CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The literary work is the creation of human beings who have artistic value, the value of

the function, and also historical value. The literary work is the imagination, feelings, and

views a person, in this case the authors. The literary work is made not only to enjoy its

beauty as works of art, but through a literary work we can know how the authors looked at

the reality around it. Even in certain literary works can we meet the facts of history in a time

of a society that is mixed with a fictional world created by the author. Departing from this

understanding, the research literature becomes important. In addition to finding a message in

a literary work through the process of interpretation, the relationship between aspects of

society and social facts that appear in the literature can also be explained.

From the description above, the researchers wanted to discuss a literary work that is

more about reality. So the researchers chose literary novel of famous author Charles Dickens

is titled "Oliver Twist". This novel is one of the greatest literary works in English literature.

Charles Dickens best essay written in the first half of the 19th century has been so widely

translated, adapted, and raised in the big screen because the charge universal humanitarian

values it contains. Oliver Twist is the title of the second novel of Charles Dickens, published

in 1838. The novel is the story of an orphan named Oliver Twist who lived in Britain in the

1830s. Through this novel, Dickens theme of poverty, social class, and the abuse that

occurred during the industrial revolution in England. The novel Oliver Twist is said to come

from childhood experiences Dickens dark and hard as a result of poverty. Within this novel
Oliver also explained how the figures as the main character in the novel interacting with its

environment.

Abuse is one of the many problems that afflict Oliver, various kinds of abuse whether

physical or psychological abuse experienced by Oliver. He became an orphan since he was

born. The period of his life he spent in social homes up the street. During his life in a

rehabilitation center, he often got the inhumane treatment of the nursing supervisor. Abuse,

verbal abuse, and profanity into daily meal in social institutions. The cruel treatment that

befell Oliver did not stop there, he then sold to a cemetery attendant named Mr.Sowerberry.

Here Oliver is treated like a slave. Until then, a fight between Oliver with boys lift host

Mr.Sowerberry triggered by humiliation on who the mother of Oliver. Since then, Oliver

considered terror that threaten the family. Daily beatings and torture he received from the

family. This difficulty forcing Oliver, planned to leave the house go to London. However,

good fortune has not approached Oliver, in London he met with hordes of pickpockets and he

was forced to survive by picking pockets with a bunch of other poor children under the

control of a thug.

According to Terry E. Lawson, international psychiatrists about definition of children

abuse, said there are four kinds of abuse, the emotional abuse, verbal abuse, physical abuse,

and sexual abuse. 4 kinds of abuse at the top researchers will analyze the two abuse in the

novel Oliver Twist which is emotional abuse and physical abuse. Emotional abuse are all

acts of degrading or belittling others. If this becomes a pattern of behavior it will disrupt the

process of development of the next child. This is because the child's self concept disturbed,

then the child feel unworthy to be loved and be loved. Children who are constantly

humiliated, insulted, threatened or denied will cause suffering not less terrible than the
 physical suffering. Perpetrators usually act mental Abuse, blame, labeling, or also scapegoat

children.

While all forms of physical abuse occurs when a parent or caregiver frustrated or

angry, then perform actions physically aggressive, can be a pinch, punches, kicks, burns, and

action - other actions that may harm the child. Very difficult to imagine how a child can

endure all the suffering. Often, physical abuse is the result of physical punishment that aims

to enforce discipline, which is not in accordance with the child's age.

From the above, researchers interested in analyzing this novel with the topic

"emotional abuse and physical abuse in the novel Oliver Twist" by Charles Dickens by using

a psychological approach. psychological approach to study the phenomenon, certain

psychiatric experienced by the main character in literature when responding or reacting to

themselves and their environment.

1.2. Statements of Problem

1.2.1. How did the physical abuse and emotional abuse depicted author in the novel

Oliver Twist?
1.2.2. What are the causes and the impact caused by the occurrence of physical abuse

and emotional abuse in the novel Oliver Twist?

1.3. Scope of the Study

Restrictions Aimed Discussed the problems that the issues are not out of line with the

discussion. In this study, the problem is limited to the researcher focuses on the analyze of

physical abuse and emotional abuse experienced by the main character in the novel Oliver

Twist and the cause and impact of the child abuse by using a psychological approach.

1.4. Objectives of the Research

Based on the statement of problems above the researcher has two objectives of the study,

there are:
 1.4.1. To find out the physical abuse and emotional abuse experienced by the main

character in the novel Oliver twist by Charles dickens

1.4.2. To understand the impact caused by the occurrence of two such abuse in the novel

Oliver twist by Charles dickens

1.5. Significances of the research

In this research, the researcher hopes this script can give some significances to the
reader which can be divided there are two significances of study that the researcher wants to
present those are theoretical and practical.

1.5.1. Theoretical Significance

1.5.1.1. The research study focused on the analysis of physical abuse and emotional
abuse in the novel by Charles Dickens viewed from psychological approach
that is expected to increase knowledge about the research literature readers
who picked up aspects of physical abuse and emotional abuse in a novel.
1.5.1.2. The researcher hope can provide the information and knowledge that students
or organization effort child social to teach protection the child without abuse.

1.5.2. Practical Significance

1.5.2.1. It is hoped
that this study can be used as reference material for students who will undertake
the next study
1.5.2.2. Can Provide
encouragement or motivation for further research in the field of literary novels
that focus on the study of child abuse.

1.6. Review of related research

The review of related research is the exposure results of research conducted by other

researchers or experts. With the existence of this literature review of research one can note its

authenticity. The literature review aimed to determine the authenticity of a scientific paper.

Basically, a study did not move from the start, but usually has no reference was already
underlying. It is intended as a starting point to conduct a study. Therefore it is desirable to

review existing research to determine its relevance.

Janwarti Gani (2012) Faculty of Letters and Culture Khairun University, conduct

research in the thesis entitled "child abuse in the novel A Child Called it" by Dave J. Pelzer. In

his script she discusses problems of forms of abuse against children is the persecution of the

physical, psychological and neglect of the physical needs, education and child psychological .

In addition, this thesis discussed the worst case of child abuse in California history as well as

the impact of child abuse. The author's purpose in writing this thesis which is to determine

forms of abuse as well as to find evidence of the effects of child abuse described by the author

in the novel using psychological approach and sociological approach.

In the thesis Amina Ali (2009) Faculty of Letters and Culture Khairun University,

entitled "The Immorality in the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens". The purpose of this

study the authors wanted to analyze about the intentions of the authors who want to criticize

the actions of unscrupulous happened in the Victorian era. Where the government still has a

legal value has not been strong. In this study, researchers used the approach of sociology in

describing immorality implicit in the novel Oliver Twist. Researchers analyzed about immoral

behavior that is the violent and criminal acts that were made by children who do not get

protection from the government in the Victorian period. The researchers concluded that the

immorality portrayed through the novel Oliver Twist is an expression of Dickens in criticizing

life in which he lived the Victorian era.

In the thesis Herman (2009) Faculty of Syariah University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.

Thesis with the title of child abuse according to Islamic law (cases of child abuse in the child
 protection agency Yogyakarta). Explained that the bad reality of child abuse continue to grow

from year to year both violent physical and psychological violence. It was also explained that

in the city of Yogyakarta child abuse is divided into various shapes such as identity abuse,

exploitation of children and the most cruel murder. The purpose of this study which is to

describe and analyze the forms of violence by parents against children and factors causing

violence against children and child abuse analyzed from the viewpoint of the Islamic religion.

Results from the study showed that the outline child abuse is divided into several forms,

namely physical abuse, emotional abuse, social abuse and sexual abuse. Factors that lead to

child abuse including poverty, past parents who have experienced violence, harsh environment

and society unwanted child.

1.7. Theoretical Base

1.7.1. Psychological approach

In the book Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2004) in his book entitled Theory, Methods and

Techniques research letters explains that the psychological approach associating with the

authors, the creative process, literature, and readers. Nonetheless, this approach is

essentially related to the three major symptoms, the authors, literary works, and the reader,

with the consideration that a psychological approach more in touch with the author and

literary works. If the author's attention was focused on the research models closer to the

expressive approach, on the contrary, when attention was focused on the work of its research

models closer to the objective approach.

1.7.2. Child abuse

 Theoretically, child abuse can be defined as physical treatment, mental, or sexual

commonly done by those who have responsibility for child welfare where it all is indicated

with a loss and a threat to the health and welfare of children. The most obvious examples of

abuse acts experienced by children is beating or physical assaults repeatedly until briefly

unsettled the market cuts or abrasions (scrapes / scratches). However, be aware that child

abuse is actually not just a beating or physical assault, but also can include various forms of

exploitation through, for example, pornography and sexual assault, the provision of food was

not fit for children or food malnutrition, neglect and health education.

1.7.3. Physical abuse

All forms of physical abuse occurs when a parent or caregiver frustrated or angry,

then perform actions physically aggressive can be a pinch, punches, kicks, burns, and action -

other actions that may harm the child. Very difficult to imagine how a parent or caregiver can

hurt a child. Often, physical abuse is the result of physical punishment that aims to enforce

discipline, which is not in accordance with the child's age. Many parents want to be good

parents, but out of control in dealing with the child's behavior. Oliver as the main character in

a novel Oliver Twist often experience less favorable treatment of one is often the case that

physical abuse committed by caregivers orphanage where Oliver lived.

1.7.4. Emotional abuse

Emotional abuse was covering the attack on the feelings and dignity of children.

Abuse is also often go unnoticed, but these events can very often because usually related to

the inability and lack of effective parents, teachers, and adults in dealing with children. The

form can be embarrassing, humiliation, rejection, scolded child and so on. Aqib (2008).
 Emotional abuse can affect children's self confidence where emotional abuse

impact on various aspects of child development is one example where the problem often

encountered is emotional disturbance, difficulty in establishing relations with friends, loss of

confidence and phobic anxiety. In a novel Oliver twist emotional abuse often happens to

Oliver. Insults and invective and neglect purposes Oliver is that every day when the override

Oliver living in social homes. Similarly, when it was sold to a coffin maker. He even got to

experience things that are not much different from the social homes. Hart and Brassart

(Goldman, 2003) divides into six forms of emotional abuse that is;

rejecting

terrorizing

Isolating

Exploitation

Abandonment

Neglect

1.7.5. The cause of physical abuse and emotional abuse

Lately, child abuse often seems to be a "trend" for parents to discipline their children,

or even just as a mere emotional outlet. The existence of problems between her parents that

resulted in the children who live in households in which violence, experiencing abuse. Most

are not abused physically, some emotionally or sexually. Procedures for educating children

who loud. Some parents believe that by educating children with a bang is a part of learning

so that children grow up to be a figure of discipline.

 Psychiatric Disorders From Parents. This factor behind parent to physical violence

against children. It could be mental parents who abuse the child because his soul is disturbed,

violence by parents to their offspring done unconsciously.

Economic factors. Most abuse arising from economic pressure. Depressed conditions

caused family economic pressure is a factor that many occur that cause abuse in children. But

not necessarily the economically poor would do physical abuse to their children, something

else that triggered the abuse to children, among others are the inheritance of abuse between

the generations, and social stresses, such as unemployment, sickness, housing and poor

environment, besides partially of the abuse on children from poor families.

Experiencing abuse experience. This possibility can lead parents physical abuse in

children. with the heart to do violence to his son because he wanted revenge. Parents who

abuse the children tend to be socially isolated, then there is also the factor of family

structures in which single parents more often abuse the children or the parents who

dominated every important decision, "Children And Physical state. this factor is also the

cause of parental abuse on children.

Factor causes of child abuse described above is a factor that generally occur.

However, in the case of Oliver twist abuse experienced is not obtained from her parents but

from caregivers Oliver in social institutions. Oliver Caregivers often physical abuse to

children including Oliver homes if they do something that is considered wrong by the

caregiver homes. Emotional abuse also happens to Oliver when he fled to London and caught

between the pickpocket. He was forced into pickpocket under the control of a thug.

1.7.6. The impact of physical abuse and emotional abuse

 Physical abuse took place repeatedly over a long period will cause serious injury to a

child, and leave scars both physically and psychologically, the child becomes withdrawn,

insecure, difficult to develop trust to others, destructive behavior, etc. And if this happens

then repeat occurrences healing process takes much longer anyway. While Torture emotions

difficult to identify or diagnose because they do not leave scars that are as real as physical

torture. Thus, efforts to stop it is also not easy. Type this torture left scars hidden manifested

in several forms, such as lack of confidence, difficulty friendships, destructive behavior such

as sudden burn of goods or cruel to animals and people around him, withdraw, drug and

alcohol, or suicidal tendencies.

From the above explanation it can be seen that the impact caused by the torture is

extremely diverse. Various of these effects likely to be felt by the children victims of abuse.

However, from the various effects in the picture above is not entirely Oliver feel and do. For

example, in this novel, describing the character of Oliver who was always steadfast in the

face of all the struggle of life although Oliver always trials and torture barrage. Oliver never

do anything negative. Oliver could do was pray when it comes to her ordeal. This novel

describes the character of Oliver were always resigned to his fate.

1.7.7. Definition Characterizations

Characterizations are painting a clear picture of someone featured in a story

(Jones,1968: 33). The term characterizations broader sense than the character and the

"disposition", because at the same characterizations include the issue of who the characters,

how dispositive, and how the placement and illustrator in a story so easily understood by the

reader. Characterizations was once suggest the manifestation techniques and the development
 of character in a story. Characters, character, and all the emotions that contains is the aspect

of content, while the technique of expression in works of fiction are aspects of the form.

Thus, in terms of the characterizations contained two aspects of content and form

(Nugriyantoro, 2005: 165).

1.8. Conceptual Scheme

In this section, the researcher provides an overview of the research that aims to make

researcher remain focused on the goals of the study. So there is the Conceptual Scheme by using

of the researcher .

Oliver Twist by Types of Child Descriptive Analysis

Charles Dickens Abuse method

Emotional Abuse Physical Abuse

Impact of emotional Cause of emotional

abuse and physical abuse and physical
abuse abuse
 Psychological
approach

1.9. Method of the Research

1.9.1. Descriptive Analysis method

Method descriptive analysis was used to get an idea of systematic, factual and

accurate information of the facts, properties and relationship between the phenomenon

under investigation he problems dictates what kinds of information has to be analyzed, and

on the type of information depends the object as the statement by Kutha Ratna below;

Descriptive method is aimed to describe the characteristic of current research and

investigate the cause of particular phenomenon (Khuta Ratna, 2004:321). So, the

researcher method descriptive analysis because that can use the researcher to human nature

in the novel that will be explained clearly in written from analyzing words and sentences.

1.10. Technique of collecting data

In this section, the researcher will divide the Technique of collecting data, these are as

1.10.1. Library research

The researcher search from several books to find various resources for getting clear

explanation about definition, theory and to get depth understanding in creating this

research.
 1.10.2. Reading comprehension

The researcher takes technique of collecting data with reading comprehension.

According to Wainwright (2007:37), reading comprehension is process in which the reader

has decide linguistic symbol and reconstruct them up to meaningful whole intended by the

writer, it is only a term referring to reading skill through the important thing is not on the

pronouncing or load reading, but it is the understanding taken into consideration.

1.10.3. Internet browsing

The research used internet to see opinions and explanations from different people

about the topic and review of the title and the novel as well.

1.11. Technique of Analyzing Data

In a data analysis technique, researchers used several steps to analyze the research

object is to get a clear understanding as follows:

1.11.1. Data Classification

After reading the novel, the researcher classified roomates Analyzed parts that

will be started from the title, until the moral character message.

1.11.2 Interpretation

In this section, the researchers interpret data consists of data that stand out, and

supporting data in the problem. From a classification of data to be analyzed in the novel

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

1.11.3 Explanation

The next technique that researchers try to explain every data obtained data. This

step is used so that the researchers can easily gat understanding associated with the data
 that has been analyzed, such as sentences and paragraphs contained in the novel "Oliver

Twist" will be explained.

1.11.4. Conclusion

After classification, interpretation and explanation, the researchers made the final

step is to give a conclusion to all the data that has been analyzed into the final outcome of

this study.

Bibliography

Dickens, Charles. 2005. Oliver Twist. United States of America: ICON Group
International

Indardini, Reni. (Penerjermah). 2010. Oliver Twist. Yogyakarta: PT.Bentang Pustaka

Ratna, NK. 2004. Teori Metode dan Teknik penelitian Sastra.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Yulianto, Dion. (Penerjermah). 2013. Serial Petualangan Oliver Twist. Yogyakarta:

Laksana

Hasan Lasupu. 2011. Child Labor in the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.
Skripsi. Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya, Universitas Khairun Ternate
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Skripsi. Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya, Universitas Khairun Ternate

Hermanto, (2009). Child abuse according to Islamic law (cases of child abuse in the

child protection agency Yogyakarta) Skripsi. Fakultas Syariah Universitas Negeri

Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

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