Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1968
Recommended Citation
Watke, Donald E., "An ultrasonic pulse generator using the transducer as a frequency determining element" (1968). Masters Theses.
5224.
http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5224
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l~.N UL'~'l.:U~SONIC PULSE GENERATOR USING
BY
------
THESIS
Deg.ree of
Rc)lla, Hissonri
1968
ii
ABS'l"'RACT
ACKNO~LEDGEMENTS
'l'l\BLE OF CO:NTENTS
Page
l~BSTH.. AC'r , ii
ACKNC:vJLEDGEHENrs
iii
LIS'r oe ILLUSTRATIONS v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. rRANSDUCER CHAP~CTERISTICS 2
III. TRANSDUCER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 6
I'.J. INI'riAL CONS IDEP.....~ 'I IONS 10
v. FINAL CIRCUIT 12
GENEF-'.AL DESCRIPTION 12
ANALYSIS .. 12
OSCILLA'l"'OR DE.SCRIP'I'ION 15
PULSE FORMING NE'IWORK 18
RESULTS .. 21
VI. CONCLUSIONS 25
BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
APPENDIX A: CIRCUIT PARTS LIST 27
APPE:~DIX Bs TRANSDUCER EQUIVALEN'r CIRCUI'r
DERIVATION 29
APPENDIX C: CO!v:PUTER PROGR.ll.NS 31
APP:t!NDIX D: TR.~l\SDUCER DATA 39
VI'rA 42
v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Transducer impedance characteristic 3
2. Combined mechanical response of transmitting
and receiving transducers 4
3. Transducer equivalent circuit 8
4. Equivalent circuit impedance characteristic 9
5. Block diagram of a simple ultrasonic generator 11
6. A method of effectively cancelling the
transducer shunt capacitance 11
7. Block diagram of oscillator circuit 13
8. Final circuit block diagram adapted to
root-locus analysis 13
9. Root-locus of final circuit 16
10. Oscillator schematic diagram 17
11. Pulse network schematic diagram 19
12. Typical output pulse waveform 22
13. Typical waveform showing pulse spacing 23
1
I. INTRODUCTION
-------I;;-~~~t~::nsdncers
are av~ilable from Marine Radio
Equip:nent Co.; 188 N. Hacker D:tiv-e; Chicago, Ill. 60606
at a cost of :f-9. 95 postpaid.
3
75
Impedance
70 Magnitude
.........
,.Q 65
u
..........
-cv
'U
::3
+'
rt
~
0'1 60
~
Cl)
u +10
~
ro
'0 .........
<ll 55 Ol -10
0.. Cl)
s
1-i
Q)
H
tJ'l Phase
Cl)
-30
-
'0
Cl)
Angle
r-1
so tJ'l -50
s::
~
(l)
Ol -70
ro
..c
At
45 -90
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N CVl ~ tO [' 0 0 0 0
r-1 N CVl ~
Frequency (KHz)
40
0 db corresponds
to the 50 KHz
response.
32
24
_..._
,Q
rtJ
..._,
(!)
til 16
s:
a
til
Q)
IY.
-8 +----+----+-+-+- I 1-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
--r 0 0 0 0
"
N CV) U)
r-f N CV) ~
Frequency (KHz)
N(s)
Z(s) = D(s)
3 8
D(s) = 10- s [ 1.815 s + 0.288835 57
+ 6.15086 s 6 + 0.628086 55 + 6.61324 s4
+ 0.346611 53 + 2.50604 s2 + 0.03704 5
+ 0.0207038 J
White
1-' Q)
ro Q) 1.0
'-l_l_ '-l N '-l 0
0\ 0 VI 0
0 I
I
Shield 61
~T
1-'
1.0
0'\
1-'
N
0
N
0
1.0
1-'
0
~
'-l I
~1
0\ J
0 1-' U1 trr _1_
w
tT
Q)
w
w 1.0
Black
75
70 Impedance
Magnitude
65
50
45
Phase
Amplifier shift
network
Output
Transformer
V. FINAL CIRCUIT
GENER..i\L DESCRIPTION
One reason t.hat the undesirable root remained in the
right half s-plane in the preceeding analysis is that c ,
0
the transducer shunt capacitance, creates a zero at the ori-
gin to which this pole converges. Therefore, if the effect
of C0 were removed, a circuit might be found that would op-
erate as desired.
ANALYSIS
The block diagram of Fig. 7 was used in the analysis
leading to the final circuit. z1 represents the transducer
impedance, z is the compensating capacitor, and z3 is the
2
inductor mentioned previously. The amplifier gain k takes
into account the turns ratio of the output transformer so
that a ratio of 1:1 may be used here.
13
+E
1:1
I
3
z1
Amplifier
gain =k
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
-E
E
G
:: ki
err
I err = Il - !2
E k
G = =
-I err
H-
E
=
( k - 1 ) Yl =( k + 1 ) Y
2
+ 4Y 3
OSCILLATOR DESCRIPTION
The schematic diagram of the oscillator is shown in
Fig. 10. Capacitor c was chosen to be equal to the total
3
effective shunt capacitance of the transducer at 200 KHz.
Inductor L was chosen to resonate with the series combi-
1
nation of the transducer capacitance and c 3
lO
lO
0
"
0
0
r-1
.t.>~
lO lO II II II - 1. 50
.-1 " ~ ~ ~
II
0
II
X I
.
""'
-;
~
1.25
1.oo
X
X
0.75
s normalized
by 10 6
o.so
0.25
Real ,, I o.o
axis -+- II
lO M r-1 \.0 ~ N
"
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0
I I I I 0 0 0
I I I
AI ''' I I or I II II I I -
To pulse
forming
network
R3
R2 ? I ~
Q4
< Ra <
Rg
Q3 I <..
I
R6
Hp cs
c4 I 1 l as
- -
R7
To
oscillator
RESULTS
The element values for the oscillator and pulse forming
netvlork are tabulated in Appendix A. The circuit has the
follo\Ting characteristics z
1
frequency 199 KHz
1
1~1e actual value is dependent upon the transducer.
2 This is po\-Ter delivered to the 200 KHz mode only;
not thQ total tranducer volt amperes.
22
Vertica l 20 volts/div .
Horizontal 20 usec/div.
vertica l 20 volts/div .
nori zonta l 5 msec/div .
VI. CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
Inductors
700 uh
Transj_stors
Fairchild 2N3569
RCA 2N2160 uniju:nction
TI 2N3703
TI 1N658
28
'rrc-.nsformers
Primary - 30 turns; secondary - 10
turns each half. bifiler wound on an
Indiana General core no. CF102 of
0-6 type material.
'f Primary - 9 turns each half. bifiler
2
wound; secondary - 75 turns each half.
bifiler wound on an Indiana General
core no. CF102 of 0-6 type material.
29
APPENDIX B
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(s +w1 )(s +w 3 )(s +w )(s +w )
Z(s) - 5 7
.'1\fter
. each change, the computer program ~;as used to
assess the results. The values found in Fig. 3 were be-
lieved to be near optimum for this model.
31
APPENDIX C
COHPU'.rER PROGRAMS
REAL L(S)
DIMENSION R(S),C(S)
DOUBLE PRECISION T(5,12),A{5,12),D(5,12) 1
B(l2)
CO.MMON A, T, B
R~~D,{R(I),L(I),C(I),I=l,S)
DO 1 I=l,S
DO 1 J=l,l2
A( I, J) :..::0.0
1 D( I I J) =0 0
A(l,l)=l.O
D(1$>2):.=:C(1)
DO 2 I::;2,5
A(I,l)=l.O/L(I)*C(I))
A(I,2)=R(I)/L(I)
Jl.. ( I I 3 ) = 1 0
2 D(I,2)=l.O/L(I)
DO 3 I==l,l2
3 B(I)=O.O
CALL POL(D,l,2,3,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,2,1,3,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,3,1,2,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,4,1,2,3,5)
CA.LL COM
CALL POL(D,5,1,2,3,4)
CALL COM
CALL POL(A,1,2,3,4,5)
ViRITE(3,10)
10 F'O .."UIJ1\ T( '1 TRANSDUCER INPEDANCE EQUATION' I I' COEFF TC IENT
lS OF POVlERS OI!""' S 014' Z( S) 'I/l.8X 1 11 NUHERA TOR' 1 21X, 0 DENOH
2INATOR 'I)
DO 15 I=l,l2
a==r-1
1 5 V.1 RITE ( 3 , 2 0 ) J 1 r ( 4 , I ) 1 B ( I )
20 FORNAT{' S**',I2,2D30.16/)
STOP
END
SUBROUTINE POL(H,MH,HAl,HA2,HA3,MA4)
DOUBLE PRECISION H(5,12),T(5,12),A(5,12),B(l2)
CO.HHON A, T, B
CALL POLM(H,3,MH,A,3,MAl,NT,l)
CALL POLM( T, NT, 1 ,A, 3 ,J-!A2, NT, 2)
CALL FOL!-1 ( T, NT, 2 ,A, 3, tv".wl\3, NT 1 3)
CALL POLM(T,NT,3,A,3,MA4,NT,4)
RETURN
END
34
SUBROUTINE POLM(R,NR,MR,S,NS,HS,NT,MT)
DOUBLE PRECISION R(5,12),S(5,12),T(5,12),A(5,12),B(5,1
12)
C0!1110N A, T, B
NT=NR+NS-1
DO 1 I=l,12
1 T(MT,I)=O.O
DO 2 I=l,NR
P=R(MR,I)
DO 2 J=l,NS
2 'l'(HT, I+J-1) =P*S (HS, J) +T(MT, I+J-1)
RETURN
END
35
112 CON'l'INUE
Kl<I==KKI+DELTA
IF(KKI-KF)105,113,ll3
113 R==R+RINC
114 STOP
END
SUBROUTINE AXB(A,N,B,M,C,NN)
DIMENSION A(N),B(M),C{NN)
DO 105 K=1,NN
C(K)=O.O
I=1
100 J=K+1-I
IF(J-1)105,101,101
101 IF(J-M)l02,102,104
102 IF(I-N)103,103,105
103 C(K)=C(K)+A(I)*B(J}
104 I=I+1
GO TO 100
105 CON'I'INUE
RETURN
END
SUBROUTI~~ ADD(A,M,B,N,C,NN)
DIMENSION A(M),B{N),C(NN)
IF(M-N)l00,102,104
100 J=H+1
DO 101 I=J, N
C{I)=B(I)
101 CONTINUE
102 DO 103 I=1,M
103 C{I)=A(I)+B(I)
GO TO 107
104 DO 105 I=1,N
105 C(I)=A(I)+B(I)
J::;.;N+1
DO 106 I=J,l-i
106 C(I)=A(I)
107 RE'I'URN
END
SUBROUTINE P.AIR(A,N)
DIMENSION A{24),B(24),C{24)
I''l=N+1
IF(M-3)500,230,255
255 P=O.O
o=o.o
IF(A3)256,257,256
256 P=A(2)/A(3)
Q=A(1)/A(3)
2 57 NA 'l"=M- 2
B(M)=A(M)
180 B(M-1)=A(M-l)-P*B(M)
37
C(M)==B(M)
C(M-1)==B(M-1)-P*C(M)
DO 250 K==2,NAT
N3==!1-K+l
N4=H-K+2
N2=M-K
B(N2)=A(N2)-P*B(N3)-Q*B(N4)
250 C(N2)=B(N2)-P*C(N3)-Q*C(N4)
B{1)=A(1)-Q*B(3)
DELP=(B(2)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-B(1)*C(4})
DELP=DELP/(C(3)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-(C(2)-B(2)+P*C(3))*C(4))
DELQ=(C(3)*B(1)-{C(2)-B{2)+P*C(3))*B(2))
DELQ=DELQ/(C{3)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-(C(2)-B(2)+P*C(3))*C(4))
P==P+DELP
Q==Q+DELQ
IF(ABS(DELP)-1.E-5)260,260,180
260 IF(ABS(DELQ)-1.E-5)265,265,180
265 E==l.O
235 IF(P*P-4.0*Q*E)270,275,275
270 X==-P/(2.0*E)
YA==SQRT(ABS(P*P-4.0*Q*E))/(2.0*E)
YB=-YA
WRITE(3,105)X,YA
~lRITE( 3,105 )X, YB
GO TO 300
275 X=-P/(2.0*E)+SQRT(P*P-4.0*Q*E)/(2.0*E)
Y=O.O
v1RITE (3, 105) X, Y
X==-P/(2.0*E)-SQRT(P*P-4.0*Q*E)/(2.0*E)
WRITS(3,105)X,Y
300 11=M-2
IF(M-2)500,400,305
305 DO 240 I=l,M
240 A(I)=--=B(I+2)
IF(M-3)230,230,255
230 E=A(3)
P=A(2)
Q==A(l)
GO TO 235
400 X==-B{3)/B(4)
Y=O.O
~-J.;~rrE ( 3,105) x, Y
500 COtY.CINUE
105 FOH..t-iAT(14X,2E18.6)
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE SPEC(R,N1,Dl,D4,AB,BA)
f{l~~AL Nl ( 10) , N2 ( 3) , N3 ( 3)
DIMENSION D1{10),D4(12),AB(l2),BA(l2),AC1(20),
1AC2(20),AC3(20)
N2(1)=0.0
38
N2(:2)~1SSO.OE-6
N3 ( l. ) :;1 0 /R
D4(l.)::::O.O
D4.(2)::::7oo.o
CA~L
ADP(N2,2,N3,1,AC1,2)
CA~L
AXB(Dl,9,D4,2,AC2,10)
CA~L
AXB(AC1,2,AC2,10,AC3,11)
CA~L
b%B(Nl,lO,D4,2,AC1,11)
CA~L
ADP(AC1,11,AC3,11,AC2,11)
DO 2 :t::::l,9
2 AC3(!)::::4.0*Dl(I)
CA~L ADP(AC2,11,AC3,9,AB,11)
PO 1 J>-=1, 10
1 P.Cl(:t):::-Nl(I)
CALL ~DD(N2,2,N3,l,AC2,2)
C~LL AXB(D1,9,AC2,2,AC3,10)
CALL .ADD ( A.C 3 , 1 0 , ACl , 1 0 , BA, 10 )
RB~tJRN
END
~:t
'1
.,l'"
39
APPENDIX D
~'{ l
40
Frequency Voltage
(KHz) (volts p-p)
50 0.02
53 0.22
55 0.04
100 0.02
125 0.09
150 0.15
170 0.40
195 1.00
199.5 1.60
208 0.60
214 o.so
220 0.50
230 0.10
300 0.06
42
VITA
132~119