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E. B. Zaretsky
Direct evidence for compressive elastic strain at ground surfaces of nanocomposite ceramics
Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 061909 (2005); 10.1063/1.1862754
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 114, 183518 (2013)
(Received 9 September 2013; accepted 28 October 2013; published online 13 November 2013)
The dynamic compressive strength (amplitude of the elastic precursor wave) of alumina of 99.8%
purity has been studied in a series of planar impact experiments with the 0.25 to 3-mm thick
alumina samples, preheated to 1300 K. The dependence of the dynamic tensile (spall) strength of
alumina on the ultimate compressive strength was studied with 2-mm thick samples at 300 and
1300 K. The compressive strength of alumina was found to decline by some 30%-35% between
300 and 1300 K, while the absolute values of the spall strength and its dependence on the peak
stress were found to stay almost unchanged between 300 and 1300 K. Over the studied temperature
interval, the elastic precursor waves in alumina decayed with propagation distance with the decay
parameters almost independent of temperature. The availability of decay parameters made it
possible to determine the strain rate function sc_ ; T of alumina and to derive some conclusions
regarding the onset of inelastic deformation in this ceramic. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4830014]
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183518-2 E. B. Zaretsky J. Appl. Phys. 114, 183518 (2013)
of interest to determine the effect of the temperature on these In the preheated tests, the impactor-sample misalign-
relations and on the dynamic strength parameters of alumina. ment was not controlled due to lack of space. The estimates
This was done by measuring the yield and spall strengths of the misalignment based on the 2-ns rise time of the elastic
and the decay of the elastic precursor wave in alumina sam- front in low-velocity tests allow us to assume that the mis-
ples preheated to different temperatures. alignment did not exceed 1 mrad. The pin-based measure-
ments of the impact velocity were backed by fiber-optic
MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL measurements of the projectile velocity.18 As result, the
velocity uncertainty did not exceed 1% at RT tests and 2% at
Square 10 mm 10 mm samples with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0,
the tests with preheating.
2.0, and 3.0 mm nominal thickness cut from one block of
The 998 alumina has been tested in two series of the
99.8% Al2O3 glass-free low-porosity (less than 0.5%) alu-
planar impact experiments. In the first series, the samples of
mina were obtained from Micro Ceramics Ltd., Carmiel,
all nominal thicknesses were shock loaded by tungsten
Israel. An average diameter of globular Al2O3 grains of the
impactors accelerated in 25-mm bore 6-m length gas gun up
block measured based on the fractured block surface did not
to velocities of about 1050 m/s. In these experiments aimed
exceed 2 lm. Both 10 10-surfaces of the samples (of
at measuring the amplitude of elastic precursor wave (HEL),
0.2-mrad parallelism) were polished, one surface was coated
the velocity histories of the free surfaces of alumina samples
with 1-l layer of aluminum (tests at 300 and 800 K) or
were recorded with use of VISAR (Velocity Interferometer
gold (1300-K tests). Prior the impact testing, the density
System for Any Reflector24) with 407.2-m/s per fringe con-
q0 , the longitudinal cl , and shear cl speeds of sound were
stant. In addition to the room temperature measurements, the
measured with 3-mm thick samples. The average alumina
tests of the first series were performed with 800 and 1300-K
properties are q0 3:95932 g=cc, cl 10:541km=s, and
preheating. In the second series, the 2-mm thick alumina
cs 6:231km=s. The resulting bulk speed of sound and
samples were loaded by 0.5-mm copper impactors with
Poissons ratio were cb 7:691km=s and 0:231,
velocities between 80 and 500 m/s. In these tests aimed at
respectively.
measuring the dynamic tensile strength of alumina, the initial
The samples assigned for impact tests with preheating
temperature of the samples was 300 and 1300 K. Keeping in
were assembled with Kanthal heaters as it is shown in Fig. 1.
mind a possible degradation of the spall strength of alumina
The test assembly was similar to that used previously with
with compressive stress, the VISAR constant in these series
the 58-mm gun in impact experiments with preheating23 but
was 96.4 m/s per fringe.
slightly modified in order to fit the sample/heater dimensions
for use with a 25-mm gun and to minimize the non-uniform
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
temperature caused by these modifications. In particular, the
charged pins were made of 2-bore ceramic rods of 1.4-mm The velocity histories recorded in the tests with differ-
outer diameter with 0.3-mm tantalum wire as conductors, the ently preheated alumina samples of different thickness are
heater coils were made 4 mm longer than the sample and the shown in Figs. 2(a)2(c). All recorded waveforms contain
lateral sample surfaces were screened. All joints, including the elastic precursor wave followed by the ramp terminated
that between the K-type thermocouple junction and the sam- at the ultimate velocity. At all three test temperatures,
ple surface, were made using a high-temperature cement. the decay of the precursor amplitude with the propagation
The uniformity of the temperature field on the preheated distance is apparent. Note that at the front of the elastic pre-
sample was tested in separate, with no impact loading, cursor waves recorded with 0.25- and 0.5-mm samples at the
experiments with a 3-mm sample. Inspection of the front sur- highest, 1353 K, temperature modest spikes make their
face of the sample preheated up to 10001300 K by optical appearance. Such spikes are typical for high temperature
pyrometer has shown that at this preheating the temperature (close to melting point) velocity histories recorded in pure
was uniform within 5 K. The temperature difference between FCC metals18 where they may be attributed to the intense
the rear and the front sample surfaces measured with two multiplication of the mobile dislocations that had limited ini-
thermocouples was about 20 K at 800-K preheating and tial density.
about 10 K at 1300-K preheating. For thinner samples, the The stress at HEL of the 998 alumina was estimated
difference should be lower. using relation
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183518-3 E. B. Zaretsky J. Appl. Phys. 114, 183518 (2013)
FIG. 2. Free surface velocity histories recorded with 998 alumina samples of different thicknesses (shown on the waveforms) recorded at 300 (a), 800 (b), and
1300 K (c). The values of free surface velocity uHEL used for estimating the stress at HEL in alumina samples are shown by arrows.
FIG. 3. Stress at HEL measured with the 998 alumina samples of 0.25 and
3-mm nominal thickness a function of temperature (circles). Dashed lines
are square fits of presently obtained data. Filled triangles and the dotted line
show the temperature dependence of the stress rst Y 1 =1 2 cal-
culated based on quasi-static compressive strength data of Lucalox ceramic
Ref. 25 and temperature dependence of aluminas Poissons ratio from
Ref. 20. Open triangles are RT values of rst calculated based on the refer- FIG. 4. Free surface velocity histories recorded with 2-mm samples of 998
ence compressive strength data of 998 aluminas of Coors Ceramics and alumina shock loaded at 300 and 1300 K by 0.5-mm copper impactors. The
McDanel companies. impact velocities are shown along the waveforms.
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183518-4 E. B. Zaretsky J. Appl. Phys. 114, 183518 (2013)
(450-m/s) tests. In the latter case, the pull-back amplitude temperatures, the variation of the stress excess rHEL rst
is comparable to the scatter of the VISAR signal. The spall with propagation distance h is fit well by the power function
strength of alumina was calculated based on the measured a
pull-back signals as h
Dr rHEL rst Dr0 ; (4)
h0
1
rsp q0 cl Dupb : (3)
2 where Dr0 and a are the fit parameters and h0 1 mm. The
dependences Drh obtained based on the rHEL measure-
For the 450-m/s tests, Eq. (3) gives apparently overestimated ments with differently preheated 998 alumina are shown in
values of the spall strength. The peak stress values in these Fig. 6. The corresponding decay parameters, Dr0 and a, are
experiments exceed the material HEL. The uncertainty of the listed in Table I.
spall strength values determined based on these tests is larger As follows from Fig. 6 and Table I, the Dr0 and a values
than for weaker shots, Fig. 5. obtained with the rHEL sets of different temperatures are
It is apparent from Fig. 5 that the 1000-K preheating close. All the tree sets of point may be fit by a single curve
does not affect strongly the dynamic tensile strength of 998 with average Dr 0 5:160:5 GPa and a 0:4660:04 with
alumina; at both the temperatures, the alumina spall strength Pearsons correlation coefficient 0.98. Combining (1a) and
stays almost constant and is equal to approximately 0.5 GPa (4), one has
as long as the loading stress does not exceed the material
HEL. Stronger loading is accompanied by rapid degradation a1
a
c2s 4 h0 G
of the alumina spall strength. Ds sHEL sst Dr0 _
c A_c m ; (5)
c2l 3a cl Dr0
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183518-5 E. B. Zaretsky J. Appl. Phys. 114, 183518 (2013)
TABLE I. Parameters of elastic precursor decay in 998 alumina. the lower values of the strain rate sensitivity exponent,
m 0:25 0:28. Correspondingly, the power in Eq. (4)
Test temperature K rst ; GPa Dr0 ; GPa a A m
should be of about a 0:33 0:39 which, even with regard
300 3.79 4.66 0.49 24.3 0.329 to the measurements uncertainty, is much smaller than that
800 2.99 5.47 0.45 23.6 0.310 found presently for 998 alumina, a 0:4660:04. The close-
1300 1.65 5.05 0.42 22.8 0.296 ness of the measured value of a to 0.5 allows us to assume
Average 5.05 0.46 23.6 0.315 that a substantial part of the initial inelastic deformation in
998 alumina is ductile. At the same time, we are unable to
assert that the brittle component does not participate in the
considered with caution. The strength data of Ref. 25 were onset of inelastic deformation in this material.
Linking the elastic precursor decay in alumina to the
obtained under conditions of uniaxial stress loading whereas
dislocation-related processes allows estimating the density of
the planar impact loading of the present work corresponds to
the uniaxial strain. At the presence of purely axial stress, the mobile dislocations in these processes involved. The contri-
bution of mobile dislocations into plastic strain rate is gov-
onset of inelastic deformation in alumina is brittle.29 The
erned by Orowans equation
planar impact loading implies the presence of radial com-
pressive stress suppressing the crack initiation. As soon as c_ qm bhvi; (6)
the radial compression exceeds a 1.3 GPa threshold (and this
takes place in all presently performed tests with 998 alu- where qm is the density of mobile dislocations having
mina), the response of alumina becomes ductile-like.16,29 Burgers vector b and hvi is the average velocity of these dis-
The ductile character of alumina inelastic response finds locations. It is unlikely that the average velocity hvi of the
some confirmation in the measured values of the decay dislocation glide is determined by thermal activation of the
parameter a. As was previously mentioned,16 the relaxation motion dislocation segments. The highest shear stresses cor-
of shear stress caused by motion and multiplication of dislo- responding to the top of elastic precursor wave in the present
cations should lead to a 0:5 and to the strain rate harden- experiments are of about 67 GPa. At this stress level, the
ing exponent in Eq. (5) equal to m 1=3. dislocation velocity controlled by thermal activation cannot
Based on general energy considerations, Grady and exceed 1 m/s.33 Even in the case of the ultimate dislocation
Kipp30 and Grady and Lipkin31 have shown that in the case density, this velocity is still insufficient for providing the
of brittle failure the exponent in Eq. (5) should also be equal required rates of plastic deformation. It was shown that in a
to m 1=3. Their approach, however, implies that cracks wide variety of metals, the only mechanism that controls the
propagate with the speed of sound. A more accurate account motion of dislocations under shock loading is the phonon
of stress dependent velocity of crack propagation32 suggests drag, namely, the interaction of the cores of mobile disloca-
tions with the lattice phonons.34,35 In such case, the average
dislocation velocity is
sb
hvi ; (7)
B
q
where B B= 1 hvi2 =c2s is the effective phonon drag
coefficient accounting for the fact that the dislocation veloc-
ity hvi has to be subsonic.36 There is no available informa-
tion in the literature regarding phonon drag coefficients of
either alumina or sapphire. It is known, however, that credi-
ble estimates of B may be obtained using Leibfrieds
formula37
d
e
B ; (8)
10cs
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183518-6 E. B. Zaretsky J. Appl. Phys. 114, 183518 (2013)
for the temperatures 300, 800, and 1300 K, respectively. The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
densities qm of mobile dislocations in alumina as a function
of initial plastic strain rate c_ at different temperatures are The author is grateful to Professor Gennady Kanel for
shown in Fig. 8 together with the densities of mobile disloca- his comments and fruitful discussions. Financial support
tions estimated for the top of elastic precursor wave in pure from Israeli Ministry of Defense via research Grant No.
copper.26 8429793 is gratefully acknowledged.
As apparent from Fig. 8, the density of mobile disloca-
1
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2
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5
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N. H. Murray, N. K. Bourne, Z. Rosenberg, and J. E. Field, J. Appl. Phys.
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The response of alumina of 99.8% purity on the shock 8
N. H. Murray, N. K. Bourne, Z. Rosenberg, and J. E. Field, J. Appl. Phys.
loading has been studied in a series of VISAR-instrumented 84, 4866 (1998).
9
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12
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15
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E. B. Zaretsky and G. I. Kanel, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 073504 (2012).
19
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21
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