ORACLE SQL

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DATATYPES
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NUMBER FAMILY: NUMBER, REAL,FLOAT, INT
SYNTAX : NUMBER(P,S);
EX: NUMBER(5,2); NUMBER(5);
NUMBER WIL ALLOWS ONLY NUMERIC (0-9) VALUES.
P--> PRECISION : 1-38 DIGITS
S--> SCALE : 87-126
CHARACTER FAMILY : CHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2
NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR2
ANSI STANDARDS:
CHAR VARCHAR2
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1. WILL ACCEPTS ALPHANUMERIC 1. WILL ACCEPTS ALPHANUMRIC
VALUES (0-9),(A-Z) VALUES(0-9),(A-Z)
2. IT IS A FIXED LENGTH 2. VARIBLE LENGTH DATATYPE
3. MAX SIZE 2000 BYTES 3. MAX SIZE 4000 BYTES
4. DEFAULT VALUE 1 4. DAFAULT VALUE IS MAX SIZE
5. LOW PERFORMANCE 5. HIGH PERFORMANCE
6. APLLY BLANK PADS 6. WONT APPLY BLANK PADS
7. SUITABLE TO BOOLEAN TYPES 7. SUITABLE FOR VARIABLE TYPES
8. CHAR, CHAR(2) 8. VARCHAR2, VARCHAR2(25)
9. MEMORY LOSS 7. SAVES MEMORY
DATE FAMILY: DATE
1. IT WILL ACCEPTS ALPHANUMERIC VALUES
2. ORACLE DEFAULT DATE FORMAT IS DD-MON-YY(9 CHARACTES)
3. ORACLE WILL ALLOWS THE DATES FROM JAN 1 4712 BC
TO DEC 31 9999 AD
4. ORACLE KEYWORDS ARE CENTURY, QUARTER, YEAR, MONTH, WEEK, DAY
HOUR, MINUTES, SECONDS, MILLI SECONDS, AM, PM, GMT
5 DATE
LOB : LARGE OBJECTS
IT WILL ACCEPTS LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA.
IT IS USED FOR DATA LIKE LARGE PARAGRAPHS, BOOKS INFORMATION.
MAX SIZE IS 2 GB
BLOB : BINARY LARGE OBJECT (010100101000010)
CLOB : CHARACTER LARGE OBJECTS (FLGHORIHLISHLFG)
RAW : MIXED TYPES DATA VALUES WILL BE ACCEPTED.
IT CAN ACCEPTS NUMRERIC DATA, CHARACTER DATA, DATE DATA
MAX SIZE IS 2 GB
LONG RAW: SAME AS RAW ONLY BUT THE MAX SIZE IS 4GB.
BFILE : BIG FILE
IT WILL STORE THE INFORMATION LIKE AUDIO, VIDEO, BIG CINEMAS, LA
RGE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION.
MAX SIZE IS 8 G.
ONLY ONE COLUMN IS ALLOWED FOR THE TABLE.
THIS WILL BE STORED IN OUTSIDE THE DATABASE.(OS)
TABLE : A TABLE IS NOTHING BUT INTER-RELATED RELATION BETWEEN
ROWS AND COLUMNS
 IN ORACLE 9i WE CAN CREATE MAX 255 COLUMNS FOR A TABLE.
FROM 10G WE CAN CREATE MAX 1000 COLUMNS FOR A TABLE.
THIS IS A DATABASE OBJECT WILL STORED IN USER_OBJECTS.
DUAL TABLE :-
IT IS A DUMMY TABLE WHICH WILL BE USED TO CLACULATE VIRTUAL VALUES;
IT SHOULD CONTAIN ONE COLUMN & ONE ROW.

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SELECT STATEMENT:-
==========================
SELECT COL_NAMES
 FROM TAB_NAME
WHERE CLAUSE
GROUP BY CLAUSE
HAVING CLAUSE
ORDER BY CLAUSE ASC/DESC;
'*'(SELECT LIST) ==> ALL COLUMNS FROM THE TABLE IN BETWEEN SELECT AND FROM CLA
USE
WHERE ==> WITHOUT GROUP BY CLAUSE WE CAN USE, IT WILL COMPARE THE VALUES BASED
ON THE OPERATOR GIVEN.
GROUP BY CLAUSE ==> WITHOUT WHERE CLAUSE WE CAN USE.
WHAT EVER WE ARE USING COLUMNS IN SELECT, WE UST & SHOULD
USE THOSE
COLUMNS IN GROUP BY CLAUSE.
WE CAN ANOTHER COLUMNS AVAILABLE IN TABLE WHICH ARE NOT IN
CLUDED IN SELECT LIST.
HAVING CLAUSE ==> WITHOUT GROUP BY CLAUSE WE CANNOT POSSIBLE TO USE THIS CLA
USE.
IN ABSENCE OF WHERE CLAUSE IT SHOULD WORK LIKE A WHERE CON
DITION.
IN HAVING CLAUSE WE CAN ANY TYPE OF SQL FUNCTION ALSO.
ORDER BY CLAUSE ==> IT SHOULD GIVE THE RESULTS IN ORDER WISE.
BY DEFAULT IT SHOULD IN ASCENDING ORDER
IF WE NEED DESECDING ORDER WE NEED TO SPECIFY IN ORDER BY
CLAUSE.
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COLUMN ALIAS :-
==============
IT IS AN ALTERNATIVE NAME FOR THE COL_NAME
NO SPACE WILL BE AVAILABLE BETWEEN 2 WORDS
IF WE WANT SPACE MEANS WE NEED TO INCLUSDE THESE WORDS IN SINGLE QUOTES
SHOULD NOT MAX OF 32 CHARACTERS
THESE WILL BE USED IN SELECT LISTS.
TABLE ALIAS :-
==================
IT IS AN ALTERNATIVE NAME FOR THE TAB_NAME OR OBJECT_NAME
NO SPACE WILL BE AVAILABLE BETWEEN 2 WORDS
IF WE WANT SPACE MEANS WE NEED TO INCLUSDE THESE WORDS IN SINGLE QUOTES
SHOULD NOT MAX OF 32 CHARACTERS
THESE WILL BE USED FOR TABLE NAMES AFTER THE FROM CLAUSE.
BY USING THESE TABLES ALIASES WE CAN AVOID THE AMBIGUITY.
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SQL LITERALS
=================
4TYPES
NUMBER LITERALS , CHARACTER LITERALS, BOOLEAN LITERALS, DATE LITERALS.
SQL FUNCTIONS:-
======================
1. SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
2. CHARACTER ROW
3. NVL FUNCTION
4. NUMBER FUNCTION
5. DATE FUNCTIONS
6. GROUP OR AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
7. MISCILINUOUS FUNCTIONS
8. ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS
9. CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
1. SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS:-
============================
UPPER:- IT WILL DISPLAY THE VALUES IN UPPER CASE
EX:- SELECT UPPER('oracle') FROM DUAL;
LOWER :- IT WILL DISPLAY THE VALUES IN LOWER CASE
EX:- SELECT LOWER('ORACLE') FROM DUAL;
INITCAP :- IT WILL DISPLAY THE VALUES IN UPPER CASE OF EACH WORD.
EX:- SELECT INITCAP('ORACLE CORPORATION') FROM DUAL;
LPAD :- IT WILL DISPLAY THE BLANK SPACES IN LEFT SIDE
EX:- SELECT LPAD('oracle',10,'*') FROM DUAL;
RPAD :- IT WILL DISPLAY THE BLANK SPACES IN RIGHT SIDE
EX:- SELECT RPAD('oracle',10,'*') FROM DUAL;
LTRIM :- IT WILL CUTS THE VALUES FROM LEFT SIDE
RTRIM :- IT WILL CUTS THE VALUES FROM RIGHT SIDE
TRIM :- IT WILL CUTS THE VALUES FROM BOTH SIDES
LENGTH :- IT WILL DISPLAY TOTAL CHARACTERS LENGHT OF THE COLUMN
SUBSTR :- IT WILL DISPLAY THE SUBSET OF THE COLUMN
INSTR :- IT WILL GIVE THE POSITION OF THE SEARCHED CHARACTER
REPLACE :- REPLACE INTO WORD TO WROD, CHAR TO CHAR, WORD TO CHAR, CHAR TO WORD
TRANSLATE:- ONLY REPLACES CHAR TO CHAR
CHR :- IT WILL GIVES THE NUMBER FOR THE ALPHABET
ASCII :- IT WILL GIVES THE CHARACTER FOR THE NUMBER
NUMBER FUNCTIONS:-
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ROUND :- IT WILL GIVE THE LOWEST VALUE FOR THE GIVEN INPUT.
CEIL
FLOOR
TRUNC
SIGN :- IT WILL DISPLAY WITH 1 FOR POSITIVE & -1 FOR NEG VALUES
ABS :- IT WILL GIVES 1 FOR EACH ALWAYS POSITIVE VALUES
SQRT
POWER
create or replace procedure proc_sel(p_con_no in number)
is
cursor c1 is select * from con_master where con_no= p_con_no;
v_rec con_master%rowtype;
begin
select * into v_rec;
excption
when no_data_found then
dopl('no recores fouind');
end;
/
DML OPERATIONS:-
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3 TYPES
1. INSERT:-
WITHOUT READING THE FROM SYSTEM
WE NEED TO ENTER ALL THE COULMNS AVAILABLE IN TABLE
INSERT INTO TAB_NAME VALUES(VAL1, VAL2, VAL3, VALn);
WITH READING THE FROM SYSTEM
INSERT INTO TAB_NAME VALUES(&VAL1, &VAL2, VAL3,..&VALn);
 NEED TO INSERT FOR PERTICULAR COLUMNS
INSERT INTO TAB_NAME(COL1,COL2,COL3)
VALUES(VAL1,VAL2,VAL3);
NEED TO INSERT THE RECORDS FROM ANOTHER TABLE
INSERT INTO TAB_NAME SELECT * FROM TAB_NAME1;
NEED TO INSERT THE RECORDS FOR PERTICULAR COLUMNS FROM ANOTHER TABLE
INSERT INTO TAB_NAME(COL1,COL2,COL3)
SELECT COL1,COL2,COL3 FROM TAB_NAME1;
2. UPDATE:-
UPDATE TAB_NAME SET COL_NAME = NEW_VALUES WHERE CLAUSE;
3. DELETE:-
DELETE FROM TAB_NAME WHERE CLAUSE;
SQL Functions
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Single row function:
Number functions:-
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1. ROUND:- SELECT ROUND(123.345,2) FROM DUAL;
AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT
IF 0-4 IT WILL GIVES SAME VALUE
IF 5-9 IT WILL ADDS +1 VALUES FOR THE EXISTING VALUE
2. CEIL:- SELECT CEIL(123.4) FROM DUAL;
IT ALWAYS GIVES +1 VALUE FOR THE EXISTING VALUE.
3. FLOOR:- SELECT FLOOR(123.4) FROM DUAL;
IT ALWAYS GIVES SAME VALUE FOR THE EXISTING VALUE.
4. TRUNC:- SELECT TRUNC(123.4) FROM DUAL;
5. SIGN:- SELECT SIGN(123.4) FROM DUAL;
6. ABS:- SELECT ABS(123.4) FROM DUAL;
7. SQRT:- SELECT SQRT(4) FROM DUAL;
8. POWER:- SELECT POWER(3,2) FROM DUAL;

NVL FUNCTIONS:-
===========================
NVL :- CONVERTS THE NULL VALUE INTO ACTUAL VALUES FROM SINGLE VALUE COMPARIS
ION
SYNTAX :- SELECT NVL(COL_NAME, NEW_VAL) FROM TAB_NAME
IF COL_NAME IS NULL IT WILL GIVES NEW_VAL
IF COL_NAME IS NOT NULL IT WILL GIVES COL_VAL
NVL2 :- CONVERTS THE NULL VALUE INTO ACTUAL VALUES FROM
2 VALUES COMPARISION
SYNTAX :- SELECT NVL(A,B,C) FROM TAB_NAME
IF A IS NULL IT WILL GIVES C VALUES
IF A IS NOT NULL IT WILL GIVES B VALUES
NULLIF :-
IF BOTH COLUMN VALUES ARE SAME IT WILL GIVES NULL VALUES
IF BOTH COLUMN VALUES ARE DIFFERENT IT WILL GIVES
FIRST VALUES
SYNTAX :- SELECT NVL(COL1,COL2) FROM TAB_NAME
GROUP FUNCTIONS:-
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5 types
1. Min:- SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP;
2. MAX:- SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP;
3. COUNT:- SELECT COUNT(SAL) FROM EMP;
4. AVG :- SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP;
5. SUM:- SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP;
DATE FUCTIONS
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ADD_MONTHS :-
MONTHS_BETWEEN
NEXT_DAY
LAST_DAY
SYSDATE
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