Mwe Lab Instruction Manual New Final

Microwave Engineering Laboratory
STUDY OF MICROWAVE
COMPONENTS
Department of ECE 1 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

AIM
To study the microwave components in detail.
RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE
Wave guides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical standards and mechanical
tolerances. L and S band wave guides are fabricated by precision brazing of brass-plates and all other
wave guides are in extrusion quality. W.G. sections of specified length can be supplied with flanges,
painted outside and silver or gold plated in side.
SPECIFICATIONS
Frequency: 8.2 - 12.4 GHZ
Width: 2.286cm, Height: 1.1016cm, Width: 2.54 cm, Height: 1.27cm
Material: Brass/Copper
FIXED & VARIABLE ATTENUATORS

Series 5000 fixed Attenuators are meant for inserting a known attenuation in a wave guide
system. These consist of a loss vane inserted in a section of wave guide, flanged on both ends. These are
useful for isolation of wave guide circuits, padding and extending the range of measuring equipment.
Fixed Attenuators are available for 3, 6 or 10 dB attenuation values, but any attenuation valve between 0
and 30dB can be provided. Variable attenuators are used to have the attenuation through run time.

Fixed Attenuator (3 dB)
Variable Attenuators
TUNABLE PROBE
Model 6055 Tunable probe is designed for use with model 6051 slotted sections. These are
meant for exploring the energy of the EF in a suitably fabricated section of wave guide.
The depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by the knob of the probe. The tip pick
up the RF power from the line and this power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then fed to the
VSWR meter or indicating instrument.
Tunable Probe

WAVE GUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT (TUNABLE):
Tunable Detector Mount is simple and easy to use instrument for detecting microwave power
through a suitable detector. It consists of a detector crystal mounted in a section of a Wave guide and
shorting plunger for matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be fed to an indicating
instrument. In K and R bands detector mounts the plunger is driven by a micrometer.
Detector Mount
KLYSTRON MOUNT
Model 2051 Klystron mounts are meant for mounting corresponding Klystrons such as 2K25,
723A/B, 726A or RK - 5976 etc. These consist of a section of wave guide flanged on one end and
terminated with a movable short on the other end. An octal base with cable is provided for Klystron.
Klystron Mount

CIRCULATORS
Model 6021 and 6022 are T and Y types of three port circulators respectively. These are precisely
machined and assembled to get the desired specifications. Circulators are matched three port devices and
these are meant for allowing Microwave energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but
almost no transmission in the anti-clockwise direction.
Model No. : X - 6021
Frequency Range (GHz): 8.6 - 10.6 or 10.2 - 12.2
Min. Isolation (dB): 20
Max. Insertion Loss (dB): 0.4
Max. VSWR: 1.20
SLIDE SCREW TUNERS

Model 4041 slide screw tuners are used for matching purposes by changing the penetration and
position of a screw in the slot provided in the center of the wave guide.
These consist of a section of wave guide flanged on both ends and a thin slot is provided in the
broad wall of the Wave guide. A carriage carrying the screw is provided over the slot. A VSWR up to 20
can be tuned to a value less than 1.02 at certain frequency.

MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS

Model 6000 series Multi hole directional couplers are useful for sampling a part of Microwave
energy for monitoring purposes and for measuring reflections and impedance. These consist of a section
of Wave guide with addition of a second parallel section of wave guide thus making it a four port
network. However the fourth port is terminated with a matched load. These two parallel sections are
coupled to each other through many holes, almost to give uniform coupling; minimum frequency
sensitivity and high directivity. These are available in 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40dB coupling.
Frequency Range (GHz): 8.2 - 12.4
Coupling (dB): 3,10,20,40
Directivity (dB): 35
Wave guide type (WR-): 90
Flange type (UG/U): 39
E PLANE TEE
Model 3061 E - plane tee are series type T - junction and consists of three section of wave guide
joined together in order to divide or compare power levels. The signal entering the first port of this T -
junction will be equally dividing at second and third ports of the same magnitude but in opp. Phase
WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UG/U): 39

H - PLANT TEE
Model 3065 H - Plane Tee are shunt type T - junction for use in conjunction with VSWR meters,
frequency - meters and other detector devices. Like in E-plane tee, the signal fed through first port of H -
plane Tee will be equally divided in magnitude at second and third ports but in same phase.
WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UG-/U): 39
MAGIC TEE
Model 3045 E - H Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series and shunt wave guide
arms, mounted at the exact midpoint of main arm. Both ends of the section of wave guide and both arms
are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers, AFC circuits and impedance
measurement circuits etc. This becomes a four terminal device where one terminal is isolated from the
input terminal.
WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UR-/U): 39

MOVABLE SHORT
Model 4081 movable shorts consists of a section of waveguide, flanged on one end and
terminated with a movable shorting plunger on the other end. By means of this non contacting type
plunger, a reflection co-efficient of almost unity may be obtained
WG Type (WR-): 90
MATCHED TERMINATION
Model 4000 are low power and non-reflective type of terminations. It consists of a small and
highly dissipative taper flap mounted inside the center of a section of wave guide. Matched Terminations
are useful for USWR measurement of various waveguide components. These are also employed as
dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee junctions, directional couplers and other similar
dividing devices.
PYRAMIDAL WAVEGUIDE HORN ANTENNA

Model 5041 pyramidal Wave guide Horn antenna consists of waveguide joined to pyramidal
section fabricated from brass sheet. The pyramidal section shapes the energy to concentrate in a

specified beam. Wave guide horns are used as feed horns as radiators for reflectors and lenses and as a
pickup antenna for receiving microwave power
Max VSWR: 1.20
WG Type (WR-): 90
GUNN OSCILLATORS
Model 2151 Gunn Oscillators are solid state microwave energy generators. These consist of
waveguide cavity flanged on one end and micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other end. A gun-
diode is mounted inside the Wave guide with BNC (F) connector for DC bias. Each Gunn oscillator is
supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency vs. micrometer reading. Model No. : X - 2152, Freq:
8.2 - 12.4 GHz, Min output power: 10 MW WG Type (WR-): 90 Flange Type (UG-/U): 39
PIN MODULATORS
Model 451 pin modulators are designed to modulate the cw output of Gunn Oscillators. It is
operated by the square pulses derived from the UHF (F) connector of the Gunn power supply. These
consists of a pin diode mounted inside a section of Wave guide flanged on its both end. A fixed
attenuation vane is mounted inside at the input to protect the oscillator.
Model No. : X - 451
Max RF Power: 1W
WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (GHz): 39

GUNN POWER SUPPLY

Model X-110 Gunn Power supply comprises of a regulated DC power supply and a square wave
generator, designed to operate Gunn-Oscillator model 2151 or 2152, and pin modulators model 451
respectively. The DC voltage is variable from 0 - 10V. The front panel meter monitors the gun voltage
and the current drawn by the Gunn diode. The square wave of generator is variable from 0 - 10V. In
amplitude and 900 -1100 Hz in frequency. The power supply has been so designed to protect Gunn diode
from reverse voltage application over transient and low frequency oscillations by the negative resistance
of the Gunn-diode.
ISOLATORS
The three port circulators Model 6021 may be converted into isolators by terminating one of its
ports into matched load. These will work over the frequency range of circulators. These are well
matched devices offering low forward insertion loss and high reverse isolation.


REFLEX KLYSTRON
CHARACTERSTICS

BLOCK DIAGRAM (Experimental Set up):
VSWR / CRO
Klystron Power Supply
Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Frequency Meter Slotted Section Matched Termination

Exp. No: 1
REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To study the characteristics and calculate the efficiency of the Reflex klystron tube.
APPARATUS:
S. No Description Quantity
1 Klystron power supply 1
2 Klystron tube 1
3 Isolator 1
4 Variable attenuator 1
5 Frequency meter 1
6 Slotted Section 1
7 Detector mount 1
8 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 1
9 VSWR meter and BNC cables 1
10 Cooling Fan 1
11 Wave guide stands 1
THEORY:
Klystron is a microwave vacuum tube employing velocity modulation and transit time. In
achieving its normal operation .There are two types of klystrons tubes usually referred to as the single
transit type and the reflex type. The reflex type known as reflex klystron tube has been the most used
source of microwave power in laboratory. It consists of an electron gun producing a collimated electron
beam. The electron beam is accelerated towards the reflector by a DC voltage V o, while passing through
the positive resonator grids. The velocity of electrons in the beam will be
Vo = 2 eV o
m
e and m being electron charge and mass respectively. The repeller which is placed at a short distance
from the resonator grids, is kept at a negative potential w.r.t cathode which then turns back through the
resonator grids. The transit time of the electron depends upon the voltage of the reflector.
The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam
into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated & passed through the
positive resonator towards negative repeller, which retards and, finally, reflects the electrons and the
electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an RF-field exists in the resonator, causing the
electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in
amplitude. The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different times to

MODEL GRAPH

return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the
electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches
pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be
delivered to the resonator and Klystron will oscillate.
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence, by

changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of Klystron is possible. Also, a small frequency
change can be obtained by adjusting the repeller voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning.
A plot of the output versus repeller voltage is known as its mode characteristics. The frequency
of the klystron also changes by repeller voltage due to change in transit time of the electron During one
half of the cycle the electron emitted by the electron gun, see an accelerating field and during the other
half a retarding field. Consequently some of the electrons gain in velocity while the others are retarded.
This phenomenon is termed as velocity modulation of an electron beam. Reflex klystron is a low power
generator of 10 to 500 mW. Output at a frequency range of 1 to 25 GHz. The efficiency is about 20% to
30%.
Efficiency of Klystron
The efficiency of Klystron is defined as

P0
100%
Vb I b
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig.

2. Keep the position of variable attenuator at maximum attenuation position.
3. Set the mode selector switch to FM-MOD position with FM amplitude and frequency
a. Knob at mid position keep the beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise and
b. Reflector voltage knob fully clockwise with meter switch to PFF position.
4. Adjust the modulation voltage and repeller voltage to obtain peak reading in VSWR Meter and
read it on power scale.
5. Keep the time division scale of oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency measurement and vol/div
to lower scale.
6. Switch on the klystron power supply and oscilloscope; connect the detector mount Output (BNC
cable) to oscilloscope.
7. Change the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam voltage position and set Beam
voltage to 240V by beam voltage control knob.
8. Keep the amplitude of the knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate Reflector
voltage anti-clockwise to get modes
9. By changing the reflector voltage amplitude of FM-modulation, any mode can be observed.


OBSERVATIONS:
1. Beam voltage VB=

2. Beam current IB=
3. Repeller voltage VR=
4. Output power in dB =
Repeller voltage Output Voltage Output power Output power in dB

S. No.
VR (V) Vo (mV) Po=VoxIB (W) PdB=10 Log 10(Po)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the proper voltage for klystron tube before connecting the heads of klystron to
power supply.
2. Beam voltage should not be applied beyond 250V
3. Cooling should be provided to reflex klystron.
RESULT:
The mode characteristics of a reflex klystron were observed and plotted the graph.


GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

BLOCK DIAGRAM (Experimental setup):
GUNN Power Supply VSWR / CRO

Detector Mount
PIN Modulator
GUNN Oscillator Isolator Frequency Meter Slotted Section Matched Termination

Exp.No:2
GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To study Gunn oscillator as a source of a microwave power and hence to study V-I characteristics
APPARATUS:
1 Gun Oscillator Power Supply 1
2 Gun Oscillator 1
3 Isolator
3 PIN Diode Modulator 1
4 Frequency Meter 1
5 Slotted Section 1
6 Matched Termination 1
7 Detector with Tunable Mount 1
8 VSWR meter / CRO 1
9 BNC Cable 2
THEORY:
Gunn oscillators can also be used as modulated microwave sources. The modulation is generally
provided by means of a PIN diode. PIN diode is a device whose resistance varies with the bias applied to
it. When the waveguide line is shunted with PIN diode and the diode is biased positively, it prevents a
very high impendence there by not affecting the line appreciably. However if it is negatively biased it
offer a very low impendence.
Almost short circuit, thereby reflecting microwave power incident on it. Impendence varies with
bias, the signal is amplitude modulated as the bias varies. Since heavy power is reflected during
negative biasing of PIN diode, so an isolator or an attenuator should invariably be used to isolate Gunn
diode and avoid overloading.
Gunn oscillator can also be pulse modulated but it is accompanied by frequency modulation and
FM is not good so separate Pin modulation is preferred. When Gunn diode is biased the disturbance
created at cathode give rise to high field region which travels towards anode. At anode this domain
disappears while another is originated at cathode. The time taken by the domain between cathode and
anode determines the frequency of oscillations. When the diode is placed in the resonant cavity the
frequency of oscillations is governed by cavity rather than diode.
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semiconductors
which has two conduction bands separated by an energy gap (greater than thermal energies). A
disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region which travels towards the anode. When this
field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts

MODEL GRAPH
Negative
PEAK CURRENT Resistance Region
VALLEY CURRENT
VALLEY VOLTAGE
PEAK VOLTAGE
V
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE

moving towards anode and so on. The time required-for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit
time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. The Oscillation frequency is
determined by cavity dimensions. Although Gunn Oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias
voltage. We have used a PIN modulator for square wave modulation of the signal coming from Gunn
diode. A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the output ratio
between ON and OFF state
PROCEDURE:
1. The equipment is arranged as shown in the block diagram.

2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control of gun power supply as below:
Meter switch - VOLT (V)
Gunn bias knob - Fully Anticlockwise
PIN bias knob - Fully Anticlockwise
PIN Modulation Frequency- Any position
Switch No.4 - INT
4. Keep the control knob of CRO as below:
Meter Switch - Normal
Input switch - Low Impedance
Range dB Switch - 40dB
Gain Control knob-Fully clockwise
5. Micrometer of gun oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. Switch ON the gun power supply and CRO.
7. Turn the meter switch of gun power supply to current position.
8. Measure the gun diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled by gun bias knob
through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
9. Plot voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in the above model graph.
10. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check proper voltage for Gunn diode and care biasing PIN and GUNN diode.
2. Do not keep the Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds and
reading should be obtained as fast as possible otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn diode
may burn.
3. Cooling should be provided to GUNN Oscillator.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Voltage(V) Current(mA)

APPLICATIONS:
1. In parametric amplifiers as pump source
2. Fast combinational and sequential logic circuits
3. In different types of radar transmitters
4. As broad band linear amplifier.
5. As microwave oscillator.
RESULT:
The Gunn oscillator as a source of microwave power is studied and hence the graphs are drawn
for V-I characteristics.


ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

BLOCK DIRGRAM (Experimental setup):
VSWR / CRO
Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Frequency Meter Slotted SectionMatched Termination
Exp.No :3

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To find the attenuation characteristics of a variable attenuator.
APPARATUS:
1 Klystron Power Supply 1
2 Klystron Tube 1
3 Ferrite Isolator 1
4 Frequency meter 1
5 Variable Attenuator 1
6 Slotted Section 1
7 Detector with tunable mount 1
8 VSWR Meter / CRO 1
9 BNC Cable 1
10 Wave Guide Stands 5
THEORY:
The attenuators are two port bidirectional devices which attenuates some power when inserted in
the transmission line.
Attenuation (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)
Where P1 is the power detected by the load without the attenuator in line
P2 is the power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
The attenuator consists of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
microwave power according to their position with respect to the side walls of the wave guide. An
electric field is maximum at center in TE10 mode; the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed
at the center of the wave guide.
PROCEDURE: Gain in dB
1. Connect the equipment as shown in the figure.

2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation.
3. Measure the output power with the help of CRO/VSWR by changing variable attenuator
position.
4. Repeat the above step by decreasing or increasing attenuator position.
MODEL GRAPH

Attenuation (mm)
OBSERVATIONS:
Gain=
Output Output power in
S.NO Attenuation(mm) Output Power
Voltage dB
10

10 log

PRECAUTIONS:
power supply.
2. Beam voltage should not be applied beyond 250V.
RESULT:
The Attenuator characteristics of a variable attenuator is studied and plotted.


DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
CHARACTERSTICS

BLOCK DIGRAM:
VSWR / CRO
Klystron Power Supply Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Slotted Section Directional CouplerMatched Termination

Exp.No: 4
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To study the characteristics of a two-hole Directional Coupler and to calculate the Insertion, Isolation,
Coupling and directivity of a Two hole directional coupler.
APPARATUS:

2 Reflex klystron 1
3 Isolator 1
5 Slotted Section 1
6 Directional Coupler 1
8 Detector mount 1
10 Cooling Fan 1
11 Waveguide Stands 5
12 BNC Cable 1
THEORY:
The two-hole directional coupler is as shown below
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and reflected
wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm, electro
magnetically coupled to each other which is shown in the above figure. The power entering, in the main-
arm gets divided between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out in port 4 power entering at port 2
is divided between port 1 and 4.

OBSERVATIONS:
Input Beam Voltage VB=

Input Beam Current I =
Repeller Voltage VR =

Input Power P =V =
P1 = Input Port or Incident Port

Voltage at output of Bench when no DC is connected =
Power at port1 (P1) = (Voltage at output of Bench when no DC is Connected) X IB
=
P2 = Output Port or Received Port

Voltage at output port 2 when DC is connected =
Power at port2 (P2) = (Voltage at output port 2 when DC is Connected) X IB
=
P3 = Forward Port or Coupled Port

Voltage at output port 3 when DC is connected =
=
P4= Backward Port or Isolated Port

After Reversing the Directional Coupler Port 2 will act as a Port 1 and Port 3 will act as a Port 4 then
calculate the power at port 4
Voltage at output port 4 when DC is Connected =

=
P1

P3
C = Coupling (dB) = 10 log10 =

The coupling factor is defined as
P1

P3
C = Coupling (dB) = 10 log10 where port 2 is matched.
P2

P3
I = Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 Where P1 is matched.
With built-in termination and power entering at Port 1, the directivity of the coupler is a measure of
separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. Directivity is measured indirectly as follows:
P3
P
4
Directivity D (dB) = I - C= 10 log10
Main line VSWR, is the measured SWR looking into the main-line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is the measured SWR in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal
when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by insertion of coupler, It is
defined as:
P1

P2
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in the bench set up.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Remove the Two-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount of the frequency
meter. Tune the detector for maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter / CRO with the help of variable attenuator,
gain control knob of VSWR meter / CRO, and note down the reading (reference level let P1).
5. Insert the directional coupler with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to
port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR
meter/ CRO.
6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter / CRO on the scale with the help of range-db switch if
required. Let it be P3.
7. Calculate coupling factor which will be P1-P3 = C (dB).

P2

P3
I = Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 =
P3

P4
D = Directivity (dB) = 10 log10 =
P1

P2
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10 =
Isolation = Coupling + Directivity

=
=

8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from port
2 without disturbing the set-up.
9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the
reading on VSWR meter / CRO. Suppose it is Z. let it be P2
10. Compute insertion loss P1-P2 in dB.
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
12.
Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to frequency meter side.
Matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3. without disturbing the position of
the variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter / CRO. Measure and note down
the reading on VSWR meter. Let it be P3.
P1 - P3YD gives the isolation I (dB). I = P1 - P3
13. Compute the directivity as P3- P3 = I-C
14. Repeat the same for other frequencies
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the proper voltages of klystron tube before connecting the leads of klystron to power
supply.
2. Beam voltage should not apply first.
RESULT:
The performance characteristics and analysis of a Two-Hole Directional Coupler have been
analyzed.


WAVE GUIDE PARAMETER

MEASUREMENT

BLOCK DIAGRAM (Experimental Set Up):
VSWR / CRO
Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Frequency Meter Slotted Section Matched Termination

Exp.No: 5
WAVEGUIDE PARAMETER MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To measure cut off wavelength, Guide wavelength, Group velocity & Phase velocity and
Characteristic wave impedance of a wave guide.
APPARATUS:
2 Reflex klystron 1
3 Isolator 1
5 Frequency meter 1
6 Slotted Section 1
8 Detector mount 1
10 Cooling Fan 1
12 BNC Cable 1
THEORY:
The important waveguide parameters are

1. Cut-off wavelength (C)
2. Guide wavelength(g)
3. Group velocity(Vg)
4. Phase velocity(Vp)
5. Characteristic wave impedance( Z0)
Cut-off wavelength:
There are a number of possible electric field and magnetic field configurations (called Modes)
that can exist in a wave guide. Each mode has a cut-off wavelength. The cut-off wavelength for
rectangular guides for both TEmn and TMmn is given by
2
(m/a) (n/b) 2
2
C =
Where a = broader dimension of the waveguide

OBSERVATIONS:
Beam voltage =
Beam current=
Repeller Voltage=
1
Frequency f =
2
Frequency f =
dVmax1=
dVmax2=
a= ; 2a=
f 1 +f 2
2
f= =
C

F
1

2
1

c
2
;
g

2
dVmax1 - dVmax2 =
1

g g2
= ;
1

2
1 1
2
g 2
c
Where LHS=1/ 02 and RHS= (1/ c2) + (1/ g2)

various wavelengths in a rectangular waveguide has been verified.


b = narrow dimension of the waveguide

For Dominant Mode TE10 C = 2a
Guide wavelength :
Wavelength of the traveling wave propagating inside the waveguide, is always different from the
free space wavelength (0). The guide wavelength (g) ,the cutoff wavelength (C ) and the free space
wavelength (0) are interrelated by
2
1 1 1
1 0 2
= 2+ 2
C 0 c g
g = 0 / or
Group velocity and Phase velocity:

The velocity of propagation in a waveguide is the product of guide wavelength g and the frequency
f and since g 0, it appears as if (Vp) is greater than speed of light. Vp is termed as the velocity of phase
or Phase velocity. When a modulated carrier travels through a waveguide the modulation envelope
travels with a velocity much less than the speed of light. The velocity of modulation envelope is called
Group Velocity (Vg). In an air filled or hollow waveguide, the phase and group velocities are related to
speed of light by
Vg = (0 /g).C and Vp = (g/0).C
Where C = Speed of light
g = Guide wavelength, 0 = Free space wavelength
Characteristic wave impedance :

The generalized expression for the characteristic impedance (ZO) of waveguide for TE modes is
b g

a
ZO = 377
For hollow or air filled waveguides =1,=1.
Therefore ZO = 377 (b/a) ( g/ 0)
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in the Block Diagram.

2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the Control Knobs of Klystron power supply as below
4. Beam voltage - Off

5. Mod-Switch - AM
6. Beam Voltage knob - Fully anticlockwise
7. Repeller Voltage - Fully clockwise
8. AM-Amplitude knob - Around fully clockwise
9. AM- Frequency Knob - Around Mid position

1. Switch ON the Klystron power supply, CRO and Cooling Fan Switch.
2. Switch ON the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 270 V with help of beam voltage
knob.
3. Adjust the repeller voltage to get some wave in CRO.
4. Tune the repeller voltage knob for maximum deflection.
5. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the CRO and note down the frequency directly
from frequency meter.
6. Move the probe along the slotted line. The amplitude of the wave in CRO will vary. Move the
probe to a minimum position, to get accurate reading. Note and record the Wave amplitude.
7. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
8. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum position
obtained as above.
9. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension a and narrow dimension b.
1 1 1
2 2
2
g C
10. Calculate the cut-off wavelength C by taking the value of a and taking the
values of m and n as 1& 0.
11. Calculate the wavelength by using the equation.
12. Calculate the group and phase velocities using the equations
Vp = (g/0).C and Vg = (0/g).C
13. Finally calculate the characteristic wave impedance using the equation
ZO = 377 (b/a) (g/0)
PRECAUTIONS:
power supply.
RESULT:
The relationship between various wavelengths in a rectangular waveguide has been verified.



SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF
CIRCULATOR

VSWR / CRO
Klystron Power Supply Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Slotted Section Circulator Matched Termination

Exp.No: 6
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR
AIM:
To study the operation of ferrite circulator and to measure the Insertion loss and Isolation of a 3
Port Circulator.
APPARATUS:
2 Reflex klystron 1
3 Isolator PORT 2 1
4 Variable
PORTAttenuator
1 PORT 3 1
5 Slotted Section 1
6 Circulator
3 Port Circulator 1
8 Detector mount 1
10 Cooling Fan 1
12 BNC Cable 1
THEORY:
Circulator:
Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy in a port is coupled to the
adjacent port in clock wise direction or anti-clock wise direction but not coupled to the other ports. This
is depicted in the below figure and circulator can have any number of ports. The circulator that is shown
below is a three port circulator

OBSERVATION:

Input Beam Voltage V =

Repeller Voltage VR=
For a Clock Wise Circulator

Input Power at Port 1 of circulator = (Voltage at output when no circulator is connected) X IB
=
Output Power at Port 2 of circulator = (Voltage at port 2 when circulator is connected) X IB

=

=
=

=

=

=

=

=
S11 S12 S13

S 21 S 22 S 23
S S 32 S 33
31
Scattering Matrix of a 3 port Circulator S=
power at port 1
Where S11 = 10 log10 { power at port 1 }

power at port 2
S12 = 10 log10 { power at port 1 }
The important circulator parameters are:
Insertion loss:
Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to
the input port, measured with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is expressed in dB.
Isolation:
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio is
expressed in dB. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a matched
load.
PROCEDURE:
Insertion loss and Isolation:
1. Remove the probe of circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to slotted
section. The output of detector mount should be connected with CRO.
2. Energize the microwave source for max output for a particular operation of frequency.
3. Set the reference level of power in CRO with the help of variable attenuator and gain control
knob of CRO, let it be p1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing and position of set up.
Insert the circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line
and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third port in place of
circulator.
5. Record the reading in the CRO and let it be p2.
6. Compute insertion loss i.e., p1-p2 in dB.
7. For measurement of isolation, the circulator has to be connected reverse, i.e., output port to
slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched termination after
setting a reference level without circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss
measurement. Let same p1 level is set.
8. Record the reading of CRO inserting circulator, let it is p3.
9. Compute isolation as p1-p3 in dB.
10. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
11. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if needed.

The Scattering matrix of a 3 port circulator is
S=
1

2
Insertion loss: 10 log =S12 =
1

3
Insertion loss: 10 log = S13 =

APPLICATIONS
1. Circulator can be used as a duplexer
2. In radar, circulators are used to route outgoing and incoming signals between the antenna, the
transmitter and the receiver.
3. In VHF and UHF applications, the circulator is virtually always used as an isolator
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the proper voltage for klystron tube before connecting the heads of klystron to power
supply.
RESULT:
The operation of a 3 port circulator is studied and the insertion loss, isolation loss are measured
for a 3 port circulator.


SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF
MAGIC TEE

Klystron Power Supply VSWR / CRO

Detector Mount
Variable Attenuator
Reflex Klystron Isolator Slotted Section Magic Tee Matched Termination
Matched Termination
Exp.No: 7

SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE

AIM:
To study the operation of magic tee, and to calculate the Isolation loss and coupling coefficient.
APPARATUS:
2 Reflex klystron 1
3 Isolator 1
5 Slotted Section 1
6 Magic Tee 1
8 Detector mount 1
10 Cooling Fan 1
12 BNC Cable 1
THEORY:
The magic tee is a combination of E and H plane tees. Arm 3 forms an H-plane tee with arms 1
and 2. Arm 4 forms an E-plane tee with arms 1 and 2. Arms 1 and 2 are sometimes called the side or
collinear arms. Port 3 is called the H-plane port, and is also called the port, sum port or the P-port (for
"parallel"). Port 4 is the E-plane port, and is also called the port, difference port, or S-port (for
"series"). There is no one single established convention regarding the numbering of the ports.
To function correctly, the magic tee must incorporate an internal matching structure. This
structure typically consists of a post inside the H-plane tee and an inductive iris inside the E-plane limb,
though many alternative structures have been proposed. Dependence on the matching structure means
that the magic tee will only work over a limited frequency band.
The name magic tee is derived from the way in which power is divided among the various ports.
A signal injected into the H-plane port will be divided equally between ports 1 and 2, and will be in
phase. A signal injected into the E-plane port will also be divided equally between ports 1 and 2, but will
be 180 degrees out of phase. If signals are fed in through ports 1 and 2, they are added at the H-plane
port and subtracted at the E-plane port. Thus, with the ports numbered as shown, and to within a phase
factor, the full scattering matrix for an ideal magic tee is

OBSERVATIONS:

Input Beam Voltage V =

Repeller Voltage VR=
Input Power at Port 1 of Magic Tee = (Voltage at output when no Magic Tee is connected) X IB
=
Output Power at Port 2 of Magic Tee = (Voltage at port 2 when Magic Tee is connected) X IB
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

(the signs of the elements in the fourth row and fourth column of this matrix may be reversed,
depending on the polarity assumed for port 4).
If, by means of a suitable internal structure, the E-plane (difference) and H-plane (sum) ports are
simultaneously matched, then by symmetry, reciprocity and conservation of energy it may be shown that
the two collinear ports are also matched, and are magically isolated from each other.
The E-field of the dominant mode in each port is perpendicular to the broad wall of
the waveguide. The signals in the E-plane and H-plane ports therefore have orthogonal polarizations,
and so (considering the symmetry of the structure) there can be no communication between these two
ports.
For a signal entering the H-plane port, a well-designed matching structure will prevent any of the
power in the signal being reflected back out of the same port. As there can be no communication with
the E-plane port, and again considering the symmetry of the structure, then the power in this signal must
be divided equally between the two collinear ports.
Similarly for the E-plane port, if the matching structure eliminates any reflection from this port,
then the power entering it must be divided equally between the two collinear ports.
Now by reciprocity, the coupling between any pair of ports is the same in either direction (the
scattering matrix is symmetric). So if the H-plane port is matched, then half the power entering either
one of the collinear ports will leave by the H-plane port. If the E-plane port is also matched, then half
power will leave by the E-plane port. In this circumstance, there is no power 'left over' either to be
reflected out of the first collinear port or to be transmitted to the other collinear port. Despite apparently
being in direct communication with each other, the two collinear ports are magically isolated.
The isolation between the E-plane and H-plane ports is wide-band and is as perfect as is the
symmetry of the device. The isolation between the collinear ports is however limited by the performance
of the matching structure.
The basic parameters to measure for magic tee and circulator are defined below.
Isolation:
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of power supplied by the generator
connected to the E arm to the power detected at H arm when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated with
matched filter.
Isolation=p4-p3=10log (p4/p3)
Coupling coefficient=Cij=10-/20

=
=
=
=
=
=
Output Power at Port 1of Magic Tee = (Voltage at port 4 when Magic Tee is connected) X IB
=
1

2
Isolation = 10 log
Isolation =
1

2
Insertion = 10 log =

ij 10 20
Coupling Coefficient C =
S=
Where is attenuation or isolation in dB when it is u i i/p arm and j o/p arm.

= 10log (pi/pj)
PROCEDURE:
Isolation:
1. Remove the tunable probe and magic tee from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the
slotted line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular Q of operation and find detector mount for wave
o/p.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of CRO, set any power level in the
CRO and note down it to be p3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place the
magic tee after and matched termination to arm 1 and 2.Note down the reading of CRO let it be
p4.
5. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as p3- p4 in dB,.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in theory part.
Applications:
1. When high isolation between ports is additionally required in a mixer application, Magic-tee
devices are used.
2. The magic tee hybrid provides close to full band performance
3. These components will have applications in both commercial and military systems
4. Applications of the magic Tee also include their use in monopulse comparators, mixers, power
combiners, dividers, modulators
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully

2. Reading should be taken e\without parallax error
RESULT:
Isolation and coupling coefficient of Magic tee are calculated by measuring the voltage of ports
similarly power is also measured.


CHARACTERISTICS OF A LASER
DIODE

EXPERIMENTAL(Set up):
Block Diagram:

Exp.No: 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LASER DIODE
AIM: The aim of the experiment is to study
(i) Optical power(Po) of a laser diode Vs Laser diode forward current(IF)

(ii) Monitor photodiode current(IM) Vs Laser optical power Output(Po)
Apparatus:
1 Laser Diode transmitter kit 1
2 Laser Diode receiver kit 1
3 Fiber Optic cable (2m) 1
4 Digital Multimeters 2
5 Patch chords 1
THEORY:
LEDs and LASER Diodes are the commonly used sources in optical communication
Systems, whether the system transmits digital or analogue signals. In the case of analogue transmission,
direct intensity modulation of the optical sources is possible provided the optical output from the source
can be varied linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a linear
optical output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may be
mentioned that in many low-cost, short-haul and small bandwidth applications. LEDs at 660nm, 850nm,
and 1300nm are popular. While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is
achieved by fm modulating the base-band signal prior to intensity modulation.
LASER Diodes are used in telecom, data com and video communication applications
involving high speeds and long hauls. All single mode optical fiber communication systems use
LASERs in the 1300nm and 1550 nm windows. LASERs with very small line widths also facilitate
realization of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for high density communication over a single
fiber. The inherent properties of LASER diodes that make them suitable for such applications are high
coupled optical power into the fiber (Typically greater than 1 mW), high stability of optical intensity,
small line-widths (less than 0.05 nm in special devices), high speed (several GHz) and high linearity
(over a specified region suitable for analogue transmission). Special LASERs also provide for
generation/ amplification of, optical signals within an optical fiber. These fibers are known as erbium
doped fiber amplifiers; LASER diodes for communication applications are available in the wavelength
regions 650nm, 780nm, 850nm, 980nm, 1300nm and 1550nm. Even though a variety of LASER diode

Block Diagram:
MODEL GRAPH

constructions are available there are a number of common features in all of them. We have selected a
very simple device (650nm/2.5 mw) to demonstrate the functioning of a LASER diode.
A LASER diode has a built in photo detector, which one can employ to monitor the optical
intensity of the LASER at a specified forward current. This device is also effectively utilized in
designing an optical negative feedback control loop, to stabilize the optical power of a LASER in the
steep lasing region. The electronic circuit scheme that employs the monitor photodiode to provide a
negative feedback for stabilization of optical power is known as the Automatic Power Control Mode
(APC). If a closed loop employs current control alone to set optical power then this mode is called the
Automatic Current Control Mode (ACC). The disadvantage of ACC scheme is that the optical power
output may not stable at a given current due to the fact that small shifts in the lasing characteristics occur
with temperature changes and ageing. The disadvantage of the APC is that the optical feedback loop
may cause oscillations, if not designed properly
Procedure with Block Schematic for Po vs IF experiments:
The schematic diagram for study of the LASER DIODE Po as a function of LASER DIODE
forward current IF is shown below and is self-explanatory
1. Connect the 2-meter PMMA FO cable to Tx unit of TNS20EL and couple laser light to the power
meter on the Rx unit as shown. Select ACC mode of operation.
2. Set DMM 1 to the 2000mV range and on the receiver side connect to the terminals marked Po to
it. Turn it on the power meter is now ready for use. Po= (Reading)/10dBm.
3. Set DMM2 to 200.0 mV and connect it between Vo and Gnd on the Tx unit(IF=Vo/100)
4. Adjust the SET If on the Tx knob to the extreme anticlockwise position to reduce IF to 0. The
power meter reading will be below -40dBm or out of range.
5. Slowly turn the SET Po knob clockwise to increase IF and Po. Note IF and Po
6. Plot the graph Po Vs IF on a semi-log graph sheet. Determine slope prior to lasing and after
lasing. Record the laser threshold current.

Table of readings: (ACC mode/PMMA cable)
S. No Vo(mV) IF=Vo/100 (mA) Po(dBm)
Inferences:
From the above Table it is seen that the LASER optical output does not increase appreciably for
IF below the threshold LASER Diode current Ith. Above Ith, Po increases steeply Po is very steep. The
LASER threshold LASER Diode may be determined from the graph or by recording closer readings.
Table of readings :(ACC mode/PMMA cable)
SI. No Po(dBm) VM(mV) IF=(VM )/100k
Inferences:
From the above table it is seen that the MPD photo current sharply increases above threshold Po,
following the pattern of the first part of the experiment. The threshold Po and I F (Threshold) can be
computed from the plot.
Procedure with Block schematic for IM Vs Po Experiment :

The schematic diagram for study of monitor photodiode current as a function of LD optical output (Po)
is shown below
1. Connect the 2 meter PMMA FO cable to Po port of TNS20EL and couple laser light to the power
meter on the Rx unit as shown.
2. Set DMM 1 to the 2000mV range and on the receiver side connects to the terminals marked Po
to it. Turn it on the power meter is now ready for use. Po=(Reading)/10dBm.
3. Set DMM2 to 200.0 mV and connect it between Vo and Gnd on the Tx unit(IF=Vo/100)
4. Adjust the SET Po knob to the extreme anticlockwise position to reduce IM to the minimum
value. There will be negligible offset voltage.
5. Change Po in suitable steps and note down the VM readings. Record up to the extreme
clockwise position.
6. Plot the graph IM Vs Po on semi-log graph sheet. Im=(VM)/(100K).
Precautions to be observed while handling LASER Diodes:

1. LASERs are highly ESD sensitive, use proper ESD protected facility
2. No LASER beam should LASER diode be viewed directly of from a highly reflecting surface
3. LASERs are highly sensitive to transients
RESULT: The characteristics of the Laser Diode have been studied.


MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES FOR

ANALOG OPTIC LINK
EXPERIMENTAL (setup):

Block Diagram:
Exp.No:9
MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES FOR ANALOG OPTIC LINK

AIM:
To transmit analog signal through optical fiber to receiver, to note down the amplitude of the
signals of different frequencies.
APPARATUS:
1 Fiber optic transmitter kit 1
2 Fiber optic receiver kit 1
4 Function generator 1
5 Patch chords 1
6 C.R.O 1
THEORY:
The transmitter unit converts input electrical signals to optical signals for transmission through
optical fiber at 660mm.The Electric signals are converted to optical o/p by driving the F0 LEDs
linearly, using negative feedback operational amplifiers circuits.
The receiver unit accepts the input optical signals can (or) power at the SMA connectors from the
optic fiber and provides linear (or) logarithmic outputs. When the optical signal is connected to F0 port,
it is demodulated linearly to give an o/p voltage V out. This is directly proportional to the optical input
power.
Losses in fiber occur due to joints or splices due to axial displacement, angular, mismatch of core
diameters.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect one end of cable 1 to the LED port of the FO analog transmitter and other end to the
FO
2. Pin port (power meter port) of FO analog receiver.
3. Set DMM to 2000 mv range.
4. Connect the optical fiber from tx to rx, and turn set PO knob clockwise note down reading say 15
dBm(DMM will read 150 mV),note down as P01
5. Now turn of the fiber as shown in the figure note down value as P02.
6. Find the difference P01- P02.dB
OBSERVATIONS:

S. No P01 P02 Loss
7. Next remove the cable and connect new cable of different length note down as P03.
8. Use inline SMA adaptor for connecting two cables. Assume loss as 1dB for in line adaptor.
9. The experiment repeated for different Po settings.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Readings should be taken without parallax errors.

2. Adjust screw tightly.
RESULT:
The loss characteristics of different of different wavelengths are plotted between gain &
frequency.


CHARACTERISATION OF LED

Circuit Diagram:

Exp.No:10
CHARACTERISATION OF LED
Aim: To find the V-I characteristics of Fiber optic LED
Apparatus:
1 LED Diode transmitter kit 1
2 LED Diode receiver kit 1
4 Digital Multimeters 2
5 Patch chords 1
THEORY:
In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into optical signal with
the help of Electrical to Optical conversion device as LED. After this optical signal is transmitted
through optical fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help Optical to Electrical
conversion device as photo detector.
LEDS and laser diodes are the commonly used sources in optical communication systems,
whether the system transmits digital or analogue signals. In the case of analogue transmission, direct
intensity modulation of the optical source is possible, provided the optical output from the source can be
varied linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LED S have a linear optical
output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may be mentioned that
in many low-cost, short-haul and small bandwidth applications,, LED S at 660nm, 850nm and 1300nm
are popular. While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by
FM modulating the base-band signal prior to intensity modulation.
Photo-detectors usually come in variety of forms like photoconductive, photovoltaic, transistor

type output and diode type output. Here also characteristics to be taken into account are response time of
the detector which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and
responsivity

Model Graph
Observations
S.NO Vf(V) If(mA)

Procedure:
1. Connect the Tech-Book Power Supply with mains cord to Tech-Book Scientech2501A.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are in OFF condition.
3. Put the mode switch SW1 to Digital to drive the emitter in Digital mode.
4. Make connections as shown in above figure
5. Connect the variable Power Supply to the emitter input.
6. Connect an Ammeter between point a and b to measure the forward current (If).
7. Connect a Voltmeter between emitter input and ground to measure the forward voltage (Vf).
8. Switch On the Power Supply of Tech-Book and Oscilloscope.
9. Touch the Power symbol for few seconds to switch on the Tech-Book. Power symbol is given at
Left side top position of mimic near the Power Connector.
10. Adjust the Power Supply potentiometer to its minimum setting fully counter clockwise. Now
look down the emitter LED socket and slowly advance the setting of the potentiometer until in
subdued lighting the light from LED is just visible.
11. Vary the potentiometer gradually so as to vary the forward voltage (as 1.5,2.0..), note the
corresponding If (forward current).
12. Record these values of (Vf) and (If) & plot the characteristic between these two.
RESULT:
The V-I characteristics of a LED have been verified.


MEASUREMENT DATA RATE FOR

DIGITAL OPTICAL LINK

EXPERIMENTAL (set up):

Exp.No: 11
MEASUREMENT DATA RATE FOR DIGITAL OPTICAL LINK
AIM:
To study a simple a fiber optic digital link for transmission of a signal train we will use o/p
waveform the encoder micro controller at the pulse train we will use the list point Vo to study the
received waveform .
APPARATUS:
1 Optic Transmitter kit 1
2 Optical receiver kit 1
3 Fiber optic cable (2m) 1
4 C.R.O 1
5 Patch chords 1
THEORY:
In this experiment we design a simple fiber optic link for a transmission of serial train of pulses.
We will use the NRZ o/p for the encoder microcontroller as the pulse train. We will use the test point V 0
to study the received waveform. The electrical transmitter device drives the optical source. The optical
source is one which converts an electrical signal to optical signal with corresponding wavelength. The
devices used as optical signal source is given to detector using a fiber optic cable of 1m optical detector
using one which converts optical signal into corresponding electrical signal the devices used as a optical
diodes are pin diode, avalanche photodiode. The encoder out is in the form of signal format.
Symbol 1 and 0 are represented by pulses of equal positive and negative amplitudes.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect one end of cable to the LED port of FT2106-Tx and the other end of the Fo port of
FT2106-Rx. While connecting the cables note down that minimum force should be applied
2. Connect NRZ encoder o/p to Vin on the transmitter side also connect it to channel1, of a dual
trace C.R.O. Connect V0 on the receiver side of channel2. Connect the clock signal.
3. Now turn the signal if the transmitter to clock of the receiver.
4. Observe the transmitted and received waveforms.


PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections of fiber optics to transmitter and receiver should be tightened upto certain range
only.
2. Reading from C.R.O should be taken carefully.
RESULT:
The fiber optic digital link between the transmitter and receiver is observed and the NRZ signal format
both of transmitter and receiver.


INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER

OUTPUT THROUGH AN OPTIC FIBER
Experimental Setup:


Exp.No: 12
INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT THROUGH AN OPTIC FIBER
AIM:
To obtain Intensity Modulation of the Digital Signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and
demodulate the same at the receiver end to retrieve the original signal.
APPARATUS:
1 Intensity Modulation Transmitter kit 1
2 Intensity Modulation Receiver kit 1
3 Fiber optic cable (2m) 1
4 C.R.O 1
5 Patch chords 1
THEORY:
The intensity modulation / demodulation for digital system is realized using the NS20LD module
and the LASER Detector Module LDD 03 linked through an optical fiber. We use the 2-meter PMMA
fiber cable. The LASER carrier power, Po is set by adjusting the SET Po knob. It is set below the
lasing threshold for state 0. A 1 at the input will drive the LASER to laser mode and in effect high
intensity. The LDD-03 Rin set for different values to study the response.
PROCEDURE:
Method 1:
1. Connect the TechBook Power Supply with mains cord to TechBook Scientech2501A.
2. Make the connections as shown in next figure
a. Connect the 1 KHz square wave socket in Function Generator block to emitter input.
b. Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector input.
c. Connect the detector output to comparator input.
3. Put the mode switch SW1 to Digital to drive the emitter in Digital mode. This ensures that signal
applied to the driver input cause the emitter LED to switch quickly between On & Off states.
4. Switch On the Power Supply of TechBook and Oscilloscope.
5. Touch the Power symbol for few seconds to switch on the TechBook. Power symbol is given at
Left side top position of mimic near the Power Connector.
6. Examine the input to emitter on an Oscilloscope this 1 KHz square wave is now being used to
amplitude modulates emitter LED.
7. Examine the output of detector. This should carry a smaller version of original 1KHz square
wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted into an electrical signal.

Tables of readings: Vout Vs Vin
Frequency= Carrier Level Po= dBm Initial Gain=
S. No Vin (mV p-p) Vout (mV p-p) Gain= Vout/ Vin

8. Monitor inputs of comparator and slowly adjust the comparator bias potentiometer until the DC
level on the negative input lies mid-way between the high & low level of the signal on the
positive input. This DC level is comparator's threshold level.
9. Examine the output of comparator. Note that the original digital modulating signal has been
reconstructed at the receiver.
10. Once again carefully flex the fiber optic cable; we can see that there is no change in output on
bending the fiber. The output amplitude is now independent of the bend radius of the cable and
that of length of cable, provided that detector output signal is large enough to cross the
comparator threshold level. This illustrates one of the advantages of amplitude modulation of a
light beam by digital rather than analog means. Also non-linear ties within the emitter LED &
phototransistor causing distortion of the signal at the receiver output are the disadvantages
associated with amplitude modulating a light source by analog means. Linearity is not a problem
if the light beam is switched On & Off with a digital signal, since the detector output is
simply squared up by a comparator circuit. To overcome problems associated with amplitude
modulation of a light beam by analog means, analog signals are often used to vary or modulate
some characteristic of a digital signal (e.g. frequency or pulse width.). The digital signal being
used to switch the light beam On & Off The next two experiments illustrate how an analog
signal can be used to modulate two specific characteristics of a digital signal.
Method 2:
1. Connect one end of the PMMA FO cable (cable1) to the laser port on the Tx unit. The other end
is first connected to FO PIN (on RX Unit) to set the carrier power level of the laser. Then it is
removed and given to FO PT (Rx unit) to study the response of IM system.
2. Set DMM to 2000 mV range, connect it to Po. The power meter is now ready for use.
a. Po= (reading)/10 dBm.
3. On the Tx unit, connect Vin to a function generator (10 Hz to 500 KHz; sine wave o/p, 10 mV to
2000 mV P-P output). The black lead is ground. Give the function generator o/p to CH1 as
shown.
4. On the Rx unit connect Vout to CH2 of the dual trace oscilloscope. Connect the Black lead to
ground.
5. Plug the AC mains for both systems.
6. With PMMA FO cable connected to the power meter, adjust the SET Po knob to set optical
carrier power Po to suitable level say -14dBm. Next disconnect the cable from the power meter
and connect to FO PT.
7. Set signal frequency and amplitude to 2 kHz and 100mW respectively. Observe the transmitted
and received signals on the oscilloscope. Set Rin suitably to get Vout= Vin or a known gain or
minimum gain. The system gain now set. Next vary V in in suitable values from 10mV to 200mV
p-p and note down the values Vout. Tabulate and plot the graph get Vout Vs Vin .
RESULT:
The characteristics of Intensity modulation have been verified.


DESIGN OF PATCH ANTENNA

USING HFSS


Exp.No: 13
DESIGN OF PATCH ANTENNA USING HFSS
AIM:
To design a patch antenna using HFSS ( High Frequency Structural Simulator).
APPARATUS:
1 HFSS ( High Frequency Structural Simulator) software 1
2 Personal Computer 1
Design Methodology of Antenna Using HFSS:
HFSS:
HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures from Ansys.
The acronym originally stood for high frequency structural simulator. It is one of several commercial
tools used for antenna design, and the design of complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters,
transmission lines, and packaging. It was originally developed by Professor Zoltan Cendes and his
students at Carnegie Mellon University. Prof. Cendes and his brother Nicholas Csendes founded Ansoft
and sold HFSS stand-alone under a 1989 marketing relationship with Hewlett-Packard, and bundled into
Ansoft products. After various business relationships over the period 1996-2006, HP (which became
Agilent EEsof EDA division) and Ansoft went their separate ways. Agilent with the critically acclaimed
FEM Element and Ansoft with their HFSS products, respectively. Ansoft was later acquired by Ansys.
ANSYS HFSS software is the industry-standard simulation tool for 3-D full-wave
electromagnetic field simulation and is essential for the design of high-frequency and high-speed
component design. HFSS offers multiple state-of the-art solver technologies based on either the proven
finite element method or the well-established integral equation method.
Steps to design antenna using HFSS 13.0:
Starting HFSS:

Double click on the HFSS 13.0 icon on the Windows Desktop.

Insert an HFSS Design:

Click Project>Insert HFSS Design.
Right-click on the project name in the Project Manager window, and then click Insert>Insert HFSS
Design on the shortcut menu.
Click the Insert HFSS Design toolbar button .
A 3D Modeller window appears on the desktop and an HFSS Design icon is added to the project tree
Save the Project:

To save the new project:
Click File>Save As.
Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
Type the name in the File name text box.
In the Save as type list, click Ansoft HFSS Project (.hfss) as the correct file extension for the file type.
Click Save.
Creating the Model:

Selection of Solution Type:
To specify the solution type:
Click HFSS>Solution Type.
Select the Driven Modal solution type.
Click OK to apply the Driven Modal solution type to design.
Overview of the 3D Modeler Window:

The area containing the model is called the drawing region. Models are drawn in the 3D Modeler
window, which appears on the desktop when you insert a design into the project.
Creating the Rectangular Patch:

Substrate:
To draw the Substrate, click on the toolbar. Drag the required size of the substrate in the available
3D space. The following figure illustrates this step.
To assign material to the substrate, double click on the box which was just created and change the
Material from Vacuum to the material required. In this case FR_4 epoxy.

Patch:
Click on the from the toolbar to draw the patch. Patch is to be drawn above the substrate as shown in
the figure.
Ground Plane:
To draw the Ground Plane, click on the toolbar. The ground is to be drawn at the bottom of the
substrate as shown in the figure.
Feed:
To draw the Port, click on the toolbar. Change the plane from XY to YZ or ZX as shown in the
figure.

Draw a rectangle from the edge of the patch to the bottom of the substrate as shown in the figure.
Names were assigned to the Solids and Sheets as Substrate, Patch, Ground, Feed for simplicity.
Radiationbox:
To draw the Radiation Box, click on the toolbar. While drawing Radiation box, it should be seen
that the substrate should approximately be at the centre of that Radiation box as shown in the figure.
This box was named as radiation.
Assigning Boundaries:
Perfect E for the Patch & Ground:

Right click on the Patch and Assign Boundary >Perfect E.
A dialog box indicating the assignment of PerfE1 to the patch appers. Click OK.
Right click on the ground and Assign Boundary >Perfect E.
A dialog box indicating the assignment of PerfE2 to the Ground appears. Click OK.
Radiation for Radiation box:

Right click on the radiation and Assign Boundary >Radiation.

A dialog box indicating the assignment of Rad1 to the radiation box appears. Click OK.
Assign Excitation:
Right click on Feed and Assign Excitation >Lumped Port.
A dialog box indicating the details of the feed appears. For the present Antenna, the impedance of the
feed is 50. So make the resistance as 50 and click on Next.

Choose a new line as shown below
Draw the lumped port as shown below:
Analysis Setup:
Finally, the model is ready to run. Now it is needed to identify the analysis setup.
To create an analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS >Analysis Setup >Add Solution Setup.

A Solution Setup dialog box appears. Add the required Solution frequency and maximum number of
passes and click on OK.
Inert Infinite sphere as HFSS >Radiation >Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere.
Model Validation:
To validate the model, Click on the Icon shown below. Click the Close button. To view any errors or
warnings messages, use the Message Manager.

Analyze:
To start the solution process, select the Icon Analyze all as shown below. Or you can just go to main
menu and HFSS >Analyze.
After the Normal completion of simulation on the server, check the results from the Project Manager
Toolbar.

MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION
PATTEN OF DIFFERENT ANTENNAS


Exp.No:14
MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION PATTEN OF DIFFERENT ANTENNAS
AIM:
To find the radiation pattern of different antennas
APPARATUS:
1 Matlab software 1
2 Personal Computer 1
Radiation pattern of a Dipole antenna:
%This program print pattern (AF) for Short and any Dipole
%Antenna by giving the length of your Dipole and the %wavelength you work with
clc;
lamda=input('enter the value of wave length= ');
l=input('enter your dipole length l in terms of lamda(for ex: 0.5 for 0.5lamda)= ');
ratio=l/lamda;
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= pi/100:pi/100:2*pi;
if ratio<= 0.1 %check if Short Dipole
E=sin(theta);
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
else %check if not short dipole
f1=cos(B*l/2.*cos(theta));
f2=cos(B*l/2);
f3=sin(theta);
E=(f1-f2)./f3;
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
end
OUTPUT :
enter the value of wave length=
enter your dipole length l in terms of lamda(for ex: 0.5 for 0.5lamda)=

Radiation pattern of a Monopole antenna:
%%This program print pattern for Short and any monopole

%Antenna by giving the length of your Dipole
%and the wavelength you work with

l=input('enter your monopole length l= ');
ratio=l/lamda;
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= -pi/2:pi/100:pi/2;
if ratio<= 0.1 %check if Short monopole
E=sin(theta);
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En)
%This plot polar pattern in plane which monopole appear as line
Else
%check if not short monopole
f1=cos(B*l/2.*cos(theta));
f2=cos(B*l/2);
f3=sin(theta);
E=(f1-f2)./f3;
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En)
%This plot polar pattern in plane which monopole appear as line
end
OUTPUT :
enter your monopole length l=
Radiation pattern of a Loop antenna:
%This program print pattern for Loop Antenna by giving the

%radius of your Loop and the wavelength you work with
clc;
a=input('enter your loop radius a= ');
B=(2*pi/lamda);
E=besselj(1,B*a.*sin(theta));
polar(theta,E)
OUTPUT :
enter your loop radius a=

Radiation pattern of a Linear Array (Uniform) antenna:
%This program print pattern for linear Array (uniform) Antenna

%by giving N,alfa,d and the wavelength you work with
%if you want full pattern multiply this pattern by any Antenna %pattern
clc;
N=input('enter the no. of elements(3,4,5...)= ');
alfa=input('enter your progressive phase(alpha=0,45...)= ');
d=input('enter the seperation distance between elements(in terms of lamda for ex: 0.3 for 0.3lamda)= ');
B=(2*pi/lamda);
w=alfa+B*d.*cos(theta);
AF=sinc(N*(w./2))./sinc(w./2);
polar(theta,AF)
OUTPUT :
enter the no. of elements(3,4,5...)=
enter your progressive phase(alpha=0,45...)=
enter the seperation distance between elements(in terms of lamda for ex: 0.3 for 0.3lamda)=
Radiation pattern of a Circular Array (Uniform) antenna:
% This program print pattern for circular Array (uniform)

%Antenna by giving N,a and the wavelength you work with
%if you want full pattern multiply this pattern by any Antenna %pattern
clc;
N=input('enter the no. of elements(3,4,5...)= ');
a=input('enter your circular radius( in terms of lamda for ex 0.2 for 0.2lamda)= ');
theta0=input('enter angle theta at which main lobe occurs(ex: 45)= ');
phi0=input('enter angle phi at which main lobe occurs(ex: 90)= ');
B=(2*pi/lamda);
phi=pi/100:pi/100:2*pi;
f1=sin(theta0)*cos(phi0);
f2=sin(theta0)*sin(phi0);
f3=sin(theta).*cos(phi);
f4=sin(theta).*sin(phi);
x=f3-f1;
y=f4-f2;
ro=a.*sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);
AFn=besselj(0,B.*ro);
polar(theta,AFn)
OUTPUT :

enter the no. of elements(3,4,5...)=

enter your circular radius( in terms of lamda for ex 0.2 for 0.2lamda)=
enter angle theta at which main lobe occurs(ex: 45)=
enter angle phi at which main lobe occurs(ex: 90)=
Result:
The radiation patterns of different antennas are verified using Matlab.

Mwe Lab Instruction Manual New Final

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Mwe Lab Instruction Manual New Final

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Department of ECE 1 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

Department of ECE 2 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

FIXED & VARIABLE ATTENUATORS

Department of ECE 3 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Fixed Attenuator (3 dB)

Department of ECE 4 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

WAVE GUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT (TUNABLE):

Department of ECE 5 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

SLIDE SCREW TUNERS

Department of ECE 6 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS

Department of ECE 7 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 8 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

PYRAMIDAL WAVEGUIDE HORN ANTENNA

Department of ECE 9 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 10 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

GUNN POWER SUPPLY

Department of ECE 11 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 12 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 13 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

BLOCK DIAGRAM (Experimental Set up):

Department of ECE 14 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Department of ECE 15 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 16 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence, by

The efficiency of Klystron is defined as

1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig.

Department of ECE 17 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 18 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

1. Beam voltage VB=

Repeller voltage Output Voltage Output power Output power in dB

Department of ECE 19 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 20 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 21 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Department of ECE 22 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

BLOCK DIAGRAM (Experimental setup):

GUNN Power Supply VSWR / CRO

Department of ECE 23 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Department of ECE 24 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE

Department of ECE 25 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

1. The equipment is arranged as shown in the block diagram.

Department of ECE 26 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

S.NO Voltage(V) Current(mA)

Department of ECE 27 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 28 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 29 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 30 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

BLOCK DIRGRAM (Experimental setup):

Department of ECE 31 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

To find the attenuation characteristics of a variable attenuator.

Attenuation (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)

1. Connect the equipment as shown in the figure.

Department of ECE 32 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 33 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

The Attenuator characteristics of a variable attenuator is studied and plotted.

Department of ECE 34 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 35 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology

Department of ECE 36 DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology