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Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity Multiprocessing
Secondary storage
o Also called permanent storage
o Nonvolatile
o Greater capacity and greater economy than
memory
Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required
Memory Characteristics and Functions: Types of Memory are determined by the information systems objectives
Random access memory (RAM) Access Methods
o Temporary
o Volatile Sequential access: data must be accessed in the order in
Read-only memory (ROM) which it is stored
o Usually nonvolatile o Sequential access storage devices (SASDs)
Direct access: data can be retrieved in any order
o Direct access storage devices (DASDs)
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Secondary Storage Devices o Input and display devices that perform data entry
and input at the same time
Magnetic tapes Touch-sensitive screens
o Secondary storage used primarily for backups o Allow display screens to act as input devices as well
Magnetic disks as output devices
o Direct access secondary storage, e.g., hard disk Bar-code scanners
RAID o Employs a laser scanner to read a bar-coded label
o Stores extra bits so that data can be reconstructed if
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
system fails o Code data on banking forms, such as checks
SAN
Pen input devices
o Provides high-speed connections between data o Activate a command, enter handwritten notes, and
storage devices and computers over a network draw objects
Optical disks
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
o Direct access optical disc, e.g., CD-ROM o Employs a microchip with an antenna to broadcast
Digital video disk (DVD) its unique identifier and location to a receiver
o Stores several gigabytes of data
Flash memory Output Devices
o Nonvolatile silicon computer chip
Display monitors (CRTs)
Input Devices o Output quality measured by number of pixels and
dot pitch
Personal computer input devices Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
o Keyboard, mouse o Easier on eyes, use less electricity, take up less
Speech-recognition technology space than CRTs
o Input devices that recognize human speech Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Digital cameras o Directly emits light rather than using backlight
o Input device used with PC to record/store images in o Sharper colors and thinner displays
digital form Printers and plotters: hard copy output
Terminals o Printers: laser, inkjet
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o Plotters: used for general design work Systems Software
Digital audio player
o Stores, organizes, and plays digital music files Controlling operations of computer hardware is one of the
most critical functions of systems software
Overview of Software Also supports application programs problem-solving
capabilities
Computer programs: sequences of instructions for the
Different types of systems software include:
computer
o Operating systems
Documentation: describes program functions
o Utility programs
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware
and programs Operating Systems
Application software: helps users solve particular problems
Operating system (OS): programs that control the hardware
Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals and interface with applications
Common hardware functions
Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and o Get input (e.g., keyboard)
opportunities addressed by a particular organization o Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks
o Personal o Display information on a monitor or printer
o Workgroup
Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:
o Enterprise o Single computer with a single user
o Single computer with multiple users
o Multiple computers
o Special-purpose computers
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Activities performed by the operating system Memory management
o Perform common computer hardware functions o Converts a users request for data or instructions to
o Provide a user interface and input/output the physical location where the data or instructions
management are stored
o Provide a degree of hardware independence
o Manage system memory
o Manage processing tasks
o Provide networking capability
o Control access to system resources
o Manage files
Common hardware functions
o Get input from keyboard or some other input
device
o Retrieve data from disks
o Store data on disks Processing tasks
o Display information on a monitor or printer o Multitasking: more than one program running at
o the same time
o Time-sharing: more than one person using a
User interface
computer system at the same time
o Allows individuals to access and command the
o Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number
computer system
of concurrent users smoothly
o Command-based user interface: uses text
commands Networking capability: aids users in connecting to a
o Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and computer network
menus to send commands to the computer system Access to system resources
Hardware independence o Protection against unauthorized access
o Application program interface (API): allows o Logins and passwords
applications to make use of the operating system
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File management o Windows XP Media Center Edition: incorporates
o Ensures that files in secondary storage are: additional multimedia features
o Available when needed o Vista: latest version of Windows
o Protected from access by unauthorized users Apple operating systems
o Often provides cutting edge tools in graphics and
Current Operating Systems music not available from Microsoft
o Mac OS X
o Jaguar (OS X.2)
o Panther (OS X.3)
o Tiger (OS X.4): support for 64-bit computing,
Dashboard, Spotlight, etc.
Linux
o Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
o Open-source product
o Only the kernel of an OS
o Several distributions available with
capabilities/applications that form a complete OS
o Examples: Red Hat Linux, Caldera OpenLinux
Windows Server
Microsoft PC operating systems UNIX
o PC-DOS and MS-DOS: early, command-driven OSs NetWare
o Windows XP: greatly improved stability and security Red Hat Linux
over previous versions of Windows Mac OS X Server
o Windows XP N: for European market
o Windows XP Professional X64: for computers with Enterprise Operating Systems
newer 64-bit capabilities
z/OS
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MPE/iX and HP-UX
Linux
Palm OS
Windows Embedded
Windows Mobile
Application Software
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o Other general-purpose software suites: Corels Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs
WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, Sun that manage a companys vital business operations for an
Microsystemss StarOffice entire multisite, global organization
Integrated application packages: offer a range of
Application Software for Information, Decision Support,
capabilities for less money than software suites
o Example: Microsoft Works and Specialized Purposes
Programming Languages
Workgroup Application Software Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for
Workgroup application software: support teamwork, constructing statements
whether people are in the same location or dispersed Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed
around the world by a computer
Groupware: software that helps groups of people work Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming
together more efficiently and effectively language
Different languages have characteristics that make them
appropriate for particular types of applications
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Copyrights and Licenses
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