Deep Soil Metal

Detector Circuit -
Ground Scanner
Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 12:17 PM
The post discusses a simple deep under soil metal detector circuit for evaluating hidden
metals such as gold, iron, tin, brass etc by detecting change in the resistance of the relevant
soil layers.

Bigger physical objects which might be buried within the topsoil could be unveiled through a
modification in the electrical resistance of the soil layer at various depths. The design is about
a device which may be for implementing relative enhancements on the resistance of the soil.
This particular application can be particularly handy in archaeological excavations.

The proposed deep soil metal detector instrument includes the measuring bridge (figure 1),
the alternating voltage generator (fig 2) and the a couple of probes, sunken inside the soil.
The resistances across the soil layers, between the electrodes of probes are coupled to the
input of the bridge arms, for measuring the parameters.

Prior to measurement through 100 ohm resistor may be adjusted for bridging the balance so
that the dial instrument readings are initially at the minimal.

The design of the probe represented in FIG.3 may e understood as follows:

Each of the probes signifies the insulated rods having a diameter of around 1.5 mm. on the
surface area of the bar along its axle, these are fixed electrodes in the form of six thin-walled
tube, separated from each other.

Each electrode probe with the aid of six cable connection is attached to the switch S1
measuring bridge, that in turn hooks up with one of the six pairs of electrodes together with
the bridge.

In this instance, each pair of electrodes at each of the positions of the switch S1 corresponds
to the precise depth of the soil layer.
Soon after placing the probe on earth, in accordance with FIG. 4, the electrical resistance of
the subsequent layers of soil located different depth is detected.

Evaluating the values acquired from the resistance, you are able to draw a conclusion at what
depth (which soil layer) are objects that might be changing the resistance of the soil.

The space between the probes are pretty much decided on in each specific scenario.
Occasionally, great outcomes could be obtained with distance that me approximately close to
2.4 m.

The variable resistor of the bridge is 500 ohms as shown in the deep soil metal detector
circuit diagram, is for controlling the sensitivity of the bridge depending on soil type being
investigated.

Courtesy: The Radio-Constructor, 1966, 8

Labels: Detectors Sensors
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Accurate Proximity
Detector Circuit
Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 1:46 PM
The post explains a simple infrared (IR) based motion detector circuit which incorporates the
IC LM567 for ensuring reliable and foolproof operations. The circuit also works as a obstacle
or a proximity detector circuit.

I found this design on the net while searching for an accurate and reliable yet cheap proximity
sensor circuit.

The circuit may be understood with the help of the following description:

Referring to the below shown infrared (IR) motion detector circuit, we see the design
consisting of two main stages, one involving the IC LM567 while the other with the IC555.

Basically the IC LM567 becomes the heart of the circuit which solely performs the functions
of the generating/transmitting the IR frequency and also detecting the same.

Moreover the IC has an internal phase locked loop circuitry which makes it highly reliable
with frequency detecting circuit applications.

It means once it reads and latches to a given frequency, its detection feature gets locked to
that frequency and therefore any other stray disturbance no matter how strong it may be
doesn't influence or rattle its functioning.

An internal oscillator frequency determined by R3, C2 feeds the IR diode D274 via a current
controlled stage consisting T1, R2. This frequency decides the center frequency of the chip.
With the above conditions the IC gets set and centered at the above frequency generating a
constant high at its output pin#8.

Input pin#3 of the IC waits to receive a frequency which may be exactly equal to the above
"centered" frequency of the IC.

The IR receiver or the sensor connected across pin#3 of the IC is positioned exactly for this
purpose.

As soon the IR beam from the LD274 finds an obstacle, its beam gets reflected and falls on
the appropriately positioned detector diode BP104.

The IR frequency from the LD274 now passes to the input pin#3 of the IC, since this
frequency will be exactly same to the set center frequency of the IC, the IC recognizes this
and instantly switches its output from high to LOW.

The above low trigger at pin#2 of the IC 555 which is configured as a monostable in turn
switches its output high, causing the connected alarm to blow.

The above condition persists for so long as the interruption from of the IR sensor/ detector
stays and allows the beams to get reflected. With the inclusion of R9 and C5, the output of
IC555 exhibits a certain delay off condition for the connected buzzer even after the motion or
the obstacle moves away.

For adjusting the delay-off effect, R9 and C5 may be tweaked as per preference.

The circuit may also be used as a proximity detector and obstacle detector circuit.
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
Detector Circuit
Posted by hitman at 1:31 PM
Low frequencies predominantly cover our earth's atmosphere. This range of frequency may
be created by many different sources which may be quite unknown and strange, a VLF sensor
equipment can be made to trace these frequencies for investigating the intriguing secrets
hidden behind it. Steven Chiverton investigates.
This is the vlf receiver circuit that ive upgraded and modified it senses ac fields lightening
and even receives ship and aircraft radio to now this is what the circuit looks like without the
upgrades and modifications , ive even used a gravity wave detector circuit added to it and
also other experimental circuits

this is my modifications to the vlf receiver circuit to sense lightening and em pulses and
signals

Not very good at the technical explanation well ill give it a go the sensing signal booster on
the far left hand side i bread boarded that to test it ,

to see if i can get more signal boost with it and the coil with its inductive nature pending on
the amount of winds of thin wire and also the flux concentrator , this concentrate the em flux
when a signal is induced into the coil and it increases sensitivity more ,

if you was to take it out the sensitivity and strength of signal would drop but then your in
another mode as the circuit would still act as a lightening detector sensing lightening and the
crackles will indicate that and the ac environment well it would sense that but at a lower
response to it unless you re insert the flux concentrator core then the hum from ac mains will
be increased a lot .

now the vlf receiver section that will allow the signals from the sense head section to pass
through , and very low frequency signals will pass through still but are filtered some more
with the 0.1uf ceramics then it will still sense ac mains at a lower response with the flux
concentrator core removed than it would with the core left through the coil so if your outside
the electromagnetic environment leave the core in for maximum sensitivity , good idea noty
to wear any battery operated watch as mine gets sensed so easily with my other 2 vlf receiver
circuits and your ears will get a pounding from the loud ticks as the em pulses from your
watch are greatly amplified through the whole circuit and the em signals from your watch are
very low frequency signals so these signals will pass through the vlf receiver circuit to
unimpeded
the last circuit is the audio amp section so you can plug head phones in to listen , also the vlf
receiver circuit takes a 9 volts battery and its input voltage is linked to the front sense head
section so they can both share one 9 volts battery the second nine volts battery powers the
audio amp section and its good this way

if you switch off the vlf receiver section the audio amp section appears to still be using some,
of the circuit when power is removed from the vlf receiver section and you will still get some
signals coming through it some how and ive got these same results with the first 2 other
upgraded modified vlf receiver circuits and it can still sense em pulses from a ticking watch
to but at a lower response to , the flux concentrator is made up of a number of barrel shaped
toroid slipped over a stick or a pole shaped core and inserted through the coil , the circuit also
sounds like a comic receiver for weird signals to with the core taken out so it dose what i
think a vlf receiver dose then . the sense head setting has been constructed onto a bread board
and tested with a already made vlf receiver with audio amp

i forgot to mention the circuit also acts as a pick up as a radio or tape player when brought
close to the sense coil the coil and circuit pickup the voices from the speakers of any tape
player and may also do the same for a telephone also when i brought my handy cam close to
it it sensed the em fields generated by it to

heres some pictures of my vlf receiver circiut neatly installed, now I've emailed you agers
ago a single stage version I found on the net this is my old double stage version its 2 in one
and the coil is an electric shaver coil with transformer iron peace's trimmed and shoved in to
concentrate the em flux for a stronger signal and like my other one I made some time ago this
one can sense the em pulses from a ticking analogue watch over a foot away so imagine a ufo
or underground installation this circiut doubled up hears nicely and even some other thing I
do not yet know. the circiut has 2x vlf receivers linked and an audio amp and powered each
section by a separate 9 volts nmh battery so 3 batteries are used and ones for the lm386 audio
amp section. the original site on the net which I originally found this on says you can get
more sensitivity by adding another stage so this is it . im confident I may be able to push this
to the limit by integrating the 30 million gain circiut into the design and hear beyond anything
others may not hear
How to Make a Ghost
Detector Circuit
Posted by hitman at 10:40 AM
Do you believe in the existence of ghosts? Well some of you may answer positively while
some may just nod their heads showing sheer skepticism regarding the issue. Whatever may
be the reactions; nobody just cant deny or ignore the responses delivered from the circuit
explained in this article.

Here we are discussing a super simple yet super sensitive paranormal activity sniffer circuit,
which can be effectively and possibly used for detecting ghosts or similar supernatural
existence within a range of 10 meters. Many of these circuits may be built and posted at
definite intervals for securing a certain premise having a large area. The circuit incorporates
an alarm at the output which sounds immediately on detecting a paranormal intrusion. The
circuit is ideally suited for areas that are prone to ghosts or likely of getting infested with
similar para-natural sneakers.

WARNING 1 THE DEVICE HAS BEEN TESTED WITH POSITIVE RESULTS AND IS
PROVED TO BE EXTREMELY ACCURATE WITH THE DISCUSSED DETECTIONS.
FOLKS WITH WEAK HEARTS OR TENDER PERSONALITY ARE ADVISED NOT TO
GO ABOUT WITH THIS DEVICE, BECAUSE THE DEVICE NOT ONLY DETECTS
BUT ALSO COINCIDENTALLY HAS THE ABILITY OF ATTRACTING THE
PARABEINGS.

WARNING 2 THE DEVICE CAN BE TESTED IN MORGUES, GRAVEYARDS,

cemeteries etc. ZOMBIES ARE THE ONES WHICH ARE INSTANTLY DETECTED BY
THIS DEVICE EVEN FROM DISTANCES MORE THAN 50 METERS. NO DOUBT
CREATURE LIKE ZOMBIES WILL HATE THIS DEVICE.BEWARE.

Concept

It has been found through experiments by many researchers that paranormal occupancy is
strongly accompanied by RF disturbances ranging from a few Hertz to many Kilohertz.

These signals may be directly proportional to the hostile nature of the ghost. Zombies are
found to be emitting the strongest signals and are therefore considered the most horrible
among the lot.

The circuit of a ghost detector discussed here is typically configured for capturing the above
RF emissions from these creatures and transforming them into more human understandable
electronic indications.

Circuit Description

A single versatile IC 324 is involved in the whole operation.

The IC is a quad opamp IC, meaning four opamps in one package.

Referring to the figure, the opamps can be seen configured as hi gain non inverting
amplifiers.

All the opamps are configured as high gain signal amplifiers.

Tiny electromagnetic or RF disturbances which are typically found being generated during
the presence of ghosts or paranormal activities are instantly picked up by the antenna of the
circuit and are fed to the input of the first opamp stage at pin #9.

The signals get instantly amplified and are transferred to the subsequent stages for further
amplification and enhancement.

The output of the last opamp is connected to an opto-coupler.

The optocoupler is a homemade type, incorporating an LED and an LDR fixed such that their
emitting and detecting surfaces are placed face to face inside a light proof enclosure.

Here, the optocoupler is used for sensing the LED illumination that may occur when a certain
paranormal activity is sensed.

The illumination produced over the LED is tracked by the LDR whose resistance falls with
the LED light.
The fall in the resistance of the LDR activates the connected transistor at the output, which in
turn actuates a buzzer or a horn indicating a possible ghost intrusion.

The whole circuit may be built over a small piece of vero-board and should be strictly
operated with a 9 volt battery.

The whole system may be enclosed inside a plastic box with the antenna kept protruding out
of the box.

Parts List

R1 = 100K,
R2 = 2M2,
R3, R4 = 1K,
C1 = 0.01uF ceramic
OP1 = LED/LDR assembly inside a light proof enclosure,
T1 = BC557,
B1 = Piezo Electric Buzzer

READERS ARE REQUESTED TO SHARE THEIR EXPERIENCES WITH THIS

DEVICE. A PHOTO OR A VIDEO PROOF WILL BE GREATLY APPRECIAT
Electronic
Stethescope
Amplifier
Circuit
Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 5:23 PM
The post explains how to make an electronic stethoscope amplifier circuit for enabling a loud
audible reproduction of the heart beats which is being diagnosed. The article also reveals how
the same can be applied within a cellphone through a wireless circuit. The idea was requested
by Dr. Ankit.

The Request

Dear Sir, I would request you to help me with the following circuit "An Electronic
Stethoscope".

Significance- An ordinary stethoscope is a device used to listen to breathing and heart

sounds. A hollow rubber tube is connected at one end to a disk shaped diaphragm (placed
over the patient) and other end connected to as Y shape to the ear of listener. As breathing
and heart sounds create slight vibrations, these make the diaphragm vibrate and then the
sound is amplified in the disk and audible through the tube to the other end.

In hospitals, often there is noise of other equipment hence the weak sounds transmitted by
stethoscope are sometimes inaudible and important diagnosis missed by the listener.

The Design - A circuit is requested that picks up sound vibrations from the diaphragm of the
stethoscope and convert it to electronic signals that are then amplified and can be heard
through a speaker loud enough that connecting to ears is not required and no sound is missed
(even by less experienced practitioners).
The battery utilised may be small lightweight 4.5V or 6V (like ones used in rechargeable led
torch) OR through mobile power banks since stethoscope must be portable and easy to carry
at the same time avoiding wall socket connections for power supply.

As an improvement of this circuit - If possible the circuit may derive power through an
android phone directly AND again if possible the output signals may be visualized as a graph
in the android screen.

As there is no direct contact with ears, this will also prevent cross infection of ears as
sometimes happens when one stethoscope is used by multiple users.

Sir, with your expertise and further improvements, kindly advice on the circuit. Thanks

Dr. Ankit

The Design

The sound of a heart beat can be extremely weak and therefore it cannot be heard without a
minimum suitable device such as a stethoscope.

A stethoscope is a basic device which relies on picking and transferring the air vibrations
through a tube into the ears of the user. The vibrations are caused by the heart beats on the
stethoscope's sensing diaphragm when it is brought at a close proximity to the chest where
the heart is situated, and the diaphragm movement sets the air column inside the tube into a
correspondingly push-pull vibrating motion

This surely means that even though the air vibration or the sound vibration generated by the
heart could be small enough but it's loud enough to be heard without the aid of electrical
device, which implies that the sound may be sufficiently strong to be amplified using an
audio amplifier, because if a naked ear can hear these minute vibrations so can the amplifier
MIC.

In order to reproduce the sound over a loudspeaker, the signal needs to be amplified
significantly and also in the course it must be suitably prpcessed to remove any associated
disturbances.

The circuit diagram of the proposed electronic stethoscope amplifier is designed using two
stages, one consisting of the opamp based tone control circuit, and the integrated proper
amplifier stage.

The tone control stage is built around the opamp 741, and with the help of the associated RC
networks and the pots. The upper pot controls the low frequency limit, while the lower pot is
used to control the upper frequency limit. Both these pots can be appropriately set for
achieving the best possible sound clarity.

In addition to the sound processing, the opamp stage also acts like a preamplifier for
elevating the very low amplitude of the heart beat pulses to a suitable level for the power
amplifier input. This enables the power amplifier to pick the signals at above the required
minimum detectable level and amplify it on the loudspeakers optimally.

The main sensing stage of this electronic stethoscope circuit is formed by an electret MIC
which can be seen configured across the input of the tone control stage via an RC network.

In order to enable the MIC to sense the minute heart beat signals, the mic is enclosed within a
rubber pipe with a rubber funnel like mouth opening.

The funnel like opening is supposed to be stuck over the chest of the patient just above the
heart area for allowing the MIC to detect the concentrated heart rate sound and convert it into
minute proportionately pulsating electrical pulses.

The opamp circuit responds to these signals and processes it appropriately as per the setting
of the low pass and the high pass filter pots.

The finalized signal is applied to the input of the power amplifier configured around the
TDA2003 amplifier circuit which is capable of generating a strong 10 watts of amplification
over a 8 ohm loudspeaker.

The pot between the 741 output and the TDA input determines the volume of sound and can
be adjusted for the same.

A Simpler Alternative (using a Wireless FM Transmitter)

In the request we also see the mentioning of a android phone compatible unit, which is
difficult to achieve using the above circuit since the minimum operating voltage of this circuit
can be over 12V so it cannot be operated easily using a cellphone existing battery

A simpler yet a more advanced method for achieving an electronic stethoscope amplifier
functionality with a cellphone is to go wireless.

A small FM transmitter circuit can be used and positioned near the chest of the patient, and
the heart pulses can be heard or recorded loud and clear over any cellphone equipped with an
FM radio, which is commonly included in all standard cellphone regardless of its
sophistication level.

The mic will need to be encapsulated appropriately inside a pipe/funnel kind of enclosure as
suggested in the previous discussion, so that other forms of disturbances become undetectable
for the MIC.

Once the heart beats are recorded inside the android phone, this can be easily used with a
suitable app for converting the same into a graphical format and for enabling a more
scientific assessment of the patient heart condition.

The wireless stethoscope amplifier circuit set up can be understood from the following
diagram

Parts List
R1 =1M,
R2 = 2K2,
R3 = 470 Ohms,
R4 = 39K,
R5 = 470 Ohms,
R6 = 4k7
R7 = 270K
C1 = 0.1 uF,
C2 = 4.7 uF,
C3, C6 = 0.001uF,
C4 = 3.3pF,
C5 = 10pF,
C7 = 100uF/16V
D1----D4 = 1N4007
L1 = See Text
T1, T2 = BC547B,
T3 = BC557B
TR1 = transformer, 0-9V, 100mA

Warning: The concept has not been verified for its accuracy and credibility and the
author does not in any manner endorse the use of this circuit for serious heart
diagnosing. Consult a qualified medical personal before using the explained circuit
practically on a patient.