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Loyla Rodrguez-Prez1
Resumen: En condiciones naturales, las plantas es- Abstract: Under natural conditions, the plants are
tn expuestas a condiciones ambientales cambiantes exposed to changing environmental conditions that
que determinan respuestas complejas que influyen determine complex respuests that influence in the
en el crecimiento, desarrollo y productividad de los growth, development and productivity of the crops.
cultivos. Las condiciones de sequa y salinidad en los The conditions of drought and salinity in the soils are
suelos son las mayores causas de estrs en los cultivos the greater causes of stress in the crops and cause lost
y ocasionan prdidas econmicas en la agricultura economic in the world agriculture. The drought as the
mundial. Tanto la sequa como la salinidad resultan salinity are osmotic stress that inhibits the growth and
en estrs osmtico, que inhibe el crecimiento y causa cause interferences at metabolic level. The recogni-
perturbaciones a nivel metablico. El reconocimiento tion of the biochemical and physiologic mechanisms
de los mecanismos bioqumicos y fisiolgicos involu- involved in the osmoregulation involved in the osmot-
crados en la osmorregulacin ante estrs osmtico ic stress allows to implement new strategies for the
permite implementar nuevas estrategias para el ma- handling and improvement of the cultivations under
nejo y mejoramiento de los cultivos en condiciones conditions of stress hidric and saline. Different mech-
de estrs hdrico y salino. El transporte de agua por anisms are recognized through which the plants man-
acuaporinas, el cierre estomtico, la sntesis de osmo- age to adapt and to tolerate the changes in the water
litos compatibles, el transporte de iones a travs de sis- potential, between which stand: the water transport
temas selectivos de sodio y potasio y los no selectivos by acuaporins, the estomatic closing, the synthesis of
localizados en las membranas biolgicas y la etrusin compatibleosmolites,theintransportthroughselec-
y compartimentalizacin de sodio, son mecanismos tive systems of sodium and potassium and those not
reconocidos en las plantas para adaptarse y tolerar selective located in the biological membranes and the
cambios en el potencial hdrico. La osmorregulacin etrution and compartimentalization of sodium. The
da a las plantas capacidad para tolerar condiciones de osmoregulation confers to the plants the capacity to
escasez de agua y salinidad elevada, con la expresin tolerate conditions of drought and high salinity, with
de mecanismos adaptativos que evitan disminucin the expression of adaptative mechanisms that avoid
de la fotosntesis, alteraciones en la traslocacin y dis- the reduction of the photosynthesis, alterations in the
tribucin de fotoasimilados y prdidas en rendimien- allocation photoasimilates and losses in yield, facts
to, hechos significativos en el funcionamiento normal that have significant transcendency in the normal
de la planta y en la productividad de los cultivos. Este physiology of the plant and in the productivity of the
artculo tiene como objetivo revisar los hallazgos ms crops. The present review has as central objective, to
recientes sobre el proceso de osmorregulacin en report the discoveries more recent envelope the os-
plantas cultivadas expuestas a estrs por dficit hdri- morregulation process in exposed cultivated plants to
co y por salinidad en el suelo. stress by water deficit and by salinity in the soils.
Palabras claves adicionales: ajuste osmtico, Additional keyword: osmotic adjustment, stress,
estrs, salinidad, sequa salinity, drought
1
Profesora, Universidad de Cundinamarca, sede Fusagasug y Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Bogot. e-mail: loylarp@yahoo.com
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2006 Rodrguez-Prez: Implicaciones fisiolgicas...
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