The Cylinder Liner (Diesel Engines) — Source: MAN B&WCylinder Liner The function of cylinder liner is to form part of the combustion chamber which is compression and combustion of fuel/air mixture take place The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical space in which the piston reciprocates. The reasons for manufacturing the liner separately from the cylinder block (jacket) in which it is located are as follows;+The liner can be manufactured using a superior material to the cylinder block. While the cylinder block is made from a grey cast iron, the liner is manufactured from a cast iron alloyed with chromium, vanadium and molybdenum. (cast iron contains graphite, a lubricant. The alloying elements help resist corrosion and improve the wear resistance at high temperatures.) «The cylinder liner will wear with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. The cylinder jacket lasts the life of the engine. «At working temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket. The liner will expand more and is free to expand diametrically and lengthwise. If they were cast as one piece, then unacceptable thermal stresses would be set up, causing fracture of the material. «Less risk of defects. The more complex the casting, the more difficult to produce a homogenous casting with low residual stresses.Cylinder Liner - Types * Wet liners — usually used in medium and slow speed engines and normally cooling by water » Dry liner — used for small engine like life boat engine etc which is the engine block built with fins and the cooling agent will be an airCOOLING WATER OUT, EXHAUST BELT COOPER RING LOWER LUBRICATION SCAVENGE PORTS TRIPARTITE (3 PARTS) CYLINDER LINER AND JACKET (DOXFORD ‘P’TYPECYLINDER OL SUPPLY COOLING WATER OUT TOCOVER COOLING WATER IN TELL TALE LEAK OFF SOME COOLING OUT ‘SUPPLEMENTARY (CYLISDER ON, SUPPLY GROUND FACE ri CYLINDER LUBRICATION OL. § POINTS UPPER COOLED PART -ABESTOS PACKING | Copper sng (Ceo fj () SCAVENGE PORTS CYLINDER LUBRICATION OIL 2 POINTS WAVE JOINT LOWER UNCOOLED PART BOLTED TO JACKET [ PIECES) MAN KZ LINER (2RND SULZER (ONE PIECE) HYPERBOLIC COOLING PASSAGES CPV OUT TO CYL HEAD THICK COLLAR COMBUSTION SPACE AOE. GROUND FACE JACKET “= ANGLED C/W CYLINDER OIL. SUPPLY DRILLINGS FREE = THERMAL cs. EXPANSION Fe ps one DRILLING PASSES CLOSE TO LINER SURFACE LEAK OFFLINE! TELLTALENOLE 1G Gein oes 1 (| a SCAWENGE PorTs SECOND ADDITIONAL CYLINDER OIL SUPPLY LEAK OFFLINE! TELL TALE HOLE BORE COOLING VIEW OW INLET LEAK OFF LINE/ TELL TALENOLEStresses on liners * Mechanical stress — pressure * Thermal stress - temperatureMechanical stress * In supercharged engines, maximum firing pressure is about 90 — 100 Bar (non supercharged is about 75-85 Bar). * This pressure produces circumferential (hoop) stress and longitudinal stress, but hoop stress is twice longitudinal stress so only hoop stress is considered where:* HOOP STRESSY ,= : Px D WHERE, P = GAS PRESSURE D = LINER DIAMETER t = LINER THICKNESS * Thus hoop stress will increase if bore size and firing pressure increaseTHERMAL STRESS * Resistance to heat flow through liner metal produces a temperature gradient across liner hence, the inner wall expands more relative to outer wall, where: o A thermg\stress, ;= T where_T is temperature gradientLiner-Stresses * Thicker liner will increase temperature gradient hence thermal stress but on the other hand, thicker liner have good resistance to mechanical stress. Thus, liner design becomes complex , * Also, inner liner surface temperature should be sufficiently low to retain oil film and high enough to avoid acid-dew (sulphur)Estimated temperature in liner - Next to liner wall 500°C - On liner wall 140°C due to oil film, carbon deposits and stagnant - Outer liner wall 75°C due to thickness of liner wall and cooling water - Lower part 40°C due to expansion waterCombination of stresses (plain liner) THERMAL STRESS. STRESS m= OPTIMUM —— = METAL . THICKNESS a ' HOOP or MECHANICAL STRESS. METAL THICKNESS ==>Liner-temperatures * The Liner will get tend to get very hot during engine operation as the heat energy from the burning fuel is transferred to the cylinder wall. So that the temperature can be kept within acceptable limits the liner is cooled.Liner-Temperatures & Cooling * Cylinder liners from older lower powered engines had a uniform wall thickness and the cooling was achieved by circulating cooling water through a space formed between liner and jacket. The cooling water space was sealed from the scavenge space using 'O' rings and a telltale passage between the 'O' rings led to the outside of the cylinder block to show a leakage.COOLING WATER SPACE* To increase the power of the engine for a given number of cylinders, either the efficiency of the engine must be increased or more fuel must be burnt per cycle. To burn more fuel, the volume of the combustion space must be increased, and the mass of air for combustion must be increased. Because of the resulting higher pressures in the cylinder from the combustion of this greater mass of fuel, and the larger diameters, the liner must be made thicker at the top to accommodate the higher hoop stresses, and prevent cracking of the material.Liner- Temperatures * If the thickness of the material is increased, then it stands to reason that the working surface of the liner is going to increase in temperature because the cooling water is now further away. Increased surface temperature means that the material strength is reduced, and the oil film burnt away, resulting in excessive wear and increased thermal stressing.Liner- Temperatures * The solution is to bring the cooling water closer to the liner wall, and one method of doing this without compromising the strength of the liner is to use tangential bore cooling.TANGENTIAL BORE COOLING ryTANGENTIAL BORE COOLING * Holes are bored from the underside of the flange formed by the increase in liner diameter. The holes are bored upwards and at an angle so that they approach the internal surface of the liner at a tangent. Holes are then bored radially around the top of the liner so that they join with the tangentially bored holes.Water Guide Jacket —__—'O* Rings Tangential drillings=— __~ Lubricator Drilling “O° Ring Water Guide Ring Lake ie “O" Rings Telltales =~Liner-Bore Cooling * On some large bore, long stroke engines it was found that the undercooling further down the liner was taking place. Why is this a problem? Well, the hydrogen in the fuel combines with the oxygen and burns to form water. Normally this is in the form of steam, but if it is cooled it will condense on the liner surface and wash away the lube oil film. Fuels also contain sulphur.Liner-Cooling + This burns in the oxygen and the products combine with the water to form sulphuric acid. If this condenses on the liner surface (below 140°) then corrosion can take place. Once the oil film has been destroyed then wear will take place at an alarming rate. One solution was to insulate the outside of the liner so that there was a reduction in the cooling effect. On The latest engines the liner is only cooled at the very top.Cylinder liner-Loads + The inside surface is subjected to the rubbing action of the piston rings as the piston is moving reciprocate in the bore of liner. * Subjected to a very high combustion pressure and temperature, particularly at upper end. * Takes the side thrust of the piston caused by the connecting rod acting at an angleLiner-Lubrication * The oil is of a high alkalinity which combats the acid attack from the sulphur in the fuel. The latest engines time the injection of oil using a computer which has inputs from the crankshaft position, engine load and engine speed. The correct quantity of oil can be injected by opening valves from a pressurized system, just as the piston ring pack is passing the injection point.4 stroke Cylinder Liner « The cylinder liner is cast separately from the main cylinder frame for the same reasons as given for the 2 stroke engine which are:. Modern liners employ bore cooling at the top of the liner where the pressure stress is high and therefore the liner wall thickness has to be increased. This brings the cooling water close to the liner surface to keep the liner wall temperature within acceptable limits so that there is not a breakdown in lubrication or excessive thermal stressing. Although the liner is splash lubricated from the revolving crankshaft, cylinder lubricators may be provided on the larger engines.4S Liners * On the example shown, the lubricator drillings are bored from the bottom of the liner circumferentially around the liner wall. Another set of holes are drilled to meet up with these vertically bored holes at the point where the oil is required at the liner surface.Other engines may utilise axial drillings as in a two stroke engine. Sulzer ZA40 Liner (vee engine; The straight engine is similar)Cylinder Liners-Cooling Water « Where the cooling water space is formed between the engine frame and the jacket, there is a danger that water could leak down and contaminate the crankcase if the sealing O rings were to fail. As a warning, "tell tale" holes are led from between the O rings to the outside of the engine.Cooled Fire band = yy: + (anti polishing ring) CW om MAN-B&W L58/64 LinerCylinder Liners-Cooling Water * Modern engines tend not to use this space for cooling water. Instead a separate water jacket is mounted above the cylinder frame. This stops any risk of leakage of water from the cooling space into the crankcase (or oil into the cooling water space), and provides the cooling at the hottest part of the cylinder liner.Cylinder Liner-AP Ring Note that the liner opposite is fitted with a fireband. This is sometimes known as an antipolishing ring. It is slightly smaller in diameter than the liner, and its purpose is to remove the carbon which builds up on the piston above the top ring. If this carbon is allowed to build up it will eventually rub against the liner wall, polishing it and destroying its oil retention properties.Liner-Materials Cast iron is used for the following reason: - Castibility is good for intricate shapes - Good wear resistance due to large surface of irregular shaped graphite flakes and semi- porous surface to retain oil - Good thermal conductivity - Good internal damping properties (vibration) - Cost less relativelyMATERIAL * Nodular or spheroidal cast iron is used for the following reason: - tougher - More resistance to crack formation (less stress raising matrix) - Less self lubrication properties * For higher power, shock loading due to combustion pressureMATERIAL * Alloy element - Specify alloying elements namely nickel, chromium, copper or molybdenum — wear resistance to corrosionMATERIAL * For large bore cylinder liners generally the cast iron contains: Carbon - 3.00% Silicon - 0.70% Manganese - 1.00% Sulphur - 0.10% Phosphorus - 0.25% Vanadium - 0.15%Manufacture * Two methods - Sand casting - Centrifugal casting. Liners-Manufacture After casting, liners are rough- machined and hydraulically pressure tested approximately 7 Bar Ports are formed in casting (old practice) however nowadays they are marked, drilled shaped and machined finish Then outside and inside surface is final- machined, sometime inside surface is honed to improved surface finish approximately (3.54m) or surface treatment is givenSurface finish treatment * Normally used an electrolytic deposition of hard chrome sometime nickel * Chrome layer is approximately 0.2 to 1.0 mm * Chrome surface must be porous for oil retention and this can be achieved by etching with acid or a patented “porus-krome”Advantages: * Hard surface and improve wear- resistance, corrosion resistance, uniform surface finish Disadvantages * Expansive since reduction in wear rate cannot offset cost, plating can peel-off, must use only with cast iron piston rings, running in action may be delayed leading to rings collapse or scoring of linerSand casting * Better wearing properties due to better grain flow produced in cast material * Better graphitisation, thus lubricating properties, due to slow cooling rate * Normally used for large, slow speed enginesCentrifugal casting Stronger liner Homogeneous in structure Poor wearing quality (fast cooling rate) Normally used for medium and high speed enginePorosity manufactured * The plated cylinder liner is immersed into a special bath and the current (for electroplating) is reversed. This forms minute pits and channels in the chromium plating After plating, liner is ground or honed. Then it is replaced in the bath together with a screen attached to its surface. The current is then reversed and small- hemispherical cavities are producedLiner fault - crack 1 Crack across liner flange due to uneven or excessive tightening of cylinder head studs 2 Hoop siress crack due to poor liner support 3 Circumferential crack along wear ridge due to stress concentration or more likely new rings hitting the ridge 4 Star or crazy cracking caused by flame impingement 5 Star cracks around lubricator quill due to water leakage 6 Cracks across port bars due to overloading, poor cooling, scavenge fire, poor fitting of rubbing sealing ring etcWooo OCOOMCylinder liner wear There are three main cause of damage to the liner material; ¢ Abrasion-caused by _ solid particles breaking through the lubricant film e Corrosion-caused by the acidic products of combustion ¢ Friction or scuffing-Break down of the lubricating oil film leading to metal to metal contact Wear step due to rings Scavenge portsAbrasion Hard particles combined with cylinder lubricant to form a light abrasive paste causing liner wear In crosshead engine, cylinder lubricant is limited and thus flushing of abrasive paste is not effective compared to trunk engine having a good flushing action. Thus in crosshead engine, abrasive wear is the major contributor for liner wear.Liner Wear « Source of hard particles can originate from Air borne dirt, Ash in fuel, Carbon from combustion Piston rings wearAir borne dirt + Dirty air filter * Dirty scavenge ports which is should be keep degree of dirtiness to minimum * Scavenge manifold dirtAsh in fuel * Fuel consists of vanadium, sodium silica and scale (iron rust) which cannot be avoided, however it can be reduced by effective centrifugal separationCarbon from combustion * Combustion can never be perfect to form a hard carbon particles * Means that if bad combustion occurs, more carbon will be produced even abrasive matter * Therefore keep purification and combustion good apart from injection and pump timing even fuel temperature to be maintained.Piston rings wear « Produces wear dust from rubbing and this increases wear of both liner and rings itself * Therefore should used good quality ring material and lubrication apart from good fittingCorrosion * Marine fuel contain sulphur to form sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide when the fuel burns as shown: SO, + H,O --------- SULPHUROUS ACID SO, + HO --------- SULPHURIC ACID UNBURNED FUEL (SULPHUR) + UNPERFECT COMBUSTION (0, + H,O} —---- SULPHURIC ACIDLiner wear * The dew point of the above acid is around 1100C to 1800C depending upon concentration, hence acid is always present due to liner temperature around that boundary * Thus to combat or reduces this type of wear, the following should be made:Remedies of corrosion * Used alkaline oil for cylinder lubrication * Control condensation in air cooler * Keep cooling water temperature in jacket as high as practicable * Keep quantity of starting air minimum Note: to protect waste heat system from corrosion, by pass such system when engine is on light loadScuffing or friction * This is occur when lubricant failed to separate rings and liner surfaces efficiently and subsequent contact caused microwelding or microseizure. * Reasons why these can occur on the liner surfaces:Liner Wear-Scuffing Too smooth liner surface resulting in too little lube oil retention Water on the liner surface repelling oil film Blow past and thus removing oil film Poor or inadequate oil distribution around the liner surfaces Deposit on the piston absorbed oil filmLiner wear pattern * Maximum normal liner wear occurs at top of the liner, in port-starboard direction and around scavenge and exhaust ports + The reason for the above matter are as follow; — High temperature region reduces oil viscosity and thus oil thickness — High gas pressure increases ring loading causing penetration of oil film — Slow movement of piston results in ‘oil wedge’ to breakedown (reversal of piston movement)— Movement of ship maximum in port- starboard direction than forward-aft direction (thus causing more wear here) ~ High temperature makes oil film less resistance to acid penetration (acid more active when hot) — Tiny particles of carbonaceous matter are formed by combustion process, some are abrasive, but some accumulates in grooves around ring leading to wear promoting condition — At higher temperature, cast iron has less resistance to wear — At scavenge and exhaust ports bars, oil film will be blown-off when topmost ring opens to the ports — Also due to the ports opening, relative pressure on ports bars increased resulting in increase wear another form of liner wear pattern is called cloverleafingCLOVERLEAFING Alkali in cylinder oil is used to neutralize acid. For fuel with 4-5% sulphur -cylinder oil with TBN (Total Base Number) of 70 For fuel with 1% sulphur, used cylinder oil TBN of 20 or 30 To obtained perfect distribution of cylinder oil is difficult so the surfaces get either more alkalinity or less depending on the position from cylinder lubrications quill and the TBN usedCLOVERLEAFING Lube oil Wear due to exhausted 1 alkalinity before cylinder oil spreads across liner surfaces Lube oil —6 i DUE TOWORN RINGS | AND LINERS RUNNING-IN PERIOD = | eens eemesl Cees aie T i 2 4 6 8 10 2 14 16 18 20 ENGINERUNNING HOURS x 1000iv r if | PPO suseng ot — amaninang and geometry * Menabqewne of patee ordistorian of cylinder — thermal stress. and lneven lighiening SGU O° Suppo) Of pntatelackwy ol supply Lube od loo low mi wistesdy oriod iow nm: allel inonred piston eng claire Unetable cylinder se: mates a —phosphanes | ehcon Corianoten ofhube od by esdranecus abrasive maierial — 4st engine Cylinder wal en p aus ioo hgh ar joo how — of dim breakobwn of Corrosive wear » Oyesoact og of engine — overheated desioed and lube of destroyed Scavenge a0 ienpecalice loobow — wash ol flim. fonm-aad, rusting neticien! cormesten— carbon se of low oooh feel (less than 15¢ sulphur] in confjuntion with high Baie cylinder ol and vise versaCauses of excessive wear Improper running in — smoothing and geometry Misalignment of piston or distortion of cylinder — thermal stress and uneven tightening Inadequate oil supply or unsatisfactory oil supply Lube oil too low in viscosity or too low in alkalinity Incorrect piston ring clearances Unstable cylinder liner material — phosphorous / silicon Contamination of lube oil by extraneous abrasive material — 4stroke engine Cylinder wall temperature too high or too low — oil film breakdown or corrosive wear Overloading of engine — overheated. distorted and lube oil destroyed Scavenge air temperature too low — wash oil film, form acid, rusting Inefficient combustion — carbon Use of low sulphur fuel (less than 1% sulphur) in conjuntion with high alkaline cylinder oil and vise versaDETAIL of SEALING RINGS Depth of groove = 0.7 to 0.8d where “d” is diameter of rings section. This is because the sealing effect is best when ring is in deformed state. Rubber ring cross-sectional area is 75 to 90% of grooves area. (due to rubber being flexible but incompressible) D, (inside © of rubber rings) is 2% less than Dg (diameter of the bottom of groove) — for prestressing effect when fitted in liner. Sealing parts smooth and guiding edges tapered and rounded. Rubber rings and sealing parts applied with tallow or soft soap.Cylinder liner lubricationCylinder lubrication «Because the cylinder is separate from the crankcase there is no splash lubrication as on a trunk piston engine. Oil is supplied through drillings in the liner. Grooves machined in the liner from the injection points spread the oil circumferentially around the liner and the piston rings assist in spreading the oil up and down the length of the liner.DISTRIBUTOR —~ REGULATING VALVE ~~~ CYLINDER OIL PUMP CYLINDER OIL SUPPLY —~ DISTRIBUTOR LUBRICATOR QUILLSPURPOSE CYLINDER LUBRICATION Reduce friction between liner and ring — scuffing Assist in sealing of combustion gas — blow- past,burnt oil film etc Insulate liner against high gas temperature — viscosity and fluidity Guard against corrosive attack — as above Neutralizing combustion acid — TBN and rate of reaction Removing carbon or oxidation deposits — in ring zones and portsCYL LUB. SYSTEM LUBRICATOR QUILL OF DOXFORD * Brey HpRauLe PLUNCER ROTATING RATCHET TOCYLINDER Lupe ATOR quis DISE"H ARC FLOW INDICATOR AND a OIL PULSETO: OPERATE RATCHET MECHANISM . , F) SUCTION FLAW ROTATING DISTRIBUTOR INDICATOR FROM TANK, SPRING RETURN PLUNGER WITH SPLL PORT ACTUATOR BARREL ———* WITH PORTS INJECTOR BARREL WITH HELICAL ‘Lor ————__,,TO LUBRICATOR QUILL coven TYPICAL LUBRICATOR BUBLER GAUGE ——* WIRE SIGHT GLASS FILLED WITH FLUID AMR VIEN SCREW NUT QUANTITY REGULATES MOVING PLUNGER WITHOUT TURNING FLUSH DUAL SUCTION VALVEJOINT PACKING NON-RETURN * VALVE Re ‘OIL INLET ‘GROUN FACE JOINT { OR COPPER GASKET FILLING PIN RUBBER PACKING TYPICAL QUILL FOR LUBRICATOR (OLD TYPE)SULZER RND -M CYLINDER LUBRICATION (ACCUMULATOR SYSTEM ‘NONRETURN VALVE — LUBRICATOR Qu ACCUMULATOR FLOW CONTROLLER ee tae med as ‘CYLINDER LUBRICATING PUMP AUTOMATIC LOAD DEPENDENT FEED RATE REGULATION ECENTRIC EXCENTRE DRIVEJOINT PACKING NON-RETURN VALVE ACCUMULATOR PISTON |, DIAPHRAGM | \ \ UPWARD SLANTING BORE ACEUMLLATO ‘OIL INLET~~ / SEALING RING NEW TYPE SULZER RND-M LUBRICATOR QUILLACCUMULATOR operation * Through pipe oil is supplied by the cylinder lubricating pump (at about every 10-15 engine turns)into space under piston and diaphragm. The accumulator piston which is sealed off by a diaphragm is against the force of the spring pushed upwards. Through this a pressure builds up in the system which is higher than the scavenge air pressure of the engine* If the pressure at the delivery point drops below the accumulating pressure, the oil will then flow through the upward slanting bore into the cylinder. As soon as the pressure at the lubricating point on the cylinder higher than the accumulating pressure, the lubrication is stopped (non- return valve closes) At which moment, in relation to the piston position respectively the pressure ratio, the lubrication is carried out as shown in schematic illustration below:- .QUILL PRESSURE @© © @ @ FLUCTUATION CYLINDER LINE LUBRICATING QUILL = PRESSURE (BAR) EXPANSION roc CRANK ANGLEIn the range of BDC, between the position 5 + 6 and in the range of TDC, between the position 2 + 3 the pressure in the accumulator is higher than the pressure at the lubricating point. Consequently the oil flows in the said range to the cylinder liner running surface. So the running surface is lubricated twice per one engine turn.* Between positions 6 + 2 as wellas 3+ 5the pressure is higher at the lubricating point than in the lubricating quill. The oil supply to the cylinder liner is stopped (non —return valve closes) Cylinder oil feed rates — Uniflow scavenge - 0.54g/kWh — Loop / Cross scavenge 3 0.8 - 0.99/kWh — Trunk engine : 1.0 - 1.6 g/kWhPOSITION OF CYLINDER LUBRICATORS Not to be near the ports — oil can be scraped and blown away Not to be situated too near the high temperature zone or the oil will burn easily There should be sufficient points to ensure as even and as complete a coverage as possible Oil is injected between 1% and 2" rings at the outer end of stroke (upper piston) also oil is injected between 1° and 2™ rings during early part of compression stroke (lower piston)MULTILEVEL LUBRICATION SULZER RTA 52/62/72/76/84/84M Oil refreshing rate c Bat Multilevel lubrication Vv | ings Oil film thickness HminDifficulty in Timing Piston speed may be high (approximately 2° of crank angle only)- slow movement will destroy oil wedge Only very small quantity of oil being pumped Gas pressure resists delivery charge Cylinder oil viscosity changes due to temperature even will impede (prevent) oil formation A long, small bore pipe is needed to connect pump and quill(delivery lag) Carbon deposit may foul the quill A non-return valve is needed in quill which may become sluggish Delay between pumping and delivery may represent up to 300 of crank movement Oil groove in liner may be filled with carbon depositsGauging a cylinder linerLiner Gauging Gauging a liner is carried out for two reasons: To establish the wear rate of the liner, and to predict if and when the liner will require changing. Although on a 2 stroke engine the condition of the liner can be established by inspection through the scavenge ports (evidence of blowby, scuffing etc.), the liner is gauged during the routine unit overhaul (15000 hrs), or if the unit has to be opened up for any reasonLiner Gauging * Because of the action of the piston rings, the varying gas pressure and temperature in the cylinder, the wear will not be even down the length of the liner. Consider the piston just beginning the power stroke. The gas pressure pushing the piston rings against the liner wall is at its highest; The liner surface temperature up at this part of the liner is about 200°C, so the viscosity of the lubricating oil is low. The relative speed of the piston is low, and so the lubrication is only boundary.Liner Gauging * Because of these factors wear at the top ofa liner increases to a maximum a few centimetres below the position of the top ring at TDC, and then decreases as the ring pressure and liner wall temperature decreases and the piston speed increases building up a hydrodynamic film between liner and ring surfaces. Then as the piston slows down and the rings pass over the port bars, the wear will increase due to boundary lubrication, a reduction in surface area, and oil being blown out into the scavenge space.Liner Gauging * A liner is gauged by measuring the diameter of the liner at fixed points down its length. It is measured from port to stbd (athwartships) and fwd to aft. An internal micrometer is used because of its accuracy (within 0.01mm). To ensure that the liner is always measured in the same place, so that accurate comparisons may be made, a flat bar is hung down the side of the liner with holes drilled through where the measurements are to be taken.Liner Gauging * Measurements are taken at more frequent intervals at the top of the liner where wear rate is expected to be highest. To ensure accuracy, the micrometer gauge is checked against a standard, and the liner and micrometer should be at ambient temperature. If the temperature is higher then a correction factor can be applied. To ensure micrometer and liner are at the same temperature, lay the micrometer on the entablature for a few minutes before starting.Liner Gauging * The readings can be recorded in tabular form, and from the data obtained the wear rate/1000 hours can be calculated. Wear rate varies, but on a large 2 stroke crosshead engine ideally should be about 0.05mm/1000 hours. On a medium speed trunk piston engine where the procedure for gauging is similar, the wear rate is around 0.015mm/1000 hours.Ramning haus since lag calibration: 15000 aoi7 z a1 38 guLaa an2s a4 #411 L019 say aois Figures are for illustration only. Manufacturers quote max wear for a cylinder liner at about 0.89% of original diameter. If the wear rate is kept to. a minimum, then the liner may last the life of the engine.Replacing cylinder liner Diesel EngineThe photograph above shows clearly the evidence of the leaking liner. The cooling water has evaporated leaving white deposits of the cooling water treatment chemical+ The oil mist detector had activated during a day at sea and the engine had shut down automatically due to high oil mist content in the crankcase. After a period of about 30 minutes the crankcase doors were removed and the crankcase partitions inspected. The reason for the activation was not an overheated bearing, but water vapour due to the failure of a cylinder liner lower “O” ring seal on one cylinder that was allowing cooling water from the jacket cooling space into the crankcase. This meant that the whole running gear for that cylinder was required to be removed for replacement of the liner.Liner Replacement * The engine was isolated from main cooling water systems and drained, the compressed air system was isolated, the pre-lubrication pump was stopped, and the turning gear engaged. The expansion tank levels were monitored during maintenance in case a valve was passing on the engine, and the engine refilling with water. The drain for the engine was kept open and monitored closely for signs of leakage.Liner Replacement * The cylinder head and the piston were removed. The cylinder lubrication pipes at the bottom of the cylinder liner were disconnected by undoing and removing the banjo bolts. The bolt securing the centering piece which locates the liner in the correct position in the cylinder bore is removed.Liner Replacement * The liner must be jacked off its seating using a hydraulic jack. In the case of the ZA4O the jacking device is bolted to the crankpin bearing. (Left in place when removing the con rod, which is normally bolted to the bearing by means of a marine palm(© RART 2002 www.marinediesels co.uk © RART 2002 www, marinediesels.co.uk Cyfinoer timer ducking Toot Bolted to side of Bi ‘wd ae Baating 7 After attaching the jacking device to the bottom end bearing the bearing was tumed through 90° and the crankpin turned to TDC, The hydraulic pump connected to the jacks was operated so that the jack locates in the bottom of the liner. The liner was then jacked upwards until the liner moved off its seat. (the jack has only a 54mm lift),© RART 2002 www.marinediesels.couk The liner lifting tool was SEE then bolted on to the top of . a the cylinder liner and hooked up to the engine room crane. The liner was then carefully removed from the engine (mass of liner 450kg).Liner Replacement » The new assemblies were inspected prior to fitting. >» While the liner was removed from the engine, the jacket cooling space around the liner was inspected for overall condition that can indicate the effectiveness of the cooling water treatment. » The guiding bores in the entablature and O ring seating were cleaned and examined for evidence of corrosion /erosion and the landing face for the cylinder liner was cleaned and examined.> The new liner was cleaned, inspected and gauged to ensure it was within limits specified by Wartsila. » Landing and sealing faces were inspected to ensure they were free from damage. > Lubrication drillings were blown through with compressed air to ensure they were clear. > The lifting gear was attached and the liner tried in the entablature without O rings to ensure that it fitted without binding.Liner Replacement » The liner was withdrawn and heat resistant Viton O rings fitted which were well lubricated with engine oil. » The landing face was smeared with a sealing compound. » The liner was fitted into the engine ensuring that the centering piece was correctly lined up. >» Once the liner was in position the centering piece location bolt was fitted and the cylinder lubricators connected and checked by operating the pumps by hand and ensuring that oil issued from the lubrication points. >» The Liner was gauged and the readings recorded.>» The running gear was reassembled, fitting new piston rings. >» Once the cylinder running gear was all in place, the engine was refilled with water, and the crankcase checked to ensure no leakage was occurring. » The engine was then prepared for running. All equipment used was accounted for and the crankcase was checked clear of tools, rags and personnel. The cylinder lubricators were wound 15 times to ensure lubrication of the piston and liners, and the engine was turned a minimum of 2 revolutions with the turning gear to check for correct operation of the running gear, the running gear is observed through the crankcase doors and the rocker cover.> The ammeter on the turning gear panel is monitored so that if a partial seizure was to occur, the current drawn by the motor would have increased, indicating a problem. » The engine crankcase was monitored for water leakage from the liners during the warming through procedure. » The lubricating oil, which had been circulating through the purifier was checked for water content, and the oil pumps switched on and oil flow through the bearings checked.®» Once the engine was ready for starting the normal routine for checking the engine was followed: - After a very short run (30 seconds) the engine was stopped and the bottom end bearing on the overhauled unit checked. - The engine was then run for increasing intervals of time; 2, 10, 30 minutes, checking the bearing in between. » Finally the load on the engine was slowly increased and the unit run in as per manufacturers instructions; reduced load and increased cylinder lubrication whilst the rings bedded into the liner.References: www.marinediesels.info The Running and Maintenance of Marine Machinery — Cowley Reeds Marine Engineering Series, Vol. 12 — Motor Engineering Knowledge for Marine Engineers Lamb’s Question and Answers on Marine Diesel Engines — S. Christensen Principles and Practice of Marine Diesel Engines — Sanyal www.dieselduck.info (Martin's Marine Engineering Page)