Gerund

The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the
difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it
looks like a verb). Some uses of the gerund are covered on this page. A separate page deals
with verbs that are followed by the gerund.

The gerund as the subject of the sentence

Examples

Eating people is wrong.

Hunting tigers is dangerous.

Flying makes me nervous.

Brushing your teeth is important.

Smoking causes lung cancer.

The gerund as the complement of the verb 'to be'

Examples

One of his duties is attending meetings.

The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.

One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed.

The gerund after prepositions

The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition. This is also true of certain
expressions ending in a preposition, for example the expressions in spite of & there's no point
in.

Examples

Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

She is good at painting.

She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.

We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.

My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.

There's no point in waiting.

In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time.

The gerund after phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + preposition or adverb.

Examples

When will you give up smoking?

She always puts off going to the dentist.

He kept on asking for money.

Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke.

There are some phrasal verbs that include the word "to" as a preposition for example to look
forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, & to be used to. It is important to
recognise that the word "to" is a preposition in these cases because it must be followed by a
gerund. It is not part of the infinitive form of the verb. You can check whether "to" is a
preposition or part of the infinitive. If you can put the pronoun "it" after the word "to" and
form a meaningful sentence, then the word "to" is a preposition and must be followed by a
gerund.

Examples

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

I look forward to it.

I am used to waiting for buses.

I am used to it.

She didn't really take to studying English.

She didn't really take to it.

When will you get around to mowing the grass?

When will you get around to it?

The gerund in compound nouns

In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a
continuous verb. For example, with the word "swimming pool" it is a pool for swimming in,
it is not a pool that is swimming.

Examples

I am giving Sally a driving lesson.

They have a swimming pool in their back yard.

 I bought some new running shoes.

The gerund after some expressions

The gerund is necessary after the expressions can't help, can't stand, to be worth, & it's no
use.

Examples

She couldn't help falling in love with him.

I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.

It's no use trying to escape.

It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.

GERUND...SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN. 4. Little children are usually

1. perhatikan baik-baik sola dibawah afraid of___ by their mother
ini sebelum menjawab. sermati a. Left
b. To left
terlebih dahulu jenis dan bentuk
c. Being left
kalimat sehingga anda mendapatkan d. Leaving
jawaban yang benar/ e. Been left
1. __ all the way make us tired. 5. My brother has been away
a. Walk from home for years without ever
b. Walking ______to us
c. We walk a. To write
d. We have walked b. To be written
e. By walking c. Have written
d. Writing
2. I dont like ____ to another e. Written
school
a. Mira moves 6. Before ____his essay he read
b. Mira shes moving books on the subject
c. Mora move a. He writes
d. Miras moving b. He has written
e. The moving of mira c. Writing
d. He has written
3. Im sorry for ____to move to e. I am writing
another school
a. Doing 7. My parent are happy about
b. Making ____ the prize in the essay contest
c. Causing a. My winning
d. Creating b. I win
e. Developing c. Me winning
d. That I win
e. I am winning
 e. To be stealing the jewels
8. After ____ his pass, he has
allowed to enter the building 15. I ____ to his behaving so
a. Shown rudely to ward his sister
b. Have shown a. Object
c. Showed b. Dislike
d. Showing c. Disagree
e. To show d. Complain
e. Regret
9. Although dino has denied ____
the money, they are still suspecting 16. I am looking forward to _____
him a salary raise next month
a. Stolen a. Get
b. Steal b. Be getting
c. To steal c. Getting
d. Stealing d. Have got
e. Have stolen e. Got

10. The man sitting next to ratu 17. Have you considered _____ to
said, do you mind______? an apartment closer to your office?
a. Smoking a. Move
b. Smoke b. To move
c. To smoke c. Moved
d. My smoking d. Moving
e. Be smoking e. To be moving

11. He must avoid____ too hard 18. Its hot in here. The air
because of his poor health condition is not working. I think it
a. Be working only needs___________.
b. In working a. To clean
c. Work b. Cleaning
d. Working c. Cleaned
e. To be working d. Clean
e. Be cleaned
12. Would you mind_____ so loud?
a. To talk 19. In her letter my friend said
b. To not talking that she was looking forward
c. Not talking _________ from me again.
d. You not talk a. To hearing
e. Not to talk. b. To hear
c. Hearing
13. Please excuse me______ you d. Having heard
a. To interrupt e. Dance
b. Interrupt
c. Interrupting 20. What does this song remind
d. Interrupted you of?_____ with my first date.
e. For interrupting a. Io dance
b. To dance
14. He was sentenced to two c. Dancing
years imprisonment he confessed d. To be dancing
_______ e. Dance
a. Steal the jewels
b. When stealing the jewels 21. We always try to avoid
c. He stole the jewels _______ preserved foods.
d. To having stolen the jewels a. Consuming
b. To consume 1. If he had dropped the vase, it
c. Consumed would have broken.
d. We consume Type I Type II Type
e. Being consumed

22. Its difficult ______ smoking III

a. The give up
b. Give up 2. If you have to do the washing
c. Given up up, I will help you.
d. To be given up Type I Type II Type
e. To be giving up

23. We did not know how ________

him stop drinking III
a. Make
b. Made 3. If I had a hammer, I'd hammer
c. to make in the morning ... (song)
d. to be made Type I Type II Type
e. making

24. since my father and my III

mother are both working, we usually
go ________ on Sundays 4. I wouldn't run away if I saw a
a. to shop spider.
b. they shop Type I Type II Type
c. shopping
d. for shopping
e. shop
III
25. I remember ______ in his town
when traffic wasnt too heavy get. 5. We'd have given you a lift if
a. Be driving you hadn't had your bike with
b. We driving you.
c. Drive Type I Type II Type
d. Our driving
e. To drive.
III

6. If you had listened to me, the

accident wouldn't have
happened.
Type I Type II Type

III

7. If we don't get tickets for the

concert, we'll stay at home.
Type I Type II Type

Type I, II or III III

Decide whether the following Conditional
Sentences are Type I, II or II.
 8. They'd go by bus if they didn't 2. If I (do) this test, I
have a car.
Type I Type II Type
(improve) my English.

III

9. She'll hear us if you don't stop 3. If I (find) your ring, I

laughing.
Type I Type II Type
(give) it back to you.
III

10.He wouldn't have taken the

bread if he hadn't been 4. Peggy (go) shopping
hungry.
Type I Type II Type
if she (have) time in

III
the afternoon.

5. Simon (go) to London

next week if he (get)

a cheap flight.

6. If her boyfriend (phone / not)

today, she (leave)

Exercises on Conditional
him.
Sentences Type 1
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type
I) by putting the verbs into the correct
form. 7. If they (study / not)

1. If you (send) this

send
harder, they (pass / not)
the exam.
letter now, she (receive)
it tomorrow.
w ill receive
 8. If it (rain) tomorrow, I 2. If he (have) more

(have to / not) water time, he (learn)

the plants. karate.

9. You (be able/ not) to 3. If they (tell) their

sleep if you (watch) father, he (be) very

this scary film. angry.

10.Susan (can / move / not) 4. She (spend) a year in

into the new house if

the USA if it (be)

it (be / not) ready on

easier to get a green card.

time.
5. If I (live) on a lonely

island, I (run) around

naked all day.

6. We (help) you if we

Exercise on Conditional (know) how.

Sentences Type 2
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type
II) by putting the verbs into the correct 7. My brother (buy) a
form. Use conditional I with would in the
main clause.
sports car if he (have)
1. If we (have) a yacht, the money.
had

we (sail) the seven

w ould sail

seas.
 8. If I (feel) better, I (go) 3. If we (go) to the

to the cinema with cinema, we (see) my

you. friend Jacob.

9. If you (go) by bike 4. If you (speak) English,

more often, you (be / not) she (understand) .

so flabby.

5. If they (listen) to me,

10.She (not / talk) to you

we (be) home earlier.

if she (be) mad at

you. 6. I (write) you a

postcard if I (have)

Exercise on Conditional your address.

7. If I (not / break) my
Sentences Type 3
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type
III) by putting the verbs into the correct leg, I (take part) in
form. Use conditional II with would in
the main clause.
the contest.
1. If you (study) for the
had studied 8. If it (not/ start) to

test, you (pass) it.

w ould have rain, we (walk) to the

museum.
2. If you (ask) me, I

(help) you.
 9. We (swim) in the sea 4. Had Juki not interfered in his
brothers marital problems,
there(be) peace
if there (not / be) so between them.

5. She would give you the money if

many sharks there. she(have) it.

10.If she (take) the bus, 6. They would call you immediately
if they.(need)
help.
she (not / arrive) on
7. Had my mother arrived at the sale
early, she.(find) a
time. better dress.

8. If you have enough time,

please..(clean)
your room before you go to school.

9. They could go for a drive if

today(be) Sunday.

10. If I win the prize, it will be because

I(write) very
well.

11. If your sister.

(buy) that chocolate for you, will
you be happy?

12. If she..(decide)
earlier, she could have left on the
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE 1,2 AND 3 morning flight.
(Isilah bentuk kata kerja yang benar
yang ada di dalam kurung pada 13. Had I known his address,
setiap kalimat berikut ini) I.(write) him a letter.

1. If we had left the house earlier, 14. If the roofer doesnt come soon, the
they.(be; negative) rain(leak)
so late getting to the ship. inside.

2. If I finish the assignment before 15. My cat always sleeps if

Saturday, I..(submit) it(watch)
it to my lecturer. drama on TV.

3. If I had seen the concert, 16. If you.(see) John tonight,

I..(tell) you about it please ask him to call his mother.
last night.
17. If I(do) a good job, I
would get the raise.
18. My lecturer will not accept my
work if I.(submit) it in
late.
19. If we had known her,
we(talk) to her.
20. They would understand it if
you.(explain) it to
them more slowly.
21. I..(rich), I would travel
around the world.
22. She would have understood her
English teacher if
she(speak) slowly. Learn English Grammar
23. If my headache disappeared,
I(play) tennis
this morning.
24. If today.(be)
Sunday, we could go to the beach.
25. We.(go) tonight if Pronoun Change
we didnt have to study.
26. If the fireman hadnt arrived
earlier, they(save;
negative) the house.
27. Peter..(pass) the
examination if he studied well.
28. Roni could win the competition if
he(practice) more. quoted speech)
29. We wouldnt know that our parents
came if my teacher..
(tell; negative) us.
30. Dont expect too much if
you(want) to be For example:
happy.
31. Had I known that Desti was a liar,
I(tell) my secret.
32. If she(know) there
was a test, she would have
prepared for it well.
33. We..(do) our work if
our computer had not broken
down.
34. If he.(be) more
confident during the interview, he
might have the job he wanted.
35. They would have lost their bag if
they..(leave) it in
the hotel
Reported Speech
Direct and Indirect
Speech
Direct Speech | Indirect Speech
Tense Change | Time Change |
Reporting Verbs | Use of 'That'
We often have to give information about
what people say or think. In order to do
this you can use direct or quoted speech, or
indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is
called direct speech (sometimes called
Here what a person says appears within
quotation marks ("...") and should be word
for word.
She said, "Today's lesson is on
presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she She said, "I've She said she had
said. been on the web been on the web
since 1999." since 1999.
Indirect Speech / Reported
Speech Present perfect Past perfect
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported continuous continuous
She said, "I've She said she had
speech), doesn't use quotation marks to
been teaching been teaching
enclose what the person said and it doesn't
English for seven English for seven
have to be word for word. years." years.

When reporting speech the tense usually Past perfect

Past simple
changes. This is because when we use She said she had
reported speech, we are usually talking
She said, "I taught taught online
online yesterday."
about a time in the past (because obviously yesterday.
the person who spoke originally spoke in
Past perfect
the past). The verbs therefore usually have Past continuous continuous
to be in the past too. She said, "I was She said she had
teaching earlier." been teaching
For example: earlier.

Direct Past perfect Past perfect

Indirect speech
speech She said, "The NO CHANGE - She

"I'm going to He said he was

lesson had said the lesson had
already started already started
the cinema", going to the when he arrived." when he arrived.
he said. cinema.
Past perfect Past perfect
Tense change continuous continuous
She said, "I'd NO CHANGE - She
As a rule when you report something
already been said she'd already
someone has said you go back a tense: (the
teaching for five been teaching for
tense on the left changes to the tense on minutes." five minutes.
the right):
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
Past simple
She said, "It's She said it was cold. will would
cold." She said, "I'll teach She said she would
English online teach English
Present tomorrow." online tomorrow.
Past continuous
continuous
She said she was can
She said, "I'm teaching English She said, "I can
could
teaching English She said she could
online."
online. teach English teach English
online." online.
Present perfect
simple
Past perfect simple
must had to "Next week's
She said, "I must She said she had lesson is on She said next week's
have a computer to to have a computer reported lesson will be on
teach English to teach English speech", she reported speech.
online." online. said.

shall
should Time change
She said, "What
shall we learn She asked what we If the reported sentence contains an
should learn today. expression of time, you must change it to
today?"
fit in with the time of reporting.
may might
She said, "May I She asked if she For example we need to change words like
open a new might open a new here and yesterday if they have different
browser?" browser. meanings at the time and place of
!Note - There is no change to; could, reporting.
would, should, might and ought to.
+ 24 hours -
Now
Indirect speech
Direct
Indirect speech
speech She said yesterday's
"I might go to lesson was on
He said he might presentations.
the cinema",
go to the cinema.
he said. "Today's lesson
is on or
You can use the present tense in reported presentations."
speech if you want to say that something is She said yesterday's
still true i.e. my name has always been and lesson would be on
will always be Lynne so:- presentations.

Direct Expressions of time if reported on a

Indirect speech
speech different day

She said her name

this (evening) that (evening)
was Lynne.
"My name is today yesterday ...
Lynne", she or
said. these (days) those (days)
She said her name is
Lynne. now then
You can also use the present tense if you
are talking about a future event.
(a week) ago (a week) before
the weekend before last /
Direct
last weekend the previous weekend
speech Indirect speech
(exact (not exact) here there
quote)
next (week) the following (week) Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common
tomorrow the next/following day verbs used in indirect speech.

In addition if you report something that We use asked to report questions:-

someone said in a different place to where
you heard it you must change the place For example: I asked Lynne what time the
(here) to the place (there). lesson started.

For example:- We use told with an object.

At work At home For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

"How long She asked me !Note - Here me is the object.

have you how long I'd
worked here?" worked there. We usually use said without an object.

Pronoun change For example: Lynne said she was going to

In reported speech, the pronoun often teach online.
changes.
If said is used with an object we must
For example: include to ;

Me You For example: Lynne said to me that she'd

never been to China.
Direct Speech
!Note - We usually use told.
She said, "I teach
English online." For example: Lynne told me (that) she'd
never been to China.
"I teach English
online", she said. There are many other verbs we can use
apart from said, told and asked.
Reported Speech
"I teach English
online." These include:-
She said she
teaches English accused, admitted, advised,
online. alleged, agreed, apologised,
begged, boasted, complained,
or denied, explained, implied,
invited, offered, ordered,
She said she promised, replied, suggested and
taught English thought.
online.
Using them properly can make what you
say much more interesting and
informative.
For example: "I didn't notice that the comma was inside
the quotation marks," Lynne said, "but
He asked me to come to the party:- Hekner did."

He invited me to That said, I read so much American

the party. literature, that even I tuck them away
He begged me to sometimes.
come to the
party. Really, no one has set in stone what the
rules of the English language are. It's a
He ordered me to diverse language, and the rules that exist
come to the have arisen through usage, and they can
party. change in exactly the same way, so maybe
He advised me to it doesn't matter, but it's best to be
come to the consistent. (Thanks Hekner.)
party.

He suggested I
should come to
the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often
used.

For example: He told me that he lived in

Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in

Greenwich.
Direct and indirect
!Note - That is never used in questions, speech exercise
instead we often use if. February 3, 2015 -

For example: He asked me if I would come Sentences are given in the direct speech.
to the party. Change them into the indirect speech.

The sneaky comma 1. He said, I have got a toothache.

I'm British, so I only tend to place the
comma inside quotation marks when it's 2. Manu said, I am very busy now.
part of the sentence being quoted.
3. Hurry up, she said to us.

4. Give me a cup of water, he told her.

5. She said, I am going to college. 5. "The film began at seven
o'clock," he said.
6. She said to me, Thank you He said

7. Raju said, Gautam must go tomorrow.

6. "Don't play on the grass,
8. Geetha says, My father is an Engineer. boys," she said.
She told the boys
9. He said, I have passed the physical
test.

10. She said to me, You are my only 7. "Where have you spent your
money?" she asked him.
friend.
She asked him

11. I love you, he told me.

12. Where are you going? James asked 8. "I never make mistakes," he
Mary. said.
He said
Mixed Exercise 1
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
Note whether the sentence is a request, a
9. "Does she know Robert?" he
statement or a question. wanted to know.
He wanted to know
1. He said, "I like this song."
He said

10."Don't try this at home," the

stuntman told the audience.
2. "Where is your sister?" she The stuntman advised the
asked me. audience
She asked me

Mixed Exercise 2
3. "I don't speak Italian," she
said.
She said 1. Christopher: "Do you want to
dance?"
Christopher asked me
.
4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
They asked me
2. Betty: "When did you come?"
Betty wanted to know
.
3. Mark: "Has John arrived?"
Mark asked me 1) "He works in a bank" .
.

4. Ronald: "Where does Maria 2) "We went out last night" .

park her car?"
Ronald asked me
.

3) "I'm coming!" .

5. Elisabeth: "Did you watch the

latest film?"
Elisabeth asked me
. 4) "I was waiting for the bus when he arrived"
.

6. Mandy: "Can I help you?"

Mandy wanted to know
5) "I'd never been there before" .
.

7. Andrew: "Will Mandy have 6) "I didn't go to the party" .

lunch with Sue?"
Andrew asked me
.

7) "Lucy will come later" .

8. Justin: "What are you doing?"

Justin asked me
.
8) "He hasn't eaten breakfast" .

9. Frank: "How much pocket

money does Lisa get?"
Frank wanted to know 9) "I can help you tomorrow" .
.

10.Anne: "Must I do the 10) "You should go to bed early"

shopping?"
Anne asked___________________