CHEMISTRY FOLI0

Topic: Manufactured Substances in

Industries (Chapter 9)
SULPHURIC ACID

1.1Uses of Sulphuric Acid

1.2 Manufacture of sulphuric acid

1. Sulphuric Acid is manufactured by the Contact Process in
industry.

2. The Raw material used in the contact process are sulphur

(Or sulphide minerals), air and water.

Stage 1- Production of sulphur
dioxide gas, SO2 . Burning of
sulphur in dry air in the
furnace.
s+o2 so 2
Burning of metal sulphide
such as zinc sulphide or
iron(111) sulphide in dry
air
2ZnS+ 3O2
2SO2+2ZnO
Stade 2- Conversion of sulphur
dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO 3.
1.Thesulphur dioxide gas is dried
and purified before being added
to dry air to produce sulphur
trioxide gas. This is to remove
water vapour in the air (the
reaction of water with SO3 will
produce heat that will vaporise
the acid adn to remove
contaminantas such as arsenic
compounds that will poison the
catalyst and make it ineffective.
Sulphur Trioxide i
snot dissolved
2)Oleum is then diluted with an
equal volume of water to directly in water
produce concentrated sulphuric because to produce
acid(98%) sulphuric acid
because SO3 has a
H2S2O7+H2O 2H2SO4 low solubility in
water.
Satge 3-Production of sulphuric
acid SO3 reacts violently
in water, producing
1) In the absorber, sulphur a large amount of
trioxide is dissolved in
heat which will
concentrated sulphuric acid to vapourise sulphuric
produce oleum, H2S2O7 acid to form acid
mist. The mist is
corrosive, pollutes
the air and iis
difficult to
3)A high percentage (98%) of condense.
sulphur dioxide is converted into
sulphur trioxide under the
following conditions:1) The
presence of vanadium(V)
oxide,V2O5, as a catalyst.
2)A temperature of between 450-
550c and 1atm pressure.
2. Pure and dry sulphur dioxide
with excess dry oxygen (forom
air) are passed through a
converter.
1.3 Environmental Pollution

S Sulphur dioxide is the intermediate product of the contact process .

sulphur dioxide is aldo produced during volcanic eruptions.

Waste gases from factories and extraction of metal from their sulphide ores also release sulphur
dioxide into the atmosphere.
The burning of products manufactured from sulphuric acid such as rayon will also produce sulphur
dioxide gas.
It affects the respiratory systemand causes lung problems such as coughing, chest pains, shoertness
of breath and bronchitis..

Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water to produce sulphurous acid and sulphuric
acid. The presence of these acids in rain wter causes aci rain.

SO22+H22O H22SO33
2SO22+O22+2H22O 2H22SO44

Two methods to reduce sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere

use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust gases.
Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium carbonate before it is released.

AMMONIA

Uses of ammonia
Suitable as cooling
agent because it has
low boiling point and
is very volatile
In Ostwald
The Properties of Ammonia

Am m onia dissolves in w ater to produce a

w eak alkali
Am m onia
changes m oist Am m onia is very soluble in w ater, an
Am m onia is a colourless inverted filter funnel is used to prevent the
red litm us paper
and pungent gas. It is suction of w ater.
to blue. Thus
less dense than w ater. Am m onia gas react w ith hydrogen chloride
am m onia is
alkaline gas. gas to form w hite fum es of am m onium
chloride.(This is used to test am m onia
gas).
Am m onia is alkaline property and reacts
w ith dilute acids in neutralisation to
Aqueous solutions of Fe3+ + 3O H- produce salts.som e m etal hydroxide
am m onia produces O H- Fe(OH)3 such as zinc hydroxide
ions to react w ith m etal and copper(11)hydroxide
ions(except Na+ ion, dissolve in excess
K+ ion,and Ca+ ion) brow n * * aqueous am m onia to
form ing precipitates of precipitate form com plexes,
m etal hydroxide. M g2+ + 2OH -
M g(OH )2
w hite
precipitate

Characteristics of Ammonia
1. Ammonia gas can turn a moist red litmus paper to blue.

2. As an alkali, ammonia can react with acid to form salt and water.
Example
H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)

3. Ammonia dissolve into water to form ammonium and hydroxide ion.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

4. The hydroxide ion can react with many kinds of positive ion to form precipitate.
Example
Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2
Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)2

Testing for Ammonia

 1. Ammonia is the only common alkaline gas, so it can be identified with moist red
litmus paper turning blue.

2. Concentrated ammonia when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces

white fume.
Ammonia gas + Hydrogen chloride gas ammonium chloride
NH3 (g) + HC1 (g) NH4C1

ALLOY

3.1Purpose of making alloys

To increase the hardness and strenght.

1)The addition of a little carbon to iron metal produces steel which is a very hard alloy
of iron.
2)The addition ofmagnesium to aluminium metal produces an alloy called magnalium.
Magnalium is harder than aluminium but still retains the low density of aluminium
metal.
3)The addition of tin to copper metal produces bronze. Bronze is an alloy harder than
both tin and copper.

To prevent corrosion.
Pure metals such as tin and iron are easily corroded in damp, polluted or acidic air
1)The addition of carbon, nickel, and chromium to iron metal produces stainless steel.
Stainless steel is an alloy which can resist rusting. The chromium and nickel form
chromium(III)oxide and nickel(IV) oxide which prevents the iron from rusting.
2) The addition of tin to copper produces bronze which is able to resist corrosion and
tarnish.

To improve the appearance.

Metals are easily tarnished beacause of the formation of metal oxides
on the metal surfaces. The process of alloying can minimise the lustre
on the surface of the metal.
1)Stainless steel is more shiny than pure iron.
2)Adding a little copper and antimony to tin produces alloy pewter
which is harder and shinnier, and not so easily tarnished.
3)Alloy wheels made from aluminium and other elements improve the
look of vehicles.
3.2 Comparing the properties of alloy and its pure metal

(Alloy - The presence of foreign atoms prevent the atoms of metal slide over each other)
Pure Metal

ALLOY

Pure Metal Alloy

High density, High Melting
and boiling points, good
Stronger, Hader
conductors of heat and
electricity.

Malleable Resistant to corrosion

Ductile, when a force is

applied, the layers of atms have a better finisih
can slide over one another.

Lustrous lustrous

Pure metals is made up of alloy is a mixture of two or

one type of atoms, thus all
atoms are of the same
size.
The atoms are orderl
arranged and closely
packed together.
The arrangement of atoms in
pure metal are not perfect
because there are some empty
spaces in between the atoms.
more elements with acertain
fixedcomposition in which
the major component is a
metal.
The presence of atoms of other metals
that are of different sizes disturb the
orderly arrangement of atoms in the
metal. This reduces the layer of atoms
from sliding. thus, an alloy is stronger
and harder than its pure metal.
 Composition, properties and uses of some alloys.

Synthetic polymers
-Polymer is a large molecule that is in the form of a long chain with a high relative molecular
mass.

-It is made up of many smaller units called monomers, which are joined together through a
process called polymerisation. Thus the monomer is actually the repetitive unit of a long
polymer chain.

4.1 Natural Polymers

#Polymers that exist in plants or animals.
-Natural polymers are made up of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
 strach,
cellulo
se

natural
wool
rubber
Natural
Polymers

silk protein

Synthetic Polymers
# Polymers that is man-made by chemical processes in
the laboratories.
-The monomers used are usually obtained from
petroleum after going through the refining and cracking
processes.
 condensation reaction.
addition reaction.
polymer through a
polymer through an
combine to form the
bonds combine to form the
two functional groups
monomers with double
when the monomers with
occurs when the
polymerisation occurs
Addition polymerisation
Condensatiion

Polymer Monomer Uses

4.3 Synthetic polymers, their monomers and uses
Synthetic Polymer Monomer Uses
Polythylene(PE) Ethene, C2H4 Plastic bags, shopping
bags, plastic containers,
plastic toys, plastic cups
and plates.
Polypropylene(PP) Propene, C3H6 Plastic bottles, bottles
crates, plastic tables and
chairs, car battery cases
and ropes
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Chloroethene, C2H3Cl Water pipe, shoes , bags,
rain clothes, artificial
leather and wire casing,
Perspex (PP) Methyl-2-methyl Safety glass, airplane
propenoate windows, car lamps,
(methylmetacrylate) traffic signs, lens,
CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3 reflectors and toys.
Teflon(PTFE) Tetraflouroethene, C2F4 Coating for non-stick
frying pans and
electricalinsulators.
Polystyrene(PS) Phenylethene Packaging materials, heat
C6H5CH=CH2 insulators, toys,
disposable cups, and
plates.
Nylon Hexane-1, 6-diamine and Ropes, fishing lines,
hexane-1,6-dioic acid stocking, clothing,carpets
and parachutes.
Composite Materials
Types of composite materials
Superconductors
Reinforced concrete
Glass Fibre
Photochromic glass
Fibre Optic
6.2 Superconductors
Uses
Used in medical magnetic-
imaging devices (MRI),
generators, transformers,
computer parts and bullet
train.
Construction of building,
bridges and oil platforms.
Making water storage tanks,
boats and helmets.
Making optical lenses,
windshield, and light intensity
metres,
Transmit electronic data or
signals, voice and images in a
digital format, in the form of
light along the fine glass tubes
at great speed.
 Superconductors can conduct
electricity with zero resistance when
thy are cooled to extremely low
temperatures. Thu, superconductors
conduct electricity without any loss of
energy
Metals such as copper,
can only achiee
superconductivity at a
Superconductors are very low temperature.
used to make more This low temperature
efficient generators, can only be achieved
magnetic energy- using liquid helium
storage systems,
which is expensive.
transformers, electric
cables, amplifiers and
Superconductors
computer parts.
The metal oxides are all
When a mixture of electrical insulators.
copper(II)oxide , barium However when they are
oxide and yttrium oxide combined to form a
is heated up, a type of composite, the composite
ceramic with the formula is a superconductor that
YBCO, can attain can conduct very high
superconductivity at current over a long
90K(-183C). This distance without any loss
temperature can easily of energy.
be attained by using the
cheaper liquid nitrogen.

6.3 Fibre Glass

 Plastic is light (with a low density), elastic,
flexible, but is brittle, not very strong and
is inflammable (can catch fire).

Glass is hard and strong but is brittle,

heavy, and has a low compressive
strength.

When glass fibre filaments are embedded in

polyester resin(a type of plastic), fibreglass which
is light, strong, tough, resilient, inflammable,
flexible with a high tensile strength is produced.
Ut can also be easily coloured, moulded and
shaped. A resilient material is one that returns to
its original shape after bending, twisting,
stretching and compression.

Fibre glass is an ideal material for making water

storage tanks, boat hulls, swimming pool linings,
food, containers, fishing rods, car bodies, roofing,
furniture and pipes.
6.4 Photochromic glass

Glass is Silver chloride or silver

transparent bromide is sensitive to
and is not light. When exposed to
It is used to make sensitive to light, these
camera, lens, car light intensity. compounds
windshields, information decompose to form
display panels, light dark silver partoicles.
intensity meters, and
optical swithches.
In photochromic glss,
silver chloride or silver
bromide and a little
Photochromic copper(I)chloride is
The photochromic glass Glass
will automatically embedded into the
become clear again structure of glass.
when the light intensity
is lowered, whereby
silver is converted back
to silver halides. Photochromi
When exposed to uv light,
c glass has the AgCl or AgBr
the ability to
decomposes to form silver
change
and halogen atoms. The
colour and
Fine silver which is
become
deposited in the glass is
darker when
black and the glass is
exposed to
darkened.
UV.