TUNGSTEN

Wolfram is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol W
and atomic number 74. The name of the element is taken from the latin Wolframium
and is often called Tungsten. Very hard transition metal and gray to white is found in
minerals like wolframite and schelit. Tungsten has a melting point higher than non-
alloy other substances. Wolframe pure form is used mainly in electronic devices. Its
coumpounds and alloys are widely used for many things, most notably as a light bulb
filament, x-ray tube, and superalloys.

Structure Of Tungsten

1. Sub Atomic :
74 Protons (+), 74 electrons (-), 110
neutrons (0)
Has 6 energy level
Atomic Mass 183.84 amu (atomic
mass unit)

2. Atom :

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

 Hexagonal Close Packed

Tungsten crystal structure is Body centered Cubic, BCC is a basis type of cubic
crystal structure. In crystallography, the cubic crystals structure is a crystal system
where the unit cell has a cube shaped structure. This is one of the simplest crystal
structure found in crystal metal. All these atomic properties of tungsten are related
to its atomic structure.
3. Microschopic
This is picture of Tungsten structure when viewed under a microscope (200
nanometer).

4. Bulk

Properti
es Of

Tungsten
1. Mechanical Properties

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

 Density of Tungsten is an important parameter among its mechanical
properties. Tungsten density is nothis but exact value of its mass (weight) per unit
volume. Its density at room temperature is 19.25 g/cm. And if you talk about its
density at liquid state, it is 17.60 g/cm. Viscosity of Tungsten cannot be
determined, as the concept of viscosity is only applicable to fluid (liquid state)
substances. Tensile strength of tungsten is 370.00 Mpa. Its tensile strength reflects
the effect of applied force to wrench the metal while it reaches the point where it
breaks down into pieces.
The elasticity modulus of tungsten with respect to shear modulus, bulk
modulus, and youngs modulus is 161.00 Gpa, 310.00 Gpa, and 411.00 Gpa. The
value for poisson ratio of tungsten element is 0.28. All these values indicate the
effect of the various stresses on the deformation amount of metal. This metal is
ductile, malleable in nature.
2. Physical Properties
Tungsten physical properties are one of the most important properties of this
metal. The melting point is a fundamental parameter that constitutes the physical
properties of tungsten. Melting point of tungsten is the temperature at which it
changes from its solid state to a liquid state, at constant atmospheric conditions.
Generally, the term melting point and freezing point are used interchangeably,
depending on the state change. Tungstens melting point is 3,410.00 C and
tungsten boiling point is 5,660.00 C. Tungsten melting point and its boiling point
are two very prominent aspects of its physical properties, speed of sound of
tungsten is 4,620.00 m/s.
3. Electrical Properties
Choice of any metal for an electrical application is influenced by its electrical
characteristics, the electrical property of tungsten metal is superconductor. Under
certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero ressistance to electric current
it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance. The
resistivity of tungsten defines its ability to resist the flow of electric current and
its value is 52.80 n.m

The electrical conductivity of tungsten (W) is 0.19 10 6/cm . Its electrical

conductivity explicates its ability to conduct electric current. The value for
electron affinity of Tungsten element is 78.60 kJ/mol. While comparing the
electrical properties of tungsten with others, electric conductivity and resisvity are
the major deciding factors.

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

 4. Optical Properties
Optical properties and hardness of Tungsten (W) include phenomenon such as
refractive index, reflectivity, different hardness scales. Refractive index of
tungsten is not available and its reflectivity is 62.00 %. Hardness of tungsten is
ability to resist compression force applied externally. Hardness of tungsten metal
according to Mohs Hardness, Brinell Hardness and Vickers Hardness is 7.50
Mohs, 341 HB, and 352 HV respectively. All these characteristics of tungsten are
also called as the physical properties of tungsten.
5. Thermal Properties
The enthalpy of tungsten has some variants like enthalphy of vaporization,
fusion and atomization. Their values are enthalphy of vaporization 799.10 kJ/mol,
enthalphy of fusion 35.23 kJ/mol, and 837.00 kJ/mol respectively.
The specific heat of tungsten is 0.13 J/(kg.K). When the specific amount of
heat is applied to this metal,some structural and behaviroal changes occur and
those changes are known as the thermal properties of tungsten metal. Molar heat
capacity tungsten is 24.27 J/mol.K . The critical temperature is the temperature at
and above which the vapor of the metal cannot be liquified, no matter after how
much extra pressure is applied on it. But the value for tungsten critical
temperature is 0.13 J/(kg. K)
The thermal conductivity og tungsten is 173.00 W/m.K. Its thermal
conductivity is an ability of this metal to conduct heat. The thermal expansion of
tungsten is 4.50 nanometer/(m.K). all these thermal properties of tungsten are
related to the change in temperature or effect of heat and have a considerable
impact on magnetic properties of tungsten.
6. Chemical Properties
Tungsten metal has its characteristic behavior in chemistry which is defined
by its chemical properties. Tungsten chemical properties definite its chemical
formula, isotopes, oxides, electronegativity, ionization potential,etc. There are
some other chemichal properties of tungsten such as ionization, radioactive
isotopes, solubility which also play a significant role.
Tungsten isotopes are its variants in which the number of neutrons present in
the nucleus varies. Thus, the atomic number remains constant, but atomic mass
varies with respect to atomic structure of tungsten. There are known isotopes of
this metal.

Process Of Tungsten

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

How cemented carbide is made :
First, mix tungsten carbide with cobalt to make powder which can be classfied
as raw materials. The granulated mixture is poured into a die cavity and pressed. It
gives a moderate strength like that of chalk. Next, the pressed compacts are placed in
a sintering furnance and heated at a temperature of about 1400C, resulting in
cemented carbide.

Application Of Tungsten

In daily life :
1. Lamp filament
Tungsten has the highest melting point so it was chosen as the filament lamp.

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

 2. Ring from tungsten

In fabrication :
1. Tungsten carbid dill bits

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten

 2. Eye chisel milling machine

Structure, Properties, Process and Application of Tungsten