NPTEL Syllabus

Liquid Vapor Phase Change Technology -

Video course

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to two-phase flow and heat transfer technology.

Liquid-vapor phase change phenomena, Interfacial tension, Wetting

NPTEL
phenomenon, Contact angles, Transport effects, Dynamic behavior of
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
interfaces, Phase stability and nucleation.

Two-phase flow fundamentals, Flow patterns and map representation, Mechanical

Development of homogeneous, separated flow and drift flux models,
Flooding mechanisms. Engineering
Boiling Fundamentals, Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation,
Pool boiling and convective flow boiling, Heat transfer and CFH
mechanisms, Enhancement techniques.
Pre-requisites:
Condensation fundamentals, External and internal condensation, Film
condensation theory, Dropwise condensation theory, Enhancement Basic Heat and Mass Transfer
techniques.
Basic Fluid Mechanics
Application of two-phase flow and heat transfer, Electronics thermal
ma n a g e me n t, Latent heat storage devices, Gravity assisted Basic Mathematics
thermosyphons/ Vapor chambers, Theory and operation of Conventional
heat pipes, Micro heat pipes, Pulsating heat pipes, Capillary pumped Additional Reading:
loops/ Loop heat pipes, Micro two-phase heat exchangers.
1. Convective Boiling And
Static and dynamic instabilities, microscale boiling and condensation,
Condensation by Collier John
atomistic nucleation models.
(Oxford Engineering Science)

2. Two-phase Flow and Heat

COURSE DETAIL Transfer - P. B. Whalley (Oxford
Engineering Science)
Lecture Topic 3. Heat Transfer Characteristics in
No. Boiling and Condensation by
Karl Stephan (Springer)

1. Course outline and importance, Introduction to phase change 4. Heat Pipe Technology and
systems, Industrial applications Applications by J. P. Peterson
(John Wiley & Sons)

5. Heat Transfer - A practical

2. Thermodynamic potentials, Various forms of work, Generalized approach by Yunus Cengel (Tata
Maxwell equations McGraw Hill)

6. Heat Transfer - Incropera and

3. Equilibrium of simple compressible systems, Clapeyron Equation Dewitt (John Wiley and Sons)
and implications
Coordinators:

4. Gibbs phase rule, PVT surfaces, Chemical potential, Properties at Dr. Sameer Khandekar
equilibrium Department of Mechanical
EngineeringIIT Kanpur

5. Intermolecular and surface forces, Potential function, Van der

Waals forces, Equation of state and implications, Long and short
range forces
6. Work of adhesion/ cohesion, Surface energy/ Interfacial tension,
Young Laplace Equation

7. Thermodynamic/ mechanical interpretation, Youngs Equation,

Contact angle and hysteresis

8. Introduction to two-phase flows, Basic definitions, Mass fraction

and void fraction, Flow patterns, Various forces in action, Flow
pattern maps

9. Development of one-dimensional homogeneous flow model, Effect

of phase compressibility, flashing and enthalpy exchange on flow
structure, Mass-momentum and energy equations

10. Gravitational/acceleration/ frictional component of pressure drop,

Pseudophase properties

11. Development of one-dimensional separated flow model, Governing

equations

12. Empirical correlations for Shear-stress and void fraction, various

models

13. Lockhardt-Martinelli correlation, Two-phase flow multipliers

14. Closure of all governing equations fro separated flow model,

comparison with homogeneous flow theory, Martinelli-Nelson
method for diabatic two-phase water flows

15. Introduction to boiling heat transfer, Classification, Force scaling

16. Pool Boiling, Nukiyama experiment, Two control modes, Boiling

regimes

17. Heterogeneous nucleation in pool boiling, Gas entrapment

mechanisms

18. Onset of nucleate boiling, Simple thermodynamic model and Hsus

boundary layer model

19. Bubble growth near heated surfaces, life cycle of a bubble, Inertia
controlled and heat transfer controlled growth

20. Effect of various parameters on pool boiling curve (Contact angle

and wettability, subcooling, radiation, characteristics length)

21. Bubble departure diameter and frequency, Heat transfer

mechanisms in nucleate boiling
22. Rohsenows model for nucleate boiling, Mikic Model, Correlations
and semi-empirical models, comparison

23. Mechanisms leading to Critical heat flux condition, Introduction to

interface instability conditions

24. Kelvin Helmholtz and Rayleigh Taylor instabilities, Mathematical

analysis

25. Linear stability analysis (small perturbation) of interface (inviscid

case)

26. Linear stability analysis, continued. CHF correlations, Zuber,

Lienhard and Dhir models, Effect of length scale of heater.

27. Flow Boiling, Constant Heat Flux and Constant Temperature

conditions

28. Flow patterns, Flow Pattern Maps, DNB/Dryout mechanisms

29. Heat Transfer under nucleate flow boiling, The Chen Correlation,
The Kandlikar correlation

30. Condensation heat transfer, Laminar film condensation, Nusselt

Theory

31. 2D boundary layer analysis of film condensation, similarity

variables formulation

32. Dropwise condensation, surface treatment, droplet distribution, heat

transfer models

33. Enhancement techniques for boiling and condensation, reentrant

cavities, gregorig effect, use of physical and chemical texturing,
vibration, chemical dopents

34. Two-phase flow instabilities, Classification, Static and Dynamic

instabilities, Ledinegg, relaxation, density wave oscillations,
bumping, geysering and chugging

35. Introduction to heat pipes, types of heat pipes Operational

characteristics Operation range, Compatibility

36. Figure of merit, Thermal resistance network, Types of wicks,

Working fluids, Design space with various limiting phenomena

37. One-dimensional formulation of capillary limitation for heat pipe,

Hagen- Poiseuille vapor flow, Darcy Flow for liquid, Karman-
Kozeny Equation, 1-D Momentum, energy and mass equations
 38. Demonstration of conventional wicked copper-water heat pipe,
MMC flat plate heat pipe, vapor chamber assembly, 3D structures

39. Other limitations of Heat Pipes, Entrainment limitation, Sonic

Limitation, Micro heat pipes, Construction and applications

40. Gravity assisted heat pipes (Two-phase Thermosyphons),

Pulsating heat pipes and working Principles

References:

1. Liquid Vapor Phase Change Phenomena by Van P. Carey (Taylor &

Francis).

2. One Dimensional Two-Phase Flow G. B. Wallis (McGraw Hill).

3. Heat Pipe Science and Technology by Amir Faghri (Taylor and Francis).

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