responds to Modulation Wheel values is implementation-specific.

It might adjust the distortion on an electric guitar, affect the loudness,or change the amount of an LFO
filter on the patch. Really, almost anything is possible.
Fig.5-1-1.Yamaha Fig.5-1-2. Alesis
Fig.5-1-3.Roland Fig.5-1-4.Korg
On Fig.5-1-1 Yamaha and 5-1-2 Alesis Keyboard one wheel is Modulation the other is Pitch Bend
up&down.
On Fig.5-1-3 Roland Keyboard Joystick up is Modulation Left&Right is Pitch Bend up&down
remember cannot down will hurt the Joystick.
On Fig.5-1-4 Korg Keyboard Joystick up is Modulation Left&Right is Pitch Bend up&down,
Down is Filter LFO (wah wah).
66
5-1-1. Modulationulation Demo
This Demo use one syn Bass Patch first 4 bar is normal 2nd's last bar is Modulation.
Fig 5-1-5 show the piano roll window.

Watch Video Demo CD 5-1-1 On Nan Jerry Smith youtube channel
or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mSvXZpY3Q8
CD 5-1-1
Fig.5-1-5.Modulation
67
5-1-2. Modulation Event List
The DAW Software (ex.LogicCubase..),Event window shows all events in the selected MIDI parts
as a list, allowing you to view and edit their properties numerically.
Each midi data position is explained as follows:

Fig.5-1-6. Modulation Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Modulation Control Messages (CC#1)
68
5-2. Volume (Controller number 7)
CC7 Volume data is designed to adjust the relative loudness of each channel;in final mix session can
tunning each track level.
5-2-1. Volume Demo

This Demo use one Choir Patch first 4 bar is normal 2nd 4 bar is Volume Variation.

or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJzCxQ3tTvE
CD 5-2-1
Fig.5-2-1.Volume
69
5-2-2. Volume Event List
The DAW Software (ex.LogicCubase..), Event window shows all events in the selected MIDI parts

Fig.5-2-2. Volume Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Volume Control Messages (CC#7)
70
5-3. Panpot (Controller number 10)
CC10 Panpot data is transmit Panning codes by adjusting the relative loudness of the sound in the
two stereo channels, giving the listener an impression of the instrument being left or right of the center
line.
5-3-1. Panpot Demo

This Demo use one Analong Sequence Patch first 2 bar is Center position 2nd 2 bar is Left to Right.

or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIrVTNFe3XI
CD 5-3-1
Fig.5-3-1. Panpot
71
5-3-2. Panpot Event List

Fig.5-3-2. Panpot Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Panpot Control Messages (CC#10)
72
5-4. Expression (Controller number 11)
Expression and Volume are two different codes associated with dynamics. CC11 is intended to be
used to add the moment-by-moment dynamics that mimic the way live musicians are constantly adjusting
the force of the breath or the presure of the bow on the strings to achieve musicality. These changes
produce the dynamic arc of a melody or even swells in individual notes.
5-4-1. Expression Demo

This Demo use one Flute Patch first 4 bar is Normal 2nd 4 bar draw the cc11 Expression Control
value add moment-by-moment dynamics.

or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysUvumaavBQ
CD 5-4-1
Fig.5-4-1. Expression
73
5-4-2. Expression Event List

Fig.5-4-2. Expression Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Expression Control Messages (CC#11)
74
5-5. Brightness (Controller number 74)
CC74 Brightness
Cutoff can affect sound Brightness, Use CC74 parameter can control Synthesizer or module's filter
produce dark or Brighten sound, The patch become more fusion & cool. In electronic dance music change
sound Brightnes is impotant skill.
5-5-1. Brightness Demo

This Demo use one Synth Bass Patch in 6 bars use cc74 parameter Control cutoff frequency change
sound Brightness.

or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubMVeUcgEyw
CD 5-5-1
Fig.5-5-1. Cutoff
75
5-5-2. Brightness Event List

Fig.5-5-2. Brightness Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Brightness Control Messages (CC#74)
76
5-6. Effect 3 Depth (Controller number 93)
CC93 Effect 3 Depth (Chrous Send Level)
Chorus effect occurs when individual sounds with approximately the same timbre, and very similar
pitch converge and are perceived as one. While similar sounds coming from multiple sources can occur
naturally, as in the case of a choir or string orchestra, it can also be simulated using an electronic effects
unit or signal processing device.
You can assign the CC93 parameters to realtime control the Chorus Send Level.
5-6-1. Effect 3 Depth Demo

This Demo use one Stell Guitar Patch first 2 bar is Dry 2nd 2 bar draw the cc93 Effect 3 Depth
Control value add Chrous Effect.

or type web address
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXgjspUgs3A
CD 5-6-1
Fig.5-6-1. Chrous Send Level

77
5-6-2. Effect 3 Depth Event List

Fig.5-6-2. Effect 3 Depth Event

1) Note Start point
2) Note End point
3) Note Length
4) Note Name
5) Note Velocity
6) Channel 1~16
7) Effect 3 Depth Control Messages (CC#93)
78
Chapter 6. DAW Software
digital audio workstation(D.A.W)

Modern sound production session like, multi tracks recordingeditingsong filefilm composesound
effect production..DAW operations are required, in early 1990's processor computing power is still
insufficient for DAW processing operations, Until the mid-2000s processor computing power progress,
DAW can be integrated into one software application, Users only need a computer host to connect the
various compatible manufacturers Sound Interface to work.
D.A.W host requirements

DAW host need to open VST, plug-ins, midi effects function .. and other tasks.
Hardware recommendations are as follows:
General use Business use
Intel Core or AMD dual core CPU Intel Core or AMD quad core CPU,or Xeon
8 GB RAM minimum 16 GB RAM or above
7200 rpm SATA HD SSD (Solid State Drive)
In the POP or Orchestra composing sessions, Such as turning on VST over 32 tracks or above.
It is highly recommended to place the VST sound library files on SSD, Shorten the waiting time of
open project file.
VST (Virtual Studio Technology instruments)

plug-ins (Reverb effectsEQcompressorPitch Shift...)
MIDI Effects (arpeggiatorLFOpattern...)
79
6-1. Cubase
Cubase music software developed by the German Steinberg, with music recording, arranging, and
DAW (digital audio workstation) can run on Microsoft Windows/Mac OS X platforms.
The first version launched in 1989, only with MIDI Record function, In 1996 supported hard disk
recording and plug in functions. In January 2003 Steinberg was acquired by U.S. firm Pinnacle Systems
and sold to Yamaha Corporation in December, 2004.
Versions
Cubase has 3 major versions, ElementArtistPro, three versions the main difference lies in
Support tracksVST instrumentsplug insand edit function quantity.
Fig.6-1-1 Cubase Pro 8.5 Reproduce Photo From

http://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/CubaseP85Up1
Fig.6-1-1. Cubase Pro 8.5

80
6-2. Logic Pro X
Logic Pro X music software original developed by the German C-Lab in 1990 which was followed
by Emagic, with music recording, arranging, and DAW (digital audio workstation). In 2002 Apple bought
Emagic, Logoc Pro became an Apple product.
In addition to Logic Pro, a simplified version Logic Express is available at a lower price, On
December 8, 2011 Logic Pro boxed edition and Logic Express discontinued sale, Now Logic Pro X
(Version 10.x) is currently available in the Apple Store, only for the Apple Mac OS X computer.
GarageBand is a simplified version Logic free software can create musicdrum patternsynth sound
mixing..for Apple Mac OS and ios, suite for music enthusiast to use, For advanced features, GarageBand
files can continue open working in Logic Pro X.
Fig.6-2-1 Logic Pro X Reproduce Photo From

http://en.audiofanzine.com/general-sequencer/apple/logic-pro-x/user_reviews/
Fig.6-2-1. Logic Pro X

81
6-3. Digital Performer
Digital Performer music software developed by the Mark of the Unicorn(MOTU) in 1984, with music
recording, arranging, and DAW (digital audio workstation),for the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft
Windows platforms.
Digital Audio Workstation (DAW)

Earlier versions only MIDI recording and music score editing printing capabilities, to the 1990 MOTU
added digital audio processing editing capabilities to Performer, and named "Digital Performer".
Support OS X/ Windows platforms

In October 2012, Digital Performer began to support OS X / Windows both platforms, the current Version
9 Launched in June 2015 for Mac OS X and Windows.
Fig.6-3-1 Digital Performer Reproduce Photo From

http://www.motu.com/products/software/dp
Fig.6-3-1. Digital Performer 9

82
6-4. Pro Tool
Pro Tools is a digital audio workstation developed by Avid Technology in 1989, with sound recording
and sound production run on Apple OS X /Microsoft Windows platforms.
Audio production industry standard
Pro Tools is not only used for sound recording and music production, but also has an industry standard
position in movie soundtrack production and film and TV post production. It is widely used by
professionals and music producers throughout the audio industry.
Versions
Pro Tools | First:
Suit for Singers, songwriters, and musicians who are new to audio recording or Pro Tools.
Is a free entry version, familiar with the relevant window interface.
Pro Tools
Suit for Pros who need an advanced set of tools to create music or sound for picture can support
128 simultaneous audio tracks on 48kHz.
Pro Tools HD
Audio and post pros who need maximum track counts, performance, and surround sound can
support 256 simultaneous audio tracks on 48kHz.
Pro Tools HDX
Audio and post pros who need maximum track counts, performance, and surround sound can
support 768 simultaneous audio tracks on 48kHz.
Fig.6-4-1 Pro Tools HD Reproduce Photo From
http://www.avid.com/pro-tools-hd
Fig.6-4-1 Pro Tools HD

83
6-5. SONAR
Sonar music software founding developed by Cakewalk the in 1991 run on Microsoft MS-DOS, with
music recording, arranging and DAW (digital audio workstation) Currently version run on Microsoft
Windows platforms,Mac OS X version under R&D alpha test process.
Versions
CAKEWALK Sonar has 3 major versions, ArtistProfessionalPlatinum, three versions in the
audio track and midi tracks support all Unlimited, the difference lies in plus-ins and VST instruments
quantity, and new VocalSync technology.
Fig.6-5-1 Sonar Platinum Reproduce Photo From

http://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/SonarPlt
Fig.6-5-1 Sonar Platinum

84
6-6. FL Studio
FL Studio
FL Studio music software developed by the image-Line in 1997,with music recording, arranging and
DAW (digital audio workstation),run on Microsoft Windows platforms(or Intel Mac/ Bootcamp),Mac
OS X version under R&D alpha test process.
Versions
FL Studio has 4 major versions, FruityProducerSignatureAll plugins Bundle, four versions
the main difference lies in VST instruments quantity, and edit function.
Fig.6-6-1 FL Studio12 Reproduce Photo From

https://www.image-line.com/flstudio/flstudio12.php
Fig.6-6-1 FL Studio12
85
6-7. Reason
Reason music software developed by Propellerhead in 2000, The initial version is designed one rack
to contain virtual devices, effects, mixer, This rack is controlled by Reason's build-in MIDI sequencer, It
can also be controlled by other DAW software (Pro Tools, Logic, FL Studio, REAPER, Digital Performer,
Cubase, Sonar..), Developed to version 6.0 with DAW (digital audio workstation) function.
Reason support both Microsoft Windows /Mac OS X platform.
Versions
Reason has 2 versions, REASON ESSENTIALS 9REASON 9, the main difference lies in VST
instruments, effects, and edit function quantity.
Fig.6-7-1 REASON 9 Reproduce Photo From

https://www.propellerheads.se/reason
Fig.6-7-1 REASON 9
86
6-8. Ableton Live
Ableton Live music software developed by Proprietary software in 2001, with music recording,
arranging and DAW (digital audio workstation), Ableton Live support both Microsoft Windows/Mac OS
X platforms.
Ableton Live focuses on live performance features like composing, recording, arranging,mixing...
These features are popular with DJs.
Dedicated hardware instruments

With the dedicated hardware, Ableton Live can be used for a variety of MIDI control, reinforce the
production of rhythm and melody.., Manufacturers also provides a variety of VST instruments and sound
library, increase the diversity of music production.
Versions
Ableton Live has 3 versions, Live 9 IntroLive 9 StandardLive 9 Suite, the main difference lies
in support tracks,VST instruments, Live Devices, effects, and edit function quantity.
Fig.6-8-1 Ableton Live 9 Reproduce Photo From

https://www.ableton.com/en/live/
Fig.6-8-1 Ableton Live 9

87
6-9. Studio One
Studio One music software developed by Presonus software in 1995, with music recording, arranging
and DAW (digital audio workstation), Studio One support both Microsoft Windows/Mac OS X platforms.
Versions
Studio One has 3 versions, PrimeArtistProfessional, the main difference lies in support 32 or
64-bit Audio-processing,VST instruments, effects, and edit function quantity.
Currently Studio One Application Version

Studio One 3.3 is the latest version of Studio One. This new version adds several enhancements
including faster multi-track drum editing, MIDI editing improvements, new mixing features, and
unprecedented integration with the new Notion 6 music notation and performance environment.
Fig.6-9-1 Presonus Studio One Reproduce Photo From

http://www.presonus.com/products/studio-one/
Fig.6-9-1 Presonus Studio One

88
Chapter 7. VST
VST (Virtual Studio Technology instruments)

In the previous chapter we introduced DAW, DAW softwares will have a built-in Sound Library,
These Sound Libraries usually provide basic use, At this point the optional Sound Library become a must
action, In this chapter we will introduce Sound Library manufacturers available as an optional reference.
In here music instruments will be divided into two categories for basic introduction:
Orchestral Categories:
Strings kind instruments include (ViolinViolaCelloDouble Bass..)
Woodwinds kind instruments include (PiccoloFluteOboeClarinetBasson..)
Brass kind instruments include (TrumpetTromboneTubaFrench Horn..)
Percussion kind instruments include (Cymbals and GongsDrumsMetalsWoods..)
Popular Categories:
Guitars kind instruments include (Acoustic GuitarE.Guitar..)
Bass kind instruments include (E.Bass..)
Drum kits kind instruments include (BDSDTomsCrashHiHat..)
World Percussion kind instruments include
(Big DrumsGongs ClocksMetalsShakersSmall DrumsTaikoWoods..)
Piano kind instruments include (BechsteinSteinwayBsendorferYamaha..)
Synth kind instruments include (Workstation CollectionFMLeadModularMonophonic..)
As the number of Virtual sound library manufacturers can not enumerate, the following sort out nine
companies for the basic company and product description, for more information, please visit the various
manufacturers Web site.
7-1. Native Instruments

7-2. East-West
7-3. IK Multimedia
7-4. Vienna Symphonic Library
7-5. ProjectSAM
7-6. Cinesamples
7-7. Orchestral Tools
7-8. Audiobro
7-9. 8DIO
89
7-1. Native Instruments
Native Instruments company was founded in 1996, that develops software and hardware for music
production and DJing, In soft synthesizer, acoustic instrument both have popular products.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWoodwindsBrassPercussionGuitarsBassDrum
kitsPianoSynths... are available.
Software Product line
Guitar Rig: a modular software effect processor
Reaktor: a modular software music studio
Komplete: all-in-one package of virtual instruments and effects
Traktor: Digital DJ software
Cinematic Percussion VST Product
ACTION STRIKES
Orchestra VST Product
SYMPHONY SERIES STRING ENSEMBLE
SYMPHONY SERIES WOODWIND ENSEMBLE
SYMPHONY SERIES BRASS ENSEMBLE...
Fig.7-1-1 SYMPHONY SERIES STRING Reproduce Photo From

https://www.native-instruments.com/en/products/komplete/cinematic/symphony-series-string-ensemble/
Fig.7-1-1. SYMPHONY SERIES STRING ENSEMBLE

90
7-2. East-West
East-West company was founded in 1988, that focusing on virtual (software) instruments
development nearly 30 years, has a very rich VST software products, broadly used by music, film,
television, games, multimedia and performing arts professionals.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWoodwindsBrassChoirsPercussionGuitarsBass
Drum kitsPiano... are available.
Guitars and Bass VST Product
Ministry of Rock 1
Ministry of Rock 2
World Percussion VST Product
STORMDRUM 3
Choirs VST Product
Symphonic Choirs
Orchestra VST Product line
HOLLYWOOD ORCHESTRA STRINGS
HOLLYWOOD ORCHESTRA BRASS
HOLLYWOOD ORCHESTRA WOODWIND
HOLLYWOOD ORCHESTRA PERCUSSION
Fig.7-2-1 Reproduce Photo From

http://www.soundsonline.com/Hollywood-Orchestra
Fig.7-2-1. HOLLYWOOD ORCHESTRA STRINGS

91
7-3. IK Multimedia
IK Multimedia company was founded in 1996, This company's product line not only for music
production, Other types accessories product for live performance are also available.
In recent years also develop new product line like iOS and Android apps and accessories, Here we focus
on the VST part.
Workstation VST Product

SAMPLE TANK 3
Cinematic Percussion VST Product
Cinematic Percussion
Orchestra VST Product line
Orchestral Percussion
Miroslav Philharmonik 2
Miroslav Philharmonik 2 CE
Fig.7-3-1 Miroslav Philharmonik 2 Reproduce Photo From

http://www.ikmultimedia.com/products/philharmonik2/
Fig.7-3-1. Miroslav Philharmonik 2

92
7-4. Vienna Symphonic Library
Vienna Symphonic Library company was founded in 2000, that focusing on sample libraries and
music production software development for classical orchestral music.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWinds(include Brass)VoicesPercussionsPlucked
are available.
Symphonic Strings VST Product
Solo Strings Bundle
Chamber Strings Bundle
Orchestral Strings Bundle...
Symphonic Winds VST Product
WoodWinds Bundle
Brass Bundle...
Voices VST Product
Vienna Choir...
Percussions VST Product
Percussion Complete
Fig.7-4-1 Vienna Instruments User Interface Reproduce Photo From

https://www.vsl.co.at/en/Products/Instruments
Fig.7-4-1 Vienna Instruments User Interface

93
7-5. ProjectSAM
ProjectSAM company was founded in 2001, that focusing on sample libraries development for
classical orchestral musicfilm composemultimdia productionVideo Games..
In various types of vst instruments like OrchestralBig band ensembleOrchestral PercussionWorld
PercussionChurch Organ...
Orchestral VST Product
Symphobia 1
Symphobia 2
Symphobia 3 Lumina
Big band ensemble VST Product
Swing
Orchestral & World Percussion VST Product
True Strike 1
True Strike 2
Church Organ VST Product
Organ Mystique
Fig.7-5-1 Symphobia 3: Lumina main interface Reproduce Photo From

https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Symphobia-Series/1428
Fig.7-5-1 Symphobia 3: Lumina main interface

94
7-6. Cinesamples
Cinesamples company was founded in 2007, that focusing on sample libraries development for
multimdia productionclassical orchestral music.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWindsBrassPercussionsKeyboardsChoirSound
Design are available.
Strings VST Product
CineStrings CORE
CineStrings SOLO
Winds VST Product
CineWinds CORE
CineWinds PRO
Brass VST Product
CineBrass CORE
CineBrass PRO
Percussions VST Product
CinePerc
Fig.7-6-1 CineStrings CORE interface Reproduce Photo From

https://cinesamples.com/product/cinestrings-core
Fig.7-6-1 CineStrings CORE interface

95
7-7. Orchestral Tools
Orchestral Tools company that focusing on sample libraries development for classical orchestral
music, In the strings instrument product category, Berlin Strings in addition to the main library, also
provide EXP ABDE four library, offer less common bow placements.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWoodWindsBrassPercussion are available.
Strings VST Product
Berlin Strings (Main Library)
Berlin Strings EXP A (Special BOW I)
Berlin Strings EXP B (Special BOW II)
Berlin Strings EXP D (First Chairs)
Berlin Strings EXP E (SFX)
WoodWinds VST Product
Berlin WoodWinds (Main Library)
Berlin WoodWinds EXP A~D (Additionalsolo I~IISFX)
Brass VST Product
Berlin Brass (Main Library)
Berlin Brass EXP C (French Horn SFX)
Percussion VST Product
Berlin Percussion (Main Library)
Berlin Percussion EXP A (Timpani)
Fig.7-7-1 Berlin Strings interface Reproduce Photo From
http://www.orchestraltools.com/libraries/berlin_strings.php
Fig.7-7-1 Berlin Strings interface

96
7-8. Audiobro
Audiobro company was founded in 2009, that focusing on strings sample libraries development for
multimdia productionclassical orchestral music, In LA Scoring Strings 2.5 added control layer allows
the user to more easily produce complex arrangements.
In various types of vst instruments like StringsOrchestral Percussions are available.
Orchestral Percussion VST Product

LADD (LA Drama Drums)
Strings VST Product
LASS 2.5 (LA Scoring Strings 2.5)
LASS Legato Sordino 2.5 (LASS LS 2.5)
LASS Lite 2
LASS First Chair 2 (LASS FC 2)
Fig.7-8-1 LA Scoring Strings interface Reproduce Photo From

http://audiobro.com/lass-2-0/
Fig.7-8-1 LA Scoring Strings interface

97
7-9. 8DIO
8DIO company was founded in 2011, that focusing on sample libraries development for classical
orchestral musicfilm composemultimdia productionVideo Games compose..
In various types of vst instruments like StringsWoodwindsBrassChoirsWorld PercussionGuitars
BassDrum kits... are available.
Orchestral Strings VST Product
Adagio Strings Bundle
Orchestral Woodwinds VST Product
PiccoloFluteOboeClarinetBasson...
Orchestral Brass VST Product
CAGE Brass
Choirs VST Product
Lacrimosa Epic Choir Instrument...
World Percussions VST Product
Percussion Non-Tonal Series...
Fig.7-9-1 Adagio Strings interface Reproduce Photo From

https://8dio.com/instrument/bundle-9-all-adagio-strings/
Fig.7-9-1 Adagio Strings interface

98
Chapter 8. Scales and Key Signatures
Scales
A scale is a set of notes selected from the entire set of notes in the octave. The selection of notes in
the scale provides a framework for building pieces of music.
Standard Western music is only twelve pitch. After twelve, the tones are repeated, but at the next higher
register or "octave". Once you understand the concept of the interval, the scale will be easy to know well,
because they are only composed of a series of intervals.
Key Signatures
Key signature is a staff notation written in the clef after the clef sign, that is marked in the clef after
the up and down, Key signature is used to mark notes that need to be raised or lowered and a rising and
falling number will affect the notes with the same names in the same line, so it is not necessary to mark
the up and down numbers on the same note which on different line.
Each major and minor scale key will be in accordance with the way to mark up and down to raise or
lower each note.
There are close relations between Key Signatures generate and the structure of the scale, Because of the
half-whole step relation of adjacent notes in C major scale, and the C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C Of the treble &
bass clef each note pitch correspondence.
So the C-tonic major scale is no need to lift the sharp&flat mark , that is, with the arrangement of the
piano white key exactly
see Fig.8-1 Scale and Key Signature (in oval dotted line is Key Signature)
Fig.8-1 Scale and Key Signature

99
8-1. Major Scale
Natural major (often referred to as the major), that is the medieval tone of the Ionian mode, Is a kind
of mode, Natural major scale contains seven notes, Major scale emotional expression is completely pure.
just like a child's words in general, pure, simple, innocent.
Major Scale Assemble

Major Scale consists of 5 Whole Steps and 2 Half Steps.
See Fig.8-1-1 Major Scale Assemble
1 1 1/2 1 1 1 1/2
C D E F G A B C
Fig.8-1-1 Major Scale Assemble
Major Scale interval shown in the following:

C-D Whole Step
D-E Whole Step
E-F Half Step
F-G Whole Step
G -A Whole Step
A- B Whole Step
B-C Half Step
100
8-2. Major Scale Keys
Major Scale Key contains C Key7 keys in sharp series7 keys in flat series total is 15 keys.
Sharp series Major Scale Key name is the last sharp note add 1 step.
C Major Key
G Major Key (1#)
D Major Key (2#)
A Major Key (3#)
E Major Key (4#)
B Major Key (5#)

101
F# Major Key (6#)
C# Major Key (7#)
Flat series Major Scale Key name is the last flat note diminish 5 steps.
F Major Key (1b)
Bb Major Key (2b)
Eb Major Key (3b)
Ab Major Key (4b)

102
Db Major Key (5b)
Gb Major Key (6b)
Cb Major Key (7b)

103
8-3. Minor Scale
Minor Scale Assemble
Minor Scale have three types, respectively is Natural Minor ScaleHarmonic Minor ScaleMelodic
Minor Scale, Sixth note interval is different, usually used to express negative emotions, often used to
express sad, gloomy, horror emotions, animation or film in the background music, the use of suspense or
bloody story on the use of the game It is fighting the enemy or the devil and other encounters.
See Fig.8-3-1 Minor Scales Assemble

Natural Minor Scale
1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1 1
Harmonic Minor Scale

aug2 (1+1/2)
Melodic Minor Scale
Fig.8-3-1 Minor Scale Assemble
Harmonic Minor Scale interval shown in the following table:

A- B Whole Step
B-C Half Step
C-D Whole Step
D-E Whole Step
E-F Half Step
#
F-G Whole + Half Steps
#
G -A Half Step
104
8-4. Harmonic Minor Scale Keys
Harmonic Minor Scale Key contains Am Key7 keys in sharp series7 keys in flat series total is 15
keys, This section will describes in detail Harmonic Minor Scale Keys.
Sharp series Minor Scale Key name is the last sharp note diminish 2 steps.
Am Harmonic Minor Key
Em Harmonic Minor Key (1#)
Bm Harmonic Minor Key (2#)
F#m Harmonic Minor Key (3#)
C#m Harmonic Minor Key (4#)
G#m Harmonic Minor Key (5#)

105
D#m Harmonic Minor Key (6#)
A#m Harmonic Minor Key (7#)
Flat series Minor Scale Key name is the last flat note add 4 steps.
Dm Harmonic Minor Key (1b)
Gm Harmonic Minor Key (2b)
Cm Harmonic Minor Key (3b)
Fm Harmonic Minor Key (4b)

106
Bbm Harmonic Minor Key (5b)
Ebm Harmonic Minor Key (6b)
Abm Harmonic Minor Key (7b)

107
8-5. Conclusion
Below we will make a conclusion of this chapter, listed 15 major scale keys and 15 minor scale keys
Mark the names and remind the Scale Key name formula.
See Fig.8-5-1 Major & Minor Scales keys table:

Major Scale Key Minor Scale Key
C Am
1# G 1b F 1# Em 1b Dm
2# D 2b Bb 2# Bm 2b Gm
3# A 3b Eb 3# F#m 3b Cm
4# E 4b Ab 4# C#m 4b Fm
5# B 5b Db 5# G#m 5b Bbm
6# F# 6b Gb 6# D#m 6b Ebm
7# C# 7b Cb 7# A#m 7b Abm

Fig.8-5-1 Major & Minor Scales keys
Scale Key name formula:

Sharp series Major Scale Key name is the last sharp note add 1 step.
Flat series Major Scale Key name is the last flat note diminish 5 steps.
Sharp series Minor Scale Key name is the last sharp note diminish 2 steps.
Flat series Minor Scale Key name is the last flat note add 4 steps.
108
Chapter 9. Major Scale Chords
Music theory introduce

Music include three core elements is MelodyHarmonyRhythm are indispensable.
Chords is important component of Harmony, in this chapter we will introduce the Major scale structure
and Major Scale Triad chordsSeventh chords, to facilitate inquire use.
9-1. Major Scale Triad Chord

The major scale triad chord consists of three notes, Above the major scale note stacked vertically 2
notes, There are three kinds, Major triadminor triaddiminished triad.
Fig.9-1-1 show Major Scale notes
Fig.9-1-1 Major Scale notes
Fig.9-1-2 show Major Scale Triad Chord Labels
Fig.9-1-2 Major Scale Triad Chord Labels
Major Scale Triad Chord Label name:

The I label is Major triad
The ii label is minor triad
The iii label is minor triad
The IV label is Major triad
The V label is Major triad
The vi label is minor triad
The viiO label is diminished triad
109
9-2. Major Scale Triad Chord List
Major Scale Triad Chord List contains C Major Scale7 Scales in sharp series7 Scales in flat series
total is 15 Scales.
Sharp series Major Scale Triad Chord:
C Major Scale
G Major Scale (1#)
D Major Scale (2#)
A Major Scale (3#)
E Major Scale (4#)
B Major Scale (5#)

110
F# Major Scale (6#)
C# Major Scale (7#)
Flat series Major Scale Triad Chord:

F Major Scale (1b)
Bb Major Scale (2b)
Eb Major Scale (3b)
Ab Major Scale (4b)

111
Db Major Scale (5b)
Gb Major Scale (6b)
Cb Major Scale (7b)

112
9-3. Major Scale Triad Chord Conclusion
Below we will make a conclusion of this chapter, listed 15 major scale Triad Chords and Chord
Labels.
See Fig.9-3-1 Major Scales Triad Chords Table:

Sharp
and Scale
Flat I ii iii IV V vi viio
Symbol Name
C C Dm Em F G Am Bo
1# G G Am Bm C D Em F#o
2# D D Em F#m G A Bm C#o
3# A A Bm C# m D E F#m G#o
4# E E F#m G#m A B C# m D#o
5# B B C# m D#m E F# G#m A#o
6# F# F# G#m A#m B C# D#m E#o
7# C# C# D#m E#m F# G# A#m B#o
I ii iii IV V vi viio
1b F F Gm Am Bb C Dm Eo
2b Bb Bb Cm Dm Eb F Gm Ao
3b Eb Eb Fm Gm Ab Bb Cm Do
4b Ab Ab Bbm Cm Db Eb Fm Go
5b Db Db Ebm Fm Gb Ab Bbm Co
6b Gb Gb Abm Bbm Cb Db Ebm Fo
7b Cb Cb Dbm Ebm Fb Gb Abm Bbo
Fig.9-3-1 Major Scales Triad Chords Table
113
9-4. Major Scale Seventh Chord
The major scale seventh chord consists of four notes, Above the major scale note stacked vertically 3
notes, There are four kinds, Major 7Minor 7Dominant 7Half-Diminished 7 chords.
Fig.9-4-1 show Major Scale notes
Fig.9-4-1 Major Scale notes
Fig.9-4-2 show Major Scale Seventh Chord Labels
Fig.9-4-2 Major Scale Seventh Chord Labels
Major Scale Seventh Chord Label name:

The I label is Major 7
The ii label is Minor 7
The iii label is Minor 7
The IV label is Major 7
The V label is Dominant 7
The vi label is Minor 7
The vii label is Half-Diminished 7
C Seventh Chord explanation:

Note no. CMaj7 Cm7 C7 C7 Half-Dim 7 Co7 Dim7
b b b bb
4 7 7 7 7 7
b b
3 5 5 5 5 5
b b b
2 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
114
9-5. Major Scale Seventh Chord List
Major Scale Seventh Chord List contains C Major Scale7 Scales in sharp series7 Scales in flat
series total is 15 Scales.
Sharp series Major Scale Seventh Chord:
C Major Scale
G Major Scale (1#)
D Major Scale (2#)
A Major Scale (3#)
E Major Scale (4#)
B Major Scale (5#)

115
F# major Scale (6#)
C# major Scale (7#)
Flat series Major Scale Seventh Chord:

F Major Scale (1b)
Bb Major Scale (2b)
Eb Major Scale (3b)
Ab Major Scale (4b)

116
Db Major Scale (5b)
Gb Major Scale (6b)
Cb Major Scale (7b)

117
9-6. Major Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion
Below we will make a conclusion of this chapter, listed 15 major scale Seventh Chords and Chord
Labels.
See Fig.9-6-1 Major Scales Seventh Chords table:

Sharp
and Scale
Flat IM7 iim7 iiim7 IVM7 V7 vim7 vii7
Symbol Name
C CM7 Dm7 Em7 FM7 G7 Am7 B7
1# G GM7 Am7 Bm7 CM7 D7 Em7 F#7
2# D DM7 Em7 F#m7 GM7 A7 Bm7 C#7
3# A AM7 Bm7 C#m7 DM7 E7 F#m7 G#7
4# E EM7 F#m7 G#m7 AM7 B7 C#m7 D#7
5# B BM7 C#m7 D#m7 EM7 F#7 G#m7 A#7
6# F# F#M7 G#m7 A#m7 BM7 C#7 D#m7 E#7
7# C# C#M7 D#m7 E#m7 F#M7 G#7 A#m7 B#7
IM7 iim7 iiim7 IVM7 V7 vim7 vii7
1b F FM7 Gm7 Am7 BbM7 C7 Dm7 E7

2b Bb BbM7 Cm7 Dm7 EbM7 F7 Gm7 A7
3b Eb EbM7 Fm7 Gm7 AbM7 Bb7 Cm7 D7
4b Ab AbM7 Bbm7 Cm7 DbM7 Eb7 Fm7 G7
5b Db DbM7 Ebm7 Fm7 GbM7 Ab7 Bbm7 C7
6b Gb GbM7 Abm7 Bbm7 CbM7 Db7 Ebm7 F7
7b Cb CbM7 Dbm7 Ebm7 FbM7 Gb7 Abm7 Bb7
Fig.9-6-1 Major Scales Seventh Chords Table
118
Chapter 10. Minor Scale Chords (Harmonic)
Music theory introduce

In this chapter we will focus introduce the Harmonic Minor Scale structure and Minor Scale Triad
chordsSeventh chords, to facilitate inquire use.
10-1. Minor Scale Triad Chord (Harmonic)

The minor scale triad chord consists of three notes, Above the minor scale note stacked vertically 2
notes, this chapter describes Harmonic Minor Scale, There are four kinds, Major triadminor triad
augmented triaddiminished triad.
Fig.10-1-1 show Harmonic Minor Scale notes
Fig.10-1-1 Harmonic Minor Scale notes
Fig.10-1-2 show Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord Labels
Fig.10-1-2 Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord Labels
Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord Label name:

The i label is Minor triad
The IIO label is diminished triad
The III+ label is augmented triad
The iv label is Minor triad
The V label is Major triad
The VI label is Major triad
The VIIO label is diminished triad
119
10-2. Minor Scale Triad Chord List (Harmonic)
Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord List contains Am Minor Scale7 Scales in sharp series7 Scales
in flat series total is 15 Scales.
Sharp series Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord:
Am Minor Scale
Em Minor Scale (1#)
Bm Minor Scale (2#)
F#m Minor Scale (3#)
C#m Minor Scale (4#)
G#m Minor Scale (5#)

120
D#m Minor Scale (6#)
A#m Minor Scale (7#)
Flat series Harmonic Minor Scale Triad Chord:
Dm Minor Scale (1b)
Gm Minor Scale (2b)
Cm Minor Scale (3b)
Fm Minor Scale (4b)

121
Bbm Minor Scale (5b)
Ebm Minor Scale (6b)
Abm Minor Scale (7b)

122
10-3. Minor Scale Triad Chord Conclusion (Harmonic)
Below we will make a conclusion of this chapter, listed 15 Harmonic minor scale Triad Chords and
Chord Labels.
See Fig.10-3-1 Harmonic Minor Scales Triad Chords table:

Sharp
and Scale
Flat i IIO III+ iv V VI VIIO
Symbol Name
Am Am Bo C+ Dm E F G#o
1# Em Em F#o G+ Am B C D#o
2# Bm Bm C#o D+ Em F# G A#o
3# F#m F#m G#o A+ Bm C# D E#o
4# C# m C# m D#o E+ F#m G# A B#o
5# G#m G#m A#o B+ C# m D# E Fxo
6# D#m D#m E#o F#+ G#m A# B Cxo
7# A#m A#m B#o C#+ D#m E# F# Gxo
i IIO III+ iv V VI VIIO
1b Dm Dm Eo F+ Gm A Bb C#o
2b Gm Gm Ao Bb+ Cm D Eb F#o
3b Cm Cm Do Eb+ Fm G Ab Bo
4b Fm Fm Go Ab+ Bbm C Db Eo
5b Bbm Bbm Co Db+ Ebm F Gb Ao
6b Ebm Ebm Fo Gb+ Abm Bb Cb Do
7b Abm Abm Bbo Cb+ Dbm Eb Fb Go
Fig.10-3-1 Harmonic Minor Scales Triad Chords Table
123
10-4. Minor Scale Seventh Chord (Harmonic)
The minor scale seventh chord consists of four notes, Above the minor scale note stacked vertically 3
notes, There are Major 7Minor 7minor Major 7Augmented Major 7Dominant 7Half Diminished
7Diminished 7.
Fig.10-4-1 show Harmonic Minor Scale notes
Fig.10-4-1 Harmonic Minor Scale notes
Fig.10-4-2 show Harmonic Minor Scale Seventh Chord Labels
Fig.10-4-2 Harmonic Minor Scale Seventh Chord Labels
Harmonic Major Scale Seventh Chord Label name:

The i label is minor Major 7
The ii label is Half Diminished 7
The III+ label is Augmented Major 7
The iv label is minor 7
The V label is Dominant 7
The VI label is Major 7
The viio label is Diminished 7
A Seventh Chord explanation:

Note no Am7 AmM7 A7 AM7 A+M7 A7Half-Dim7 Ao7 Dim7
# # # b
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
# b b
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
# # #
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7
A flat 2 and 3 note = A Half-Dim7
A7 flat 234 note = Ao7 Dim7
124
10-5. Minor Scale Seventh Chord List (Harmonic)
Minor Scale Seventh Chord List contains Am Minor Scale7 Scales in sharp series7 Scales in flat
series total is 15 Scales.
Sharp series Harmonic Minor Scale Seventh Chord:
Am Minor Scale
Em Minor Scale (1#)
Bm Minor Scale (2#)
F#m Minor Scale (3#)
C#m Minor Scale (4#)
G#m Minor Scale (5#)

125
D#m Minor Scale (6#)
A#m Minor Scale (7#)
Flat series Harmonic Minor Scale Seventh Chord:
Dm Minor Scale (1b)
Gm Minor Scale (2b)
Cm Minor Scale (3b)
Fm Minor Scale (4b)

126
Bbm Minor Scale (5b)
Ebm Minor Scale (6b)
Abm Minor Scale (7b)

127
10-6. Minor Scale Seventh Chord Conclusion (Harmonic)
Below we will make a conclusion of this chapter, listed 15 Harmonic minor scale Seventh Chords
and Chord Labels.
See Fig.10-6-1 Harmonic Minor Scales Seventh Chords table:

Sharp
and Scale ii7 viio7
Flat imM7 III+M7
ivm7 V 7
VIM7
Symbol Name Half-Dim7 Dim7
Am AmM7 B7 C+M7 Dm7 E7 FM7 G#o7

1# Em EmM7 F#7 G+M7 Am7 B7 CM7 D#o7
2# Bm BmM7 C#7 D+M7 Em7 F#7 GM7 A#o7
3# F#m F#mM7 G#7 A+M7 Bm7 C#7 DM7 E#o7
4# C# m C#mM7 D#7 E+M7 F#m7 G#7 AM7 B#o7
5# G#m G#mM7 A#7 B+M7 C#m7 D#7 EM7 Fxo7
6# D#m D#mM7 E#7 F#+M7 G#m7 A#7 BM7 Cxo7
7# A#m A#mM7 B#7 C#+M7 D#m7 E#7 F#M7 Gxo7
ii7 viio7
imM7 III+M7
ivm7 V 7
VIM7
Half-Dim7 Dim7
1b Dm DmM7 E7 F+M7 Gm7 A7 BbM7 C#o7

2b Gm GmM7 A7 Bb+M7 Cm7 D7 EbM7 F#o7
3b Cm CmM7 D7 Eb+M7 Fm7 G7 AbM7 Bo7
4b Fm FmM7 G7 Ab+M7 Bbm7 C7 DbM7 Eo7
5b Bbm BbmM7 C7 Db+M7 Ebm7 F7 GbM7 Ao7
6b Ebm EbmM7 F7 Gb+M7 Abm7 Bb7 CbM7 Do7
7b Abm AbmM7 Bb7 Cb+M7 Dbm7 Eb7 FbM7 Go7
Fig.10-6-1 Harmonic Minor Scales Seventh Chords Table

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Music Production Essentials

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Nan Jerry Smith

Music Production Series

audio interfaces setupMIDIDAW Operations..,familiar

all music enthusiast , as a basic tool.

Nan Jerry Smith

Author by Nan Jerry Smith

Copyright 2017 by Nan Jerry Smith

What this Book is offer

Chapter 2. Music Production Tools

Chapter 3. Audio Interface

Chapter 6. DAW Software

Chapter 9. Major Scale Chords

Chapter 10. Minor Scale Chords (Harmonic)

Chapter 2. Music Production Tools

Music Production Tools

Fig.2-1-1. Apple MacBook Pro

Fig.2-1-2. Apple Mac Pro

Fig.2-1-3 Rok Box MC 10 Configuration

TOP Music Production PC

2-2. Master Keyboard

Fig.2-2-1. Alesis Q61 USB/MIDI Keyboard Controller

Fig.2-2-1. Alesis Q61 USB/MIDI Keyboard Controller

Fig.2-2-2. MOTU MIDI Express XT MIDI interface Rear panel

2-3. Audio Interface

Fig.2-3-1. Steinberg UR22mkII USB Audio Interface

Fig.2-3-1. Steinberg UR22mkII Front&Real Panel

Fig.2-4-1. AKG D5 (S) Dynamic Microphone Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone

Fig.2-4-1. AKG D5 (S) Dynamic Microphone Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone

Fig.2-4-2. AKG D7 Condenser Microphone

Monitor Speakers features

Fig.2-5-1. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers

Fig.2-5-2. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers specifications

Reproduce Photo From

Fig.2-5-2. Yamaha MSP Studio series Monitor Speakers specifications

Fig.2-6-1 SSL Duality Delta Console

Fig.2-6-2 Yamaha MG10XU Mixing Console

Fig.2-7-1 KORG KROME MUSIC WORKSTATION

Fig.2-7-2 Roland JD-XA Analog/Digital Crossover Synthesizer

Hardware Sound Module

Fig.2-7-3 Roland INTEGRA-7 Sound Module

Fig.2-7-3 Roland INTEGRA-7 Sound Module

(digital audio workstation).

Fig.2-8-1 Cubase Pro 8.5

Reproduce Photo From

Fig.2-8-1 Cubase Pro 8.5

VST(Virtual Studio Technology)

plugins with audio editors and recording systems.

VST plug-in can be used with VST-compatible host software(CubaseLogic ProXDigital

platform, have many commercial and freeware plugins exist.

Fig.2-8-2 Steinberg HALION SONIC 2 VST Instruments

Chapter 3. Audio Interface

What is Audio Interface

Reproduce Photo From

Fig.3-1-1. Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Front Panel

Fig.3-1-2. Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Rear Panel

Fig.3-1-3. A/D converter chip

Fig.3-1-4. Analog-to-digital process

Fig.3-1-5. Bit depth

Fig.3-2-1. Halion Sonic SE2

Fig.3-2-2 is VST effect revelation in Steinberg Cubase Pro 8.5.

Fig.3-2-3. midi echo

VST host Software:

Fig.3-3-1. Focusrite ISA TWO Mic Pre Amp

Simple Mic Preamp connection diagram: