Misr J. Ag. Eng.

, 23(3): 593- 610 PROCESS ENGINEERING

EFFECTS OF STERILIZATION BY USING INFRARED

RADIATION ON MICROORGANISMS GROWTH ON RICE
AND WHEAT GRAIN

Sorour; H. M.

ABSTRACT
Mycotoxin-producing microorganisms are natural contaminants of cereals and
their toxins are harmful to humans and animals. Sterilization by using infrared
radiation was used for heat treatment. Wheat and rice grain were used at
different moisture content of 14, 18, 22, and 26 % (wet basis). The intensity
values of infrared radiation were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kW. The radiation does
not eliminate already formed mycotoxins but the technique can reduce the
number of microorganisms on the grain. The aim of the present study was to
establish a system that kills microorganisms on wheat and rice grain without
reducing its quality. Four different rotation speeds of the polyethelen tube
which are 2.5, 8.0, 25.5, and 42 rpm were tested. The results showed that grain
surface temperature for rice and wheat was affected by increasing tube
rotation speed and radiation intensity. The rice grain surface temperature was
higher than that of wheat at low moisture content, but it was leas at high
moisture content. The respiration rate of wheat grain was higher than that for
rice grain at high moisture contents (26 and 22%), and the reverse took place
at low moisture contents (18 and 14%). The growth of microorganisms on the
rice and wheat grain surface decreased by increasing radiation intensity.
While the growth of microorganisms increased by decreasing tube rotation
speed and grain moisture content.
INTRODUCTION

T
he respiration of fungi releases heat, carbon dioxide, and water. This
effect causes the grain to increase in temperature and moisture, which
just makes the fungi grow faster. In extreme cases, the grain mass may
become black and carbonized. Such cases seem to be more common with
oilseeds. Mangers of storage facilities where such heating has occurred have

Assoc. Prof., Ag. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Ag., Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.
Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 593
sometimes tried to recover their losses by turning in a claim to their fire
insurance company, but it is possible to distinguish fire-burned grain from bin-
burned grain that has not been exposed to flames (Christensen et al., 1973).
The storage life of harvested fruits, vegetables and pasture plants is influenced
by their continued respiration and the biochemical activity association with
senescence. Low respiration rate is associated with long storage life. Lowering
the temperature and modifying or controlling the atmosphere surrounding the
product reduces respiration and delays senescence, thus extending shelf-life
(Arinze et al., 1993).
At recent extensive survey of export wheat and maize loaded at U. S. ports
showed that detectable storage moulds were present in nearly all samples and
that the average percentage of kernels invaded by storage fungi was about 10
times greater in maize than in wheat (Sauer et al., 1982). Seitz et al., (1982)
found that under some conditions less than 0.5% loss of dry matter can occur
and still have enough fungal growth to result in mycotoxin contamination.
Sauer (1988) found that moulds or fungi that grow in grain and seeds during
storage and transport cause germination decrease visible mouldiness,
discoloration, musty or sour odours, caking, chemical and nutritional changes,
reduction in processing quality, and form mycotoxins. He also mentioned that
these deteriorative changes affect the grade and price of grain and contribute to
customer dissatisfaction when the grain is marketed. The respiration of grain
and fungi results in a loss in dry matter as well as the production of heat and
moisture which contribute to further spoilage. Respiration has long been used
to measure metabolic activity on stored produce (Bailey and Gurjar, 1918;
Milner et al., 1947a,b; White et al., 1982a,b). Its rate is governed by the
water availability, temperature and gas composition in the stored material and
by levels of microbial and insect contamination. Most previous studies have
been on living grain material which itself respires, with much debate on the
relative contributions of these components (Pomeranz, 1974; Seitz et al.,
1982).
Ksrunakaran et al., (2001) mentioned that the rate of carbon dioxide
production by grain and microorganisms increased from 23 to 463 (mg/d)/kg
dry matter within 6 h after increasing the moisture content from 12.7 to 19%.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 594

The measured rates of O2 consumption at 15, 18, and 19% grain moisture
content were higher than those predicted by Lacey et al., (1994) but were
equal at 16 and 17% grain moisture content. Steele et al., (1969) Studied
factors affecting CO2 evolution by both grain respiration and microorganism
growth; these factors included grain moisture content, grain-storage
temperature and mechanical damage. Al-Yahya et al., (1993) found that
fungicides can potentially reduce the rate of deterioration of grain at a
particular moisture and temperature condition. Also, another studies by Wilcke
et al., (1993) found that the fungicide Iprodione increased the storage life of
22% moisture content (wet basis) of shelled corn at 20 C in comparison with
untreated control. Dugba et al., (1996) stated that Iprodione did extend the
storage life (time to 0.5% dry matter loss) of shelled corn. Storage life was
extended 21% for 18% moisture corn, and 13% for 22.5% moisture corn. They
found the relationship between CO2 produced and time for 18, 22.5 and 23.5%
corn moisture content as fourth-degree polynomials with r2 values over 0.99.
Mycotoxin-producing fungi are natural contaminants of cereals and their toxins
are harmful to humans and animals (Smith et al., 1994; Frisvad and Thrane,
2002). Ochratoxin A (OTA) is regarded a major health problem in food and
feed production due to its nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and
immunosuppressive properties (Kuiper-Goodman, 1996; Walker, 1999;
Jo rgensen and Jacobsen, 2002; Schwartz, 2002). In countries with a
temperate climate, Penicillium verrucosum is regarded the sole producer of
OTA in cereals (Larsen et al., 2001; Lund and Frisvad, 2003) and rye is
particularly sensitive to contamination by this fungus (Czerwiecki et al., 2002;
Elmholt, 2003) and its toxic metabolites (J orgensen et al., 1996;
Jo rgensen and Jacobsen, 2002; Schwartz, 2002).
The aim of the present study was to establish a prototype suited by using
infrared radiation for killing microorganisms on wheat and rice grain without
reducing the quality of the grain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Infrared Radiation System:
The infrared radiation system consisted of a polyethylene tube with the
dimension of 150, 160, and 650 mm for inside diameter, outside diameter, and
length. This tube was isolated from inside by heating pads with aluminum foil.
Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 595
Four infrared radiation tubes (500 40 mm ) with intensity of 0.5 kW for
each one were placed inside the tube. The tube was equipped with blades on
the inside which served to lift the grain and showered it down through the
infrared radiation. The speed of the tube rotation could be controlled by DC
motor model No. M29-2, Hitachi, ltd. Japan with rotation speed ranging from 3
to 75 rpm. The main frame of the fabricated prototype has been manufactured
from L shape iron steel, with dimensions of 40 40 mm and thickness of 3
mm. Another sector of iron steel was vertically fixed on the main frame with
two horizontal aluminum bars. Four free wheels were supported on the
aluminum bar to allow the polyethylene tube to rotate smoothly as illustrated in
Figure (1).
Sample Treatments:
Two experiments were conducted on wheat and rice grain. Both of them had
64 treatments consisting of four levels of moisture content (26, 22, 18 and
14%), four rotation speed (2.5, 8.0, 25.5 and 42 rpm) and four intensity of
radiation (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kW). The wheat, Tikugoizumi was harvested at
the Kyushu University farm, Fukuka-ken, Japan on 20 May 2002 at moisture
content 19.5%. The wheat samples were dried for 13% moisture content and
stored at 10C until the beginning of the experiment. Als0, the rice, Hinohikari
was harvested at Kasuyagun farm, Fukuka-ken on 10 October 2002 at moisture
content 22.5%. It was dried for 14% moisture content and stored at 10C until
use.
Sample Preparation:
When it was time to start a test, the amount of wheat and rice needed for tests
were removed from the refrigerator and rewet to the desired moisture level by
adding distilled water and held in a 10C refrigerator for 72 h to allow for
moisture equilibration and then measure the number of microorganisms before
radiate it to the infrared radiation.
Carbon Dioxide Production:
Wheat and rice samples (250 g) were held in 500 ml glass bottles in the
incubator to adjust the temperature of the samples to be 21C (room
temperature). The airflow rate was of about 0.1 l/min. Solution of Sodium
Hydroxide 25% and glycerol/water were used to adsorb carbon dioxide from
the inlet air and maintain the moisture of the sample at the desired. Carbon

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 596

 250

120
150
160
140
40
30 30
650
270

200

290
160

210
10 25 500 20
650 55
20 570
650
910

Figure (1): Schematic diagram for the infrared apparatus prototype.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 597

dioxide measurements for each sample bottle were recorded every six hours by
taking the 1 ml of the outlet air from the sample bottle and injecting it into the
gas chromatograph (GL Sciences GC-390). More details about the system used
to measure carbon dioxide can be found in Sorour, and Uchino (2004). The
respiration rate of wheat and rice can be calculated by the following equation
for both fresh and dry matter as mentioned by Sorour and Uchino (2004):
44.01 P q L
Re spiration rate ( g CO2 / kg fresh .h) ...................................1
0.0820578 T W
44.01 P q L
Re spiration rate ( g CO2 / kg dry matter .h) ...................2
0.0820578 T W 1 m.c
Where:
q =airflow rate, l/h
T =absolute temperature of the gas, K
L =concentration of CO2, %
W =sample weight, kg
P =atmospheric pressure, atom
m.c =sample moisture content, % (w.b)
Measuring microorganism:
Microorganisms infected of wheat and rice before and after exposure to the
infrared radiation were determined. The sample of about 10 g was sterilized in
0.85% solution of sodium chlorite and then incubated them on soybean agar for
five to seven days at temperature of 25C. Results were reported as a number
of colonies per gram for microorganisms at all.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1- Grain temperature:
Experimentally determined temperatures of the air in rotational tube were
obtained with the time at different radiation intensity as indicated in figure 2.
The temperatures were recorded for a total time of about one minute. However,
the surface temperature of rice and wheat grain were recorded at different
radiation intensity, moisture content, and rotation speed as shown in figure 3.
The feed rate for rice and wheat grain was of about 1000 g/sec. The results
showed that by increasing rotation tube decreased the surface temperature of
rice and wheat grain for all radiation intensity and moisture content. However,
the surface temperature for wheat grain was higher than that for the rice except
Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 598
 0.5 kW 1.0 kW 1.5 kW 2.0 kW

200

150
Temperature, C
o

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time, s

Figure (2): Air temperature changes in the rotation tube apparatus at different
radiation intensities.
rice at intensity 0.5 kW rice at intensity 1.0 kW
rice at intensity 1.5 kW rice at intensity 2.0 kW
wheat at intensity 0.5 kW wheat at intensity 1.0 kW
wheat at intensity 1.5 kW wheat at intensity 2.0 kW
80
Grain temperature, C
o

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Rotation speed, rpm
Figure (3): Changes in rice and wheat grain temperature for moisture content
of 26%.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 599

at radiation intensity of 2 kW and moisture content of 26%. This is may be
related to the changes in thermal conductivity of rice and wheat grain.
2- Moisture content:
Moisture content of rice and wheat grain was affected by radiation intensity,
initial moisture content, and rotation speed. Figure 4 shows the effect of
radiation intensity on the final moisture content of rice and wheat at different
radiation intensity and rotation speed of 2.5 rpm. The differences of the
moisture content for rice and wheat grain increased by increasing the radiation
intensity for all initial moisture content and rotation speed. The maximum
difference between initial moisture content and final moisture was occurred at
radiation intensity of 2 kW that were 1.93, 1.18, 1.05, and 0.75% for rice grain
and 2.01, 1.42, 1.18, and 0.87% for wheat grain. The initial moisture content
with the radiation intensity had strong effects on the final moisture content of
rice and wheat grain compared with the rotation speed.
3- Respiration rate:
Figure 5 shows respiration rate of rice and wheat grain at different moisture
content, radiation intensity, and rotation speed tube. Infrared radiation intensity
had an effect on respiration rate for both rice and wheat grain. The obtained
data mentioned that increasing radiation intensity decreased the respiration rate
of rice and wheat at all rotation speed and moisture content. While, moisture
content of rice and wheat had a very significant effect on the respiration rate
comparing with the intensity and rotation speed of tube. On the other hand, the
respiration rate of wheat was higher than that for the rice at high moisture
contents (26 and 22%) but for low moisture contents (18 and14%) the
respiration rate of rice was higher than that for wheat at the same condition.
The respiration rates of rice at moisture content of 26%, and rotation speed of
2.5 rpm were 0.028, 0.027, 0.026, 0.025, and 0.023 g CO2/kg dry matter for
radiation intensity of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kW, respectively. While the
respiration rates of wheat at the same condition of radiation intensity, moisture
content and rotation speed were 0.038, 0.036, 0.034, 0.033, and 0.032 g
CO2/kg dry matter. The changes of respiration rates of rice and wheat grain
were higher at low rotation speed and high moisture content while, these
changes were less at higher rotation speed and low moisture content. This is
related to the increases of the surface temperature at low rotation speed for

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 600

 26% m. c. (before radiation) 26% m. c. (after radiation)
22% m. c. (before radiation) 22% m. c. (after radiation)
18% m. c. (before radiation) 18% m. c. (after radiation)
14% m. c. (before radiation) 14% m. c. (after radiation)

30
25 for rice
Moisture content, %

20
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Radiation intensity, kW

26% m. c. (before radiation) 26% m. c. (after radiation)

22% m. c. (before radiation) 22% m. c. (after radiation)
18% m. c. (before radiation) 18% m. c. (after radiation)
14% m. c. (before radiation) 14% m. c. (after radiation)

30

25 for wheat
Moisture content, %

20

15

10
5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Radiation intensity, kW
Figure (4): The effect of radiation intensity on the moisture content of rice and
wheat grain at rotation speed of 2.5 rpm.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 601

 rice at 26% m. c.
rice at 18% m. c.
wheat at 26% m. c.
wheat at 18% m. c.
0.05
rice at 22% m. c. rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c.
rice at 14% m. c. rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c.
wheat at 22% m. c. wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c.
wheat at 14% m. c. wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c.
0.05

Rotation speed 2.5 rpm Rotation speed 8 rpm

Respiration rate, g/kg DM

0.04 0.04
Respiration rate, g /kg DM

0.03 0.03

0.02
0.02

0.01
0.01

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Radiation intensity, kW
Radiation intensity, kW

rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c. rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c.

rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c. rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c.
wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c. wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c.
wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c. wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c.
0.05 0.05
Rotation speed 25.5 rpm
Respiration rate, g/kg DM

Rotation speed 42 rpm

Respiration rate, g/kg DM

0.04 0.04

0.03 0.03

0.02 0.02

0.01 0.01

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Radiation intensity, kW Radiation intensity, kW

Figure (5): The effect of radiation intensity on the respiration rate of rice and
wheat grain at different moisture content and rotation speed.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 602

both rice and wheat grain during exposure to the infrared radiation. Also, the
changes of moisture content before and after exposure to the infrared were
higher at high initial moisture contents (26, and 22%) of rice and wheat grain
comparing with low moisture contents (18, and 14%). The analysis of variance
indicated that, the initial moisture content had a high significant effect on the
respiration rate of rice and wheat grain. The radiation intensity and rotation
speed had a high significant effect on the respiration rate of rice and wheat
grain especially at high moisture content, while it had a significant effect at
low moisture content. The relation ship between the intensity of radiation,
rotation speed and grain moisture content and respiration rate of rice and wheat
grain can be describe as indicate in equations 3 and 4 for both rice and wheat
grain respectively.
R 0.01675 0.00078 I 1.21 10 5 R 0.001594 M ......r 2 0.9..........3
R 0.03396 0.0066 I 2.02 10 5 R 0.00254 M ......r 2 0.89...........4
Where:
R = respiration rate, g CO2/kg dry matter . h
I = intensity of radiation, kW
R = rotation speed, rpm
M =moisture content of grain, %
4- Growth of microorganism:
Results obtained by dilution planting gave information on the growth of
microorganism on the rice and wheat grain surface. Figure 6 shows the effect
of radiation intensity, moisture content, and tube rotation speed on the growth
of microorganism on the grain surface. The number of colony forming units
per gram was examined and account after fife to seven days. Comparing the
number of colony forming units per gram of microorganism growth on the rice
and wheat grain, it could be found that the number of colony forming units per
gram on the rice grain surface were higher than that for wheat grain at all initial
moisture content before exposure to the infrared radiation. However, after
exposure to the infrared radiation the reverse took place at all experiments
treatment. That is mean the use of infrared radiation give a good benefit of
decreasing the growth of microorganisms on rice grain surface more than in the
wheat grain surface. It could be found that, by increasing radiation intensity
decreased the growth of microorganism for all moisture content and rotation

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 603

 rice at 26% m. c.
rice at 18% m. c.
wheat at 26% m. c.
wheat at 18% m. c.
1600
rice at 22% m. c. rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c.
rice at 14% m. c. rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c.
wheat at 22% m. c. wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c.
wheat at 14% m. c. wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c.
1600

1400 1400 Rotation speed 8 rpm

Growth of microorganism, cuf/g

Rotation speed 2.5 rpm

Growth of microorganism, cfu/g

1200 1200

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Radiation intensity, kW Radiation intensity, kW

rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c. rice at 26% m. c. rice at 22% m. c.

rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c. rice at 18% m. c. rice at 14% m. c
wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c. wheat at 26% m. c. wheat at 22% m. c.
wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c. wheat at 18% m. c. wheat at 14% m. c.
1600 1600

1400 1400 Rotation speed 42 rpm

Growth of microorganism, cfu/g

Rotation speed 25.5 rpm

Growth of microorganism, cfu/g

1200 1200

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Radiation intensity, kW Radiation intensity, kW

Figure (6): The effect of radiation intensity on the growth of microorganism for
rice and wheat grain at different moisture content and rotation
speed.

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 604

speed used. The colony forming units per gram on the rice grain surface at
moisture content of 26%, and rotation speed of 2.5 rpm were 1350.3, 114.3,
87.3, 66.3, and 46.3 cfu/g for radiation intensity of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kW,
respectively. However, for the wheat grain surface at the same conditions they
were 950.6, 213.2, 99.6, 63.3, and 20.8 cfu/g, for radiation intensity of 0, 0.5,
1, 1.5, and 2 kW, respectively. The results indicated that by increasing the tube
rotation speed from 2.5 to 42 rpm increased the growth of microorganisms on
rice and wheat grain surface at different moisture content, and different
radiation intensity values. The growth of microorganisms on rice surface grain
at 26% moisture content and radiation intensity of 0.5 kW were 114.3, 145.3,
162.5 and 185.3 cfu/g, at tube rotation speed of 2.5, 8, 25.5 and 42 rpm,
respectively. However, for wheat grain at the same treatments were of about
213.2, 276.2, 309.1, and 367.3 cfu/g, at tube rotation speed of about 2.5, 8,
25.5 and 42 rpm, respectively. The growth of microorganisms on the rice grain
surface at moisture content of about 26% before exposure to infrared were of
1350.3, 1412.2, 1376.7 and 1382.8 cfu/g, while for wheat grain surface at
moisture content of about 26% was 950.6, 828.4, 910.5 and 883.5 cfu/g. The
analysis of variance indicated that the infrared radiation had a high significant
effect on the sterilization of rice and wheat grain at different moisture content,
and tube rotation speed.
CONCLUSION
A unique experimental system was developed to sterilize the rice and wheat
grain surfaces to minimize the growth of microorganism. The effect of grain
moisture content, tube rotation speed, and radiation intensity were examined.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this work:
1- The temperature of grain surface increased by decreasing the tube rotation
speed at all moisture content, and radiation intensity. These increases were
a little bet small at low moisture content (18 and 14%).
2- The temperature of wheat grain surface was higher than that for the
temperature of the rice grain surface for the experiments treatment.
3- The moisture content of rice and wheat grain decreased by increasing the
radiation intensity especially for the grain at high moisture contents (26 and
22%).

Misr J. Ag. Eng., July 2006 605

4- The respiration rate of wheat grain was higher than that for rice grain at high
moisture content (26, 22%). While the respiration rate of rice grain was
higher than that of wheat grain at low moisture content (18 and 14%) for
different rotation speed, and radiation intensity.
5- The intensity of infrared radiation had a high significant effect on the
respiration rate of rice and wheat grain especially at high moisture content
(26, 22%). The tube rotation speed had a little effect on the respiration of
rice and wheat grain.
6- The growth of microorganisms on the rice grain surface before exposure to
infrared were higher than that on wheat grain surface. However, after
exposure to infrared radiation the growth of microorganisms on rice grain
surface was less than that on the wheat grain surface under the same
treatment.
7- Growth of microorganisms on the rice and wheat grain surface decreased by
increasing radiation intensity for the different moisture content. While the
growth of microorganisms decreased by decreasing the tube rotation speed.
8- This study recommended that exposure the rice and wheat grain to the
infrared can be useful to reduce the infection of microorganism before
storage. These can be useful to increase the safe storage time for rice and
wheat grain.

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