- Cussons TECHNOLOGY PART 1 u CUSSONS HYDRAULICS BENCH P6100 /358 ACCESSORIES P6101 - P6109 r INSTRUCTION MANUALP6100A.WP. PART 1 PART 1 CUSSONS HYDRAULICS BENCH P6100 /358 ACCESSORIES P6101 - P6109 ISSUE 3 JULY, 1901PO100A.WP PART 1 LIST OF CONTENTS RECEIPT AND UNPACKING 1. HEALTH AND SAFETY WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS. 1-4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1-6 LIST OF SYMBOLS 1-7 1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 2 DESCRIPTION 1-10 2 General 22 General Arrangement 23 Water Circulation 24 Electrical System 25 Pump and Motor Units 26 Pressure Gauge and Selection Valve 27 Hydraulic Bench Accessories 3. HYDRAULIC BENCH EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITY 1 - 21 4. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING 1-26 41 Installation 42 Commissioning 5. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 1-29 5.1 Starting Procedure 52 Flow Control 53 Flow Measurement 34 Pressure Measurements 55 Stopping Procedure 56 Storage 6. MAINTENANCE, 1-34 61 General 62 Calibration of P6102 Variable Speed Pump Control Unit 63 Sterilisation of the Water System APPENDIX 1 Product Data - Safety and handling instructions for recommended sterilising agent. Product Data - Dipslides APPENDIX 2 Properties of WaterP6100A.WP PART 1 i 3 RECEIPT AND UNPACKING Irrespective of who has arranged the carriage and insurance of the goods, the carriers and insurers require that claims for loss or damage are submitted within a specified period after receipt of the goods. This period is often as short as 72 hours, It is important therefore for the customer to carry out the following procedure as soon as the equipment is received, a) On receipt, the goods should be signed for "unexamined". ») Immediately unpack and check the equipment against the dispatch check lists/packing lists enclosed with the equipment. °) Advise the carrier within 72.hours.of receipt, of any damaged or missing items, holding them responsible for the damage or loss. A copy of this advice document must also be sent to G. Cussons Ltd. 4a) If. insurance has been arranged by yourselves you must advise your insurers of the damage/loss enclosing a copy of the advice document that you have submitted to the carrier, °) If insurance has been arranged by G. Cussons Ltd, you must advise the local agent at the address indicated on the original Insurance Certificate in your possession. A copy of this advice document must also be sent to G. Cussons Ltd, All evidence of loss or damage should be retained by you. Claims for loss or damage cannot be entertained if the above procedures are not adhered to.Po100A.WP PART 1 1. 4 HEALTH AND SAFETY WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS L MANUFACTURERS LIABILITY. G. Cussons Ltd. hereby draws the attention of all users of its equipment to the provisions of the U.K. Health and Safety at Work Act, or of any similar provisions relating to health and safety of people at work in other countries and territories, which refer to the liability of manufacturers or suppliers of equipment. Under the U.K. act manufacturers or suppliers of equipment cannot be liable for the consequence of its use unless it is installed, maintained and operated strictly in accordance with the instructions published by the manufacturers or suppliers. This same limit of liability is hereby assumed by G. Cussons Ltd. to. be-valid in. all countries or territories. Therefore G. Cussons Ltd. will not be liable for the consequences of failure to heed warnings and precautions, improper installation or maintenance, improper use or incorrect operation of equipment manufactured or supplied by them. Furthermore, modifications to equipment, unless specifically. authorised in writing by the Company in advance of their- implementation, will. invalidate equipment warranty and absolve G. Cussons Ltd. from liability. G. Cussons Ltd. recognises the need for equipment to be safe to operate and to be fit for the purpose for which it is designed. The Company pays considerable attention to these aspects and: designs and» manufactures equipment to the highest safety standards with highly visible quality assurance. Any customers requiring further advice on safety aspects concerning installation and use of Cussons equipment should write to the company as follows G. Cussons Ltd, Technical Services Department, 102 Great Clowes Street, Manchester, England M7 9RH. Telephone 061 833 0036 Telex 667279 CUSTEC G Cables CUSTEC MANCHESTER Facsimile 061 834 4688 SAFETY. Before proceeding to install, commission or operate this equipment you are directed to read the following safety notes. The notes are intended to help you to be aware of potential hazards and thereby avoid accidents. Where appropriate, further information and recommendations are incorporated in the main body of this manual. In all cases the requirements of relevant local health and safety regulations should be complied with.PO100A.WP PART 1 21 Electrical Equipment. This equipment operates from a mains voltage electrical supply. Electrical installation and maintenance must be carried out by a competent electrical engineer in accordance with local regulations and the following notes. a) Installation. i) Ensure that the electrical supply voltage, frequency and configuration are compatible with the equipment supplied. This equipment must be connected to a reliable protective earth by an appropriately sized conductor. iii) To minimise-danger, particularly where the supply is connected by a trailing lead, it is recommended that a high sensitivity (30 mA) residual current device (R.C.D.) designed for personnel protection is incorporated in the supply. iv) The electrical supply equipment and connecting. cable should be suitably rated with respect to current, temperature and physical protection for the conditions of use. vy) The supply outlet should be labelled and must incorporate an independent means of isolating the supply and a suitable over-current protection device. >») Maintenance. i) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when not in use. ii) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply before removing. covers to expose any. part that, in operation, carries a potential in excess of 30V dic. or 50V aX iii) The equipment should be periodically inspected/tested to. ensure continued safety. 22. Stored Water. All open systems in which water is used and stored for long periods will have a tendency to become colonised by fungi, algae and bacteria. The speed and exact* nature of: this:.colonisation will depend on the particular site conditions. The appearance and odour of a heavily contaminated system is often objectionable; the slime deposits obscuring visual effects and potentially obstructing filters, More importantly the organisms present can present a health hazard, particularly where the water is sprayed and is thus liable to be inhaled, this, for example, this is the common mechanism by which legionnaires disease is contracted. Whilst regular draining of systems removes bacteria with the bulk of the water, many bacteria remain in the slime which is difficult to remove completely and will therefore rapdily re-colonise the water on refilling. These problems can be avoided by regular sterilisation of the system. A recommended method of sterilisation is provided in the maintenance section of this manual. If in doubt consult a local water treatment specialist.PO100A.WP Figure No. 10, i. 12. 1- 6 ILLUSTRATIONS General Arrangement of a Hydraulics Bench and Accessories Hydraulics Bench fitted with Auxiliary Pump P6101 Method of Connecting Variable Speed Pump Control Unit"P6102 and Wattmeter P6109 Variable Pump Speed Circuit Diagram (P6102/10) Arrangement of Inlet Head Tank P6103, Outlet Head Tank P6104 and Feedblock P6105 Arrangement of Manometer P6106 Arrangement of Hook Gauge and Scale P6107 Circuit Diagram for Wattmeter P6109 General Arrangement of Auxiliary Pump P6101/1 Assembly of Tachometer Pick-up to P6100/53W Pump Assembly of Tachometer Pick-up to P6100/60 or P6100/61 Pump Tachometer PCB CBA 60B PART 1 1-19 1-20 1-28 1-31 1-32 1-33Po100A. WP. PP Pe > o Af on 8 ° a nema am oD e > mo = pate oF BEE PMP ZZ 2 Cr oro} 1-7 LIST OF SYMBOLS cross sectional area (major area) cross sectional area (minor area) cross sectional area at vena contractor breadth specific heat at constant pressure coefficient of contraction coefficient of discharge meter coefficient coefficient of velocity characteristic dimension internal diameter of pipe or tube velocity of approach Castor force configuration constant (bends, elbows etc.) friction factors acceleration due to gravity head friction head total or pitot head manometric head current hydraulic gradient constant Jength mass mass flow rate area ratio speed of rotation specific speed of rotation constant pressure total or pitot pressure volume volume flow rate Reynolds number radius reaction on vane PART 1 I/kgK dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless m m dimensionieas N dimensionless dimensionless 9-807 m/s? nm m of fluid m of fluid m of fluid Amp dimensionless m ke kg/s dimensionless rev/s rev/s N/m? N/m? m : m'/s dimensionless m NPSi00A.WP SRUN NS K 202. 4.24745 ? ec erect. ac de 4ze abed temperature time velocity work done power hydraulic power input power distance distance from centre height above datum correction factor density absolute viscosity efficiency hydraulic effi iency overall efficiency shear stress torque kinematic viscosity angle difference infinitesimal difference angular velocity function in dimensional analysis ABBREVIATIONS position of centre of buoyancy alternating current direct current length (dimensional analysis) mass (dimensional analysis) time (dimensional analysis) SUFFICES indices used in dimensional analysis discharge float meter number of parts, pumps or elements specific PART 1 °C or K m/s cic} eo) m mn dimensionless kg/m? Ns/m? N/m? m?/s rad/sP6100A.WP. PART 1 INTRODUCTION. This manual describes Cussons Hydraulics Bench P6100, its accessories, and the additional experimental equipment which can be used with the Hydraulics Bench. PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART PART 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 iW 12 13 14 15 For convenience the manual is divided into parts, as follows: Hydraulics Bench P6100 and Accessories, P6101 to P6109 Pump tests Flow in pipes and fittings, P6220, P6221 & P6222 Flow through orificies, P6223 & P6224 Flow over weirs, P6225 & P6226 Flow measurement, P6108, P6227, P6228, P6229, & P6230 Bernoulli's apparatus, P6231 Hydraulic ram, P6232 Impact of jets, P6233 Calibration of Pressure Gauges, P6234 Metacentric height of floating bodies, P6235 & P6236 Centre of pressure, P6237 Free and forced vorticies, P6238 Pelton wheel, P6240 Flow Channel P6245Pe100A.WP PART 1 DESCRIPTION. 21 General. Cussons Hydraulics Bench, its various accessories and the associated experimental equipment have been developed to provide a comprehensive range of experiments in fluid mechanics. Figure 1 overleaf illustrates the bench with various accessories and an experimental set up. Although the experiments are generally small in scale, they are manufactured to a high quality standard and are designed to produce experimental results which compare favourably with theoretical and empirical data. General_Arrangement. The bench consists of a steel frame which supports a fibre glass worktop with integral weir channel and volumetric measuring tank, a sump tank, centrifugal water pump with appropriate pipework and valves. The worktop is manufactured from fibreglass reinforced plastic, with additional balsa wood reinforcement, moulded to provide a recessed area for mounting experimental apparatus, an-integral weir and a volumetric measuring tank equipped with sight glass and scale. The measuring tank is stepped with a 10 litre lower portion and 35 litre upper portion to ensure accurate measurements of both low and high flow rates. The measuring tank discharges into a fibreglass sump tank of approximately 120 litre capacity, via a quick acting ball valve located in the PVC pipework, An overflow pipe is provided in the volumetric measuring tank to prevent the sump tank from running dry. A Y-notch weir, mounted at the discharge end of the weir channel, is provided in clear acrylic plastic complete with a scale calibrated in litres per minute so that a continuous reading of flow rate can be made. A centrifugal pump delivers water to the outlet at the bench working surface, for connection to individual experiments. Provision is made for fitting an additional pump. The flow is regulated by a chromium plated valve. A pressure gauge is provided coupled to a rotary selector switch mounted on the panel; pressure measurements can be made at the first and second pump delivery points, the experiment input point and at another external position when required. A vacuum gauge mounted directly in the pipework prior to the pump is provided to read the pump suction pressure. The component parts are mounted on a robust, stove enamelled steel frame, which is provided with castors for ease of mobil The circulation pump is mounted on a lower platform and this allows full accessibility to the unit. Water flows to the pump from the storage reservoir via a transparent suction pipe fitted with a stop valve at the reservoir outlet. Thus, any cavitation taking place can be immediately seen in the transparent section, The water is delivered from the pump through a second transparent pipe passing through the panel above the pump. The pipe is connected to the bench regulating valve, the control knob of which is mounted on the left hand side of the instrument panel viewed facing the panel. Electrical System. A flexible electrical cable is provided for connection of main electricity. This cable is prewired into a small terminal box located to the left hand side and at the rear of the shelf under the working top. The terminal box incorporates two switched sockets for the supply of electrical power to the water circulating pump and either the second pump or an accessory. The connection to the mains supply should be caried out in accordance with the notes given on page 1 - 4 and the installation instruction in section 4.P6100A.WP REF. NO. 10. 1 PART 1 na MANOMETER BOARD P6106 VARIABLE HEAD OUTLET TANK P6101 PRESSURE GAUGE AND MULTI-POINT SELECTION VALVE STEPPED VOLUMETRIC MEASURING TANK MEASURING TANK SIGHT GLASS MEASURING TANK OUTLET VALVE RESERVOIR/SUMP TANK CASTORS FOR MOBILITY SUCTION GAUGE SUCTION VALVE 13, uM. 1B. 16. 1, rs 1. ITEM CENTRIFUGAL PUMP MOUNTING POSITION FOR AUXILIARY PUMP P8101 ROTAMETER P5108, MAIN ON/OFF SWITCH LOCATED ‘UNDER SHELF VARIABLE SPEED PUMP CONTROL AND DISPLAY P6102 FLOW REGULATING VALVE EXPERIMENT P6221 (LOSSES IN PIPES AND FITTINGS) CONSTANT HEAD INLET TANK sis VEE NOTCH WEIR PLATE Figure 1_ General Arrangement of an Hydraulics Bench and AccessoriesP61O0A.WP PART 1 1-12 25 Pump and Motor Units. The pump is a high speed centrifugal type manufactured by ‘Stuart Turner’, The split flanged, brass body is attached to the motor casing and the impeller is on an extension of the motor shaft, giving the arrangement known as "close-coupled", At maximum speed of approximately 5000 rev/mins. the pump flow rate is 50 litres per minute against a head of approximately 3 metres and the maximum head at zero flow is approximately 16 metres. 26 Pressure Gauge and Sclection Valve. A Bourdon type pressure gauge mounted on the panel of the Hydraulic Bench Unit is connected via a special 4-way selector valve to various tap) points in the apparatus. a) First pump outlet. b) Supply to the apparatus °) Auxiliary tapping Do not turn the valve selector to ‘Ausiliary’ when this poulticn ie unconnected. CY) Second pump outlet Where only one pump ie fitted, connection (4) plugged. 27 Hydraulic Bench Accessories. The basic bench unit can be augmented by a number of accessory units, some of which are essential for certain of the experiments which are described later. The available accessory units are listed below and with the exception of the Auxiliary Pump P6101 are illustrated in figure 1 on the preceeding page. 2.7.1 Auxiliary Pump Unit P6101, A second centrifugal pump with associated pipework is available to increase the water flow capacity, enabling the Bench Unit to service a series of larger scale experiments, The valving arrangements also enable the two pumps to be run in either series or parallel configuration. Figure 2 on page I-13 shows a hydraulics bench fitted with the auxiliary pump. 2.7.2 Variable Speed Pump Control P6102. _ This unit provides continuously variable speed control of the centrifugal pump so that pump characteristic curves may be obtained at different speeds. The addition of this unit also provides a much more convenient method of regulating the flow to the experiments, particularly where the required flow rate is very low. The unit uses a phase angle control and is fitted with a radio frequency interference suppression filter to suppress the emission of mains borne interference. The method of connecting this control unit is shown in figure 3 on page I-14. The circuit diagram for this unit is shown on P6102/10 reproduced as figure 4 on page 1-15. 3 Constant Head Inlet Tank P6103. The inlet tank provides a constant head of water for experiments requiring it, a two position overflow is arranged so that cither a 250 or 300mm head can be provided to suit the experimental requirements. The tank is fitted with two screwed connection points, one in the base and one in the side, for the attachment of experiments. The tank is shown in figure 5 on page 1-17.Pe100A.WP. PART 1 REF. NO. ITEM 3. FLOW REGULATING VALVE 2. VALVE FOR PARALLEL OPERATION 3. PUMP NO. 2 SUCTION PRESURE GAUGE 4. VALVE FOR SERIES OPERATION 5. PUMP NO. 2 SUCTION VALVE 6. PUMP NO, 1 SUCTION VALVE 7. PUMP NO. 1 SUCTION PRESSURE GAUGE Figure 2_ Hydraulics Bench Fitted With Auxiliary PumpPART 1 POI00A.WP 14 ann HONaM SorTAVAGAH (61 s00u) gota HONS SOKINVGAN JO XOW IVNINYSL ONY TINS ov. (wo1y, 92) (214 2800) coI9d LINN 1OXLNOD 6o19d WALAWLAVA “anna Gils THIVRA Figure 3_ Method of Connecting Variable Speed Pump Control Unit P6102 ‘and Wattmeter P6109PART 1 1-15 PS100A.WP. ONZOV ea TTT WYZOVI LITDaID ‘d17 SNOSsN9'9 ru Pe" PGIO2Z/IO. “arrow tw cab 3H sanvwns lL noue3O Aol vod “TRH ere mal HSS ere ar oT coms Gove Te Figure 4 Circuit Diagram For Variable Speed Pump Control Unit P6102Ps100A.WP PART 1 1- 16 2.74 Variable Head Outlet Tank P6104. The outlet tank is used in conjunction with the inlet tank P6103 to mount various experiments and to provide a regulated total head across the experiment. The discharge pipe on the variable head outlet tank can be set at any value between 50mm and 300mm above the experiment center line height. The tank is shown in figure 5. 27.5 Feed Block P6105. The feed block is provided for use instead of the constant head inlet tank for those experiments which require more than 500mm inlet head. The feed block which is shown in figure 5 can supply the full head available from the pump(s). 6 ___Manometer P6106. The manometer is required for use with Those experiments where the measurement of pressure drop or head loss is necessary. The unit, which is shown in figure 6 on page 1-18, consists of four open vertical manometer tubes, thus enabling measurements to be made at four points simultaneously, and a water on mercury ‘U’ tube for the measurement of higher values of differential pressure. The tubes are all mounted on a back board which locates onto fixing brackets mounted on the Bench Top. Connections to the experiments are made in clear flexible tube which should run from the manometer to the experiment without forming an inverted ‘U’ in order to prevent air traps. The manometer legs above mercury level are to be filled with water, any air bubbles being present are to be bled via the valve positioned at the top of the mercury manometer. This valve is a 3 position one, enabling equalisation between the legs, bleeding of air, and normal operation to take place. Allowance should be made for the relative specific gravity of 12-6 fie. (Hg - H,) = (13-6 - 1)] when measuring heads using the water on mercury manometer. 2.1.7 Hook Gauge and Scale P6107. The hook gauge enables vertical measurements to be made with a scale, at a series of points along the horizontal length of the weir tank. It is intended for use with P6223 and P6224 orifice experiments for plotting the trajectory of horizontal Jets, and with P6225 and P6226 for determination of the water height above a weir. Precise positioning of the gauge is ensured by the use of accurate positioning rails onto which the gauge can be fitted. The positioning rails and the hook gauge are dual purpose having an orifice trajectory scale for use with the crosswire gauge, (datum point. at the centre of the orifice), and a. water level scale for use with the hook gauge, (datum point at the lowest point of the weir knife edge). Figure 7 on page 1-19 illustrates the installation. 2. Rotameter P6108. A variable area flow meter can be supplied to be mounted from the front left hand leg of the frame between the pump delivery and the flow regulating valve, as shown in figure 1 on page I-11. The meter provides a direct reading of the flow rate obtained from the pump or pumps, rates from 10 to 100 litres per S minute can be measured, 2. Wattmeter P6109. The Wattmeter is used to measure the electrical power input to the pump motor. Figure 3 on page I-14 shows the installation of the Wattmeter and the circuit diagram is shown in figure 8 on page 1-20.PART 1 PS100A.WP Variable Between $0 mm nd 300 2uP0 » og oonesey og eone, i yt q a cit Bi f vorsd INVA A140 avan FIEvEAVA, (nonsen0 payon) asta 242045 ——] L wee mo ang nt —] we @og 20) woteonen 264g moys2249 —T7 200m hi ‘019d NVA ATINI VAM ANVISNOD Tank, Outlet Head Tank ‘Feedblock and Experiments Figure 5 Arrangement Of Inlet HiPe100A. WP. PART 1 in Locating Peg 7 Figure 6 Arrangement of Manometer P6106PART 1 19 P6IO0A.WP. SLIf JO ANOLOTIVAL tog wone207 SaNNvHD wa sq vone0y umoys 8 Yoo 2619401 201310 0) ‘SIV ONINOLLISOS se} sso sa}osten aay E E aus 9 10) saya mowgiong) por{a. £ E ‘wus 996 303 uowsuenea adta 0133240 €0194 NVA La 7NI GVH INVISNOD sye9g 21944 98 — feoy 1¥) woniseaveD Aions Figure 7_Arrangement of Hook Gauge and Scale P6107 6PART 1 1- 20 PO100A.WP |. Flea J | a] a] ay a ag wvaovia~ oN, “aii sossno' 212M TVA saa wa Ea a rena s8y 35% uneaneeUEH = ME/GOrS a “sorsegoe ~ ren satordde 1K 24 | simjromer s2R08 Deere H s200j29 Ut 39oD. pRIM02 -Iny (OLD 15:0 a0 Oo IY wer sooe Se , _ on ane super Geno peor 2 fon Saneoret ep oy espa a g g Z 3 a] oO} g ql é Pe" PGIOS/4 3 2 5 3PO1O0A.WP PART 1 1-21 HYDRAULIC BENCH EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITY. 3 Introduction. A series of additional experimental apparatus are available which, when used in conjunction with Cussons hydraulics bench and its various accessories allows a very wide range of experiments to be conducted as illustrated below and in the chart of "Apparatus Required" on page 1-25. 32. Performance of a Centrifugal Pump. This experiment utilises the pump supplied’ as part of the P6100 Hydraulics Bench, The experimental capability can be extended by using the P6102 Variable Speed Pump Control Unit to vary the pump speed and the P6109 Watmeter to measure the electrical power input to the pump. The experiment allows the performance of the pump to be presented as characteristic curves of head plotted against flow rate. Refer to Part 2 for details of the theory, experiment and typical results. 33 Performance of Two Pumps Connected in Series or Parallel. By installing the Auxiliary Pump Unit P6101 onto the Hydraulics Bench it is possible, with the pipework and valving supplied, to operate the two pumps in series or in parallel. Part 2 of the manual also covers these experimental procedures, Figure 2 on page 1-13 illustrates the installation of the Auxiliary Pump onto the Hydraulics Bench. The use of two pumps also allows the Hydraulics Bench to act as a service unit for larger items of experimental equipment, such as the wall mounted Friction in Pipes Apparatus P5160 and Flow Channel P6245. 34 Laminar and Turbulent Flow In A Pipe (P6220), To carry out experiments on laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe Cussons P6220 Laminar Flow Experiment is required. This is mounted between the Constant Head Inlet Tank (P6103) and the Variable Head Outlet Tank (P6104) and requires the Manometer Board (P6106) to be mounted to the back of the bench for measuring differential head across the laminar flow tube. The arrangement of a similar experimental set up (P6221) can be seen in figure 1, which clearly shows the Inlet Tank, the experiment, the Outlet Tank and the Manometer Board. To allow experiments to be performed at higher flow. rates than can be obtained with a 500mm inlet head it is necessary to use the P6105 Feed Block instead of the P6103 Inlet Head Tank. This experiment’ is discussed in detail in Part 30f the manual. 3 Losses In Pipes and ss (P6221). Cussons P6221 provides two straight pipe lengths of different bore (7mm and 10mm), one 10mm bore pipe containing 90° bends, one 10mm bore pipe containing 4 90° elbows, one length of pipe with a ball valve and one length of pipe with an angle seat valve. Any one of these pipes may be installed between the inlet and outlet head tanks (P6103 and P6104). The Manometer Board (P6106) is required for measuring head loss and to allow the relationship between head and flow to be investigated. To allow experiments to be performed at higher flow rates than can be obtained with a 500mm inlet head it is necessary to use the P6105 Feed Block instead of the P6103 Inlet Head Tank. Experimental details are given in Part 3.P6100A. WP PART 1 1+ 22 36 Entry and Exit Losses to a Pipe (P6222). The P6222 apparatus consists of two test pipes with an inlet bore of 10mm and an exit bore of 20mm, one with sudden transition the other with a 30° transition, these two pipes can be used to study either expansion or contraction losses. Adaptor pieces are also supplied to provide for sudden and tapered entry and exit geometries to be obtained. The pipes and adaptors are again used between the inlet and outlet head tanks (P6103 and P6104). The Manometer Board (P6106) is required which allows the head -flow relationship to be investigated. Part 3 of the manual provides all the experimental details. 3 Orifices (P6223 and P6224). Cussons Elementary Orifice Set (P6223) comprises a set of three sharp edged orifices of 3, 5 and 8mm diameter. The Advanced Orifice Set (P6224) comprises square, triangular, Borda and bell mouthed orifices. The orifices are used in either the side or the base of the Inlet Head Tank (P6103) to study the discharge characteristics of orifices. When used in the side of the Inlet Head Tank the trajectory of the issuing jet of water can be studied with the aid of the accessory Hook Gauge (P6107)... These experiments are presented Part 4. 38 Weirs (P6225 and P6226). Cussons provide two sets of weirs: P6225 Elementary Weirs comprising a rectangular weir and two 'V’ notch weirs (90° and 60°); P6226 Advanced Weirs consisting of @ trapezoidal (or Cippoletti) weir, a linear weir and a full width (or suppressed) weir. Any one weir can be attached to the end of the weir channel to replace the standard 60° acrylic V notch weir supplied with the bench. The Hook Gauge (P6107) is an essential accessory for use with the weirs which enables accurate measurement of the head over the weir. Part 5 gives detailed information on experiments with weirs, 39. Flow Measurement by Tapered Area Meter (P6108). The tapered area flow meter or Rotameter P6108 is an accessory to the Hydraulics Bench which, if purchased, may be permanently mounted between the pump delivery and the bench regulating valve. Once fitted not only can it be used to provide instanteous reading of the flow rate but can also be used as an experiment in its own right. See Part 6 for a detailed treatment of this topic. 3.10 ____Flow Measurement by Venturi (P6227). Cussons P6227 Venturi Meter is a classical 21° inlet conical venturi designed generally in accordance with British Standard BS 1042, The venturi is used between the inlet and outlet head tanks (P6103 and P6104), it can also be used with the feed block (P6105) to allow higher flow rates to be achieved. The manometer board (P6106) is essential for measuring differential pressure. The experimental work is presented in Part 6. 3.11 ___Flow Measurement by Orifice Plate (P6228). The Orifice Plate Experimental Apparatus consists of two square edged orifice plates (8 and 12mm) which can be trapped between the flanges of a 22mm bore pipe installed between the inlet and exit head tanks (P6103 and P6104). The feed block (P6105) can also be used and the manometer board (P6106) is essential. The pipe is equipped with both corner tappings and D and D/2 tappings to allow both types to be compared. The design is otherwise in accordance with BS 1042. Part 6 contains full experimental details.P6100A. WP. PART 1 1-23 3.12 Flow Measurement by Turbine Meter (P6229). The pulse producing turbine meter is installed in a 25mm bore pipe which is mounted between either the feed block (P6105) or the inlet head tank (P6103) and the outlet head tank (P6104). The manometer board is not required as an analogue display unit is provided. Part 6 of the manual discusses this method of flow measurement. 313 Flow Measurement by Pitot-Static Tube (P6230). The pitot-static tube is installed in a 20mm bore tube which can be mounted between the inlet and outlet head tanks. Alternatively the feed block can be used. The manometer board is an essential requirement to measure the differential pitot-static pressure. Part 6 provides experimental details. 3.14 Demonstration of Bernoulli's Theorem (P6231). The flow of water through a convergent-divergent clear acrylic passage of rectangular cross section. is studied to demonstrate Bernoulli's -Theorem, Fourteen manometer tapings and tubes are provided for the measurement of the static. pressure distribution along the passage. The apparatus includes a dye injection system which may be used to demonstrate the onset of turbulent flow. Part 7 of the manual provides full details. 3.15 Hydraulic Ram (P6232). The hydraulic ram is an example of an early design of hydraulic machine in which a large quantity of water falling through a small head is used to raise a small quantity of water through a large head. Refer to Part 8 of the manual. 3.16 Impact of Jets (P6233) This apparatus is used to investigate the reaction of a jet of water on three interchangeable vanes. Two sizes of jet nozzle are supplied and three target vanes, namely: one flat plate, one cone and one hemispherical bucket. Part 9 contains experimental details. 3.17 ____Calibration of a Pressure Gauge (P6234). The apparatus consits of a simple but accurate dead weight calibration system which can be used to calibrate the pressure gauge fitted to.the hydraulics bench, Part 10 of the manual refers. 3.18 Metacentric Height of Floating Vessels (P6235_and_ P6236). The floatation characteristics of floating vessels may be studies using Cussons Flat Bottomed Vessel P6235. The flat bottomed vessel is fitted with a detachable bridge piece and mast, which can also be used with Cussons Alternative Hull Sections P6236. A simple inclinometer is provided together with hull and bridge loading system. Experimental details are covered in Part 11 of the manual. 319 Centre of Pressure Apparatus (P6237). Cussons Centre of Pressure Apparatus allows the force and centre of pressure acting on partially submergered and fully submerged rectangular planes to be determined. Part 12 of the manual presents the theory and experimental details concerened with this topic.P6I00A.WP PART 1 1-24 3.20 Free and Forced Vorticies (P6238). The Free and Forced Vortices Apparatus comprises a transparent cylindrical vessel in which both free and forced vorticies can be established. The profile of the water surface can be measured as can the angular velocity of the vortex. Part 13 of the manual contains the details. 3.21 Pelton Wheel (P6240). This hydraulic machine is fitted with friction dynamometer to measure rotor torque. An optical tachometer (P4740) is available to measure the Pelton Wheel speed thus allowing the determination of power and efficiency. Part 14 of the manual specifies the experimental capability of this unit. 3.22 Large Scale Friction in Pipes (P5160). This wall mounted unit allows a full range of. experiments to be conducted on the loss of head due to friction in pipes of various- diameters, in an annulus, in a smooth and artificially roughened: pipe, in various valves and fittings, and also features flow measurement by variable area flow meter, venturi meter, orifice plate meter and a pitot static tube. The hydraulics bench which is used to serve this experiment should be fitted with a second pump P6101. A separate manual is provided with this item of equipment. 3.23 Flow Channel (P6245). Cussons flow channel has a 55mm wide by 175mm deep cross section and is 2500mm long. Used with a hydraulics bench fitted with two pumps the flow channel provides experiments in the uniform flow in open inclinned channels, in the flow under a sluice gate and over sharp and broad crested weirs. The study of the flow over triangular hump weirs and long base weirs is provided for as is the study of hydraulic jumps. See Part 15 of the manual.PART 1 25 1 CHART OF EXPERIMENTS PS100A.WP 3sn (50194) x0018 0334 11 JNO HOLL swt 3H 40 Jon 3 o431X3 O1 a3SN 38 HYD NOLIN SMAVAY4AY = 0 ANGMIABINS OL TWLIN3SS SVAN = 3 77 =} ear — 7 : Sonia H+ I + ane eT ; onary Tevoneaard 7 z sa TNT 7 7 a a a as 7 Snowe 3 > Pier 3 Bieya e190 194 7 B Pe Pee 7 Ta at - cl falals|als [aaron aD ar oF a rau ct 7 alr ali Taree { quapmys aya jo UoUaIIe aya O2 . fo 7 ' ‘pasveny s3014nw ee I a ane lore aetaeet ; sr ar ek etl Seale sasep nya por sired eysos 7 TPT pe ems oe fou seca eens eens omen ee pe TT spp TP sar aT putin 10) oojimany el TS» je1we2 abeoed ye3Qoulsedxo poyuounaep ype ofe [2 [7 | reneses a sts sigan ssape TAN ofe th an os LI aauinoae souvavaay | RENT BIER EIR EEE (EE BEER] EERE vosP5100. WP. PART 1 1- 26 4. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING, 41 Installation. The bench must be positioned on a smooth and level surface. Since the component parts of the bench are supported on a robust stove enamelled steel frame mounted on castors, the unit is installed by merely moving it into a suitable position so that water and electrical services are available, 41.1 Auxiliary Pump P6101, When an Auxiliary Pump unit P6101 is ordered at a later date and needs to be installed, figure 1 and the General Arrangement Drg No. P6101/1 reproduced as figure 9 on page 1-28 illustrate the required assembly. The pump/regulator valve flexible hose on the existing single pump bench should be removed and re-connected as shown, whilst the blank should be taken out of the T-piece connection on the existing unit and Item 8 (Drg. P6101/1) inserted. The new pump can then be positioned on the base next to the existing pump and holes for M6 bolts drilled. Installation is then made in accordance with P6101/1. The. pressure tappings marked ‘to gauge’ fare connected to the gauge mounted on the bench. 41.2 Variable Speed Pump Control P6102. The variable speed pump control unit should be placed on the sloping shelf of the hydraulics bench. The mains cable from the control unit should be connected into the ancillary socket of the electrical junction box and the output from the control unit connected to the appropriate pump motor. Refer to figure 3 on page 1-14. 41.3 Constant Head Inlet Tank P6103. The constant head inlet tank Should be positioned on top of the hydraulics bench towards the back left hand side of the bench, for the discharge of an orifice through the base of the tank the inlet tank is positioned so that it straddles the weir channel and the left hand feet of the tank locate on the two locating pegs. For all other. applications the right hand support feet should locate on the two locating pegs as shown in figure 5 on page 1-17. 414 Variable Head Outlet Tank P6104. The variable head outlet tank Should be positioned on the hydraulics bench straddling the weir channel at the right hand end and left hand feet of the tank base should be located on the two locating pegs. See figure 5 on page 1-17. 41.5 Feed Block P6105. The feed block is used instead of the inlet head tank for some experiments and occupies the same position. See figure 5. 4.1.6 __Manometer P6106. The manometer assembly should be secured to the raised up rim of the working surface at the back of the hydraulics bench using the two fixing brackets provided. Refer to figure 6on page 1-18. 4.1.7 Hook Gauge and Scale P6107. The hook gauge positioning rails Should be placed on the working surface of the hydraulics bench, the engraved one to the front and the plain one to the rear of the weir channel and the gauge located in the required position across the weir channel as shown in figure 7 on page 1-19.Pe1o0A.WP. PART 1 ieee) 4.1.8 Rotameter P6108. If the Rotameter is supplied separately, it is installed at the left hand end of the bench (viewed facing the instrument panel). Fixing straps are supplied and they are mounted on the end of the bench using the pre-drilled holes for location. The Rotameter bottom connection is supplied from the pump outlet hose and the top connection from the Rotameter is made, using the hose supplied, to the Bench Regulating Valve. 4.1.9 Wattmeter P6109. The wattmeter should be placed on the sloping shelf of the hydraulics bench and connected between the appropriate pump motor and the mains supply to the pump or between the pump motor and the supply from the variable speed pump control unit. Figure 3 on page 1-14 refers. 42. Commissioning. Connect the Hydraulics Bench to a suitable electricity supply of the appropriate voltage, and frequency, following the precautions laid down in paragraph 2.1 of the safety instructions on page 1-5. The supply should be rated at 5Amps for 220 to 260V supplys or 10 Amps for 110 to 130 V supplies. - Fill the reservoir tank with approximately 100 litres of clean or. treated water until the water level is approximately 20mm from tank top. Switch the pump on. If necessary prime the pump by loosening the priming screw on the top of the pump body and allowing the trapped air to bleed from the pump casing. When the-water starts to flow from around the bleed screw the pump is fully primed and the bleed screw must be re-tightened. Check all valves for their correct function, icluding the ‘pressure gauge selector valve’. When new, these valves may be stiff and they should be operated with care until they work freely. 42.1 Mercury Manometer Filling, The mercury manometer should be filled with mercury in the following manner. a) Ensure that the bottom drain plug is inserted. b) Fill the manometer tubes with mercury using the */16" filling plug located at the top of the unit. °) Fill the tubes until the mercury level, when viewed from the front of the manometer board, is on the zero level of the scale. a) Replace filling plug 4.2.2 Adjustment of Manometer Board. The Manometer Board P6106 Should be adjusted as follows, With the bench level set up with any one interconnecting experimental test pipe from either P6220, P6221, P6222, P6227, P6228, P6229, P6230 or P6231, connected between the Constant Head Inlet Tank P6103 and the Variable Head Outlet Tank P6104, close the Hydraulics Bench Regulating Valve and turn the outlet arm (P6104) to the vertically upright position. Pour water into either the inlet or outlet tank to give a height of approximately 100mm. Ensure that the connections to the manometer board are bubble free and check the readings on the manometer. By adjusting the height of the manometer board (using the elongated screw holes) ensure that the manometer readings are also 100mm. 42.3 Sterilisation. Sterilise the water system following the procedure given in the maintenance section of this manual.PART 1 P6100A. WP WiOd | Figure 9 General Arrangement of Auxiliary Pump P6101/1Ps100A.WP PART 1 1-29 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS. Starting Procedur a) Ensure that the pump inlet valve is fully open. b) Check the water level in the ‘reservoir tank’ and top up if required to within 20mm of the top. ° Mount the required experimental apparatus on the working surface of the bench using the appropriate locating pegs. Connect the bench flexible water supply hose to the apparatus. 4) Ensure that the bench regulating valve is in the closed position. ©) Connect the electrical supply to the bench and switch on. 1) Adjust bench regulating valve to give the required water flow. 52 Flow Control. 52.1 Constant Speed Operation. Although there are two valves on the main pumping circuit, the control of flow should be made only with the valve on the instrument panel, ie. the bench regulating valve. The other valve (pump ‘inlet -valve): should be kept wide open at all times when the pump is running. The only exception to this is during the cavitation demonstration, 52.2___Variable Speed Operation. The pump speed can be varied from 0-600 revs per min by using the variable speed pump control unit P6102. The ac supply to the pump is varied using the control knob mounted on the instrument panel. Speed is increased by turning clockwise and the -actual. speed is indicated on the analogue speed display meter. 33. Flow Measurement. Flow measurements may be obtained in 3 ways. 53.1 __ Volumetric Tank. a) Close the measuring tank outlet valve. ») Start the timing watch when the water level in the measuring tank is at zero or some other convenient level. °) Time the collection of a suitable quantity of water. For low flow rates, only the lower section of the measuring tank need be used. For high flow rates use the 15 litre mark as the starting point to ensure that hold up of water, as it flows across the tank, does not cause an error. ro) After the measurement has been completed, open the measuring tank outlet valve completely. Note that an overflow valve for the measuring tank has been provided so that if the outlet valve is inadvertently left shut, excess water will flow directly into the reservoir ensuring that the pump will not run dry.POLOOA.WP PART 1 1+ 30 . °) The mean volumetric flow rate can be calculated by dividing the volume collected by the time taken The mass flow rate can then be obtained by multiplying by the density m= Qe At normal ambient temperature p may be taken as 1-00 kg/l 5.3.2 Weir Measurement. A scale calibrated in litres per minute is to be found on the weir notch. For readings above 10 litres per minute this scale may be used to give an instantaneous reading of flow rate. Rotameter_ P6108. .This too will. give: an. instantaneous~ direct reading of flow rate for values above 10 litres per minute. 5.4 Pressure Measurement: Pressure at the pump delivery, supply hose delivery and at an auxiliary position can be monitored on the panel mounted pressure gauge by selecting the appropriate ~ position on” the -selector switch. The pump suction pressure is measured directly by the in line pressure gauge mounted on the pump inlet pipework. Note that when pump delivery pressures are measured an allowance should be made for the fact that the gauge is positioned 0-7m higher than the tapping point, ie. 0-07 bar should be added to the gauge reading. Note that it is advisable to rotate the pressure selector switch anti-clockwise in order to minimise the possibility of a previously locked in jet of water. being emitted from the auxiliary tapping point if this is not in use. 55 Stopping Procedur a) Close the bench regulating valve. b) Ensure that the measuring. tank outlet valve is open. °) Switch off the power supply on the hydraulic bench. 4) Close the pump inlet valve. °) Turn the pump speed control (if fitted) to zero. Storage. If it is required to store the equipment, the water should be drained from the unit. Most of the water can be drained from the unit using the pump with the flexible supply hose directed into a drain. For complete drainage a drain plug is provided underneath the reservoir tank. When storing the unit, Ieave all valves slightly open to prevent them seizing in the closed position. Cover the unit with a sheet of polythene or similar material in order to prevent it becoming dirty.PART 1 e100. WP 1-31 PLA MESLIAIA GL ITI WLIW] AP RIGHPOS GY OF PUT RMOUPTIAIA] FTSWS © SINF LWHNFINUOW FIL SAI WEG LOTTI ! : Wontar AGATE IID (I peowotd WOOL TTT suzsrry WL Y2H2 ONY dhihd .24V0Y (S OMIGOS NI NID OME HIDE, f-NIS VOLT (We yasIig SL2uiwer 4808 £1 Tn ZIN~RAY ANE GTN 14 CE BOT HE FIOM AP-d2IE WLI ION DOUMDON £95 (2 eos IAN yISId WeLLISed 04 grid Wonk | FIR PISUG TION TF vig ORFF i POI TOOTS TH HORDE KIVaOS, 4 SIOTIIg Oy OIMIITS SersMs ONSET TL. aereng pp PN HS oe U t sa DRE | arin er FS HTT Epon FITS OUT IHG am] to P6100/53W Pum ick. of Tachometer ure 10 Assembl} EiPART 1 PELO0A.WP. 1+ 32 Tits THONH) ¥ OF OII PL. 7 VIG VHIAMALL AF KIWI IY NOUR? hyRDUISUUS HIND (5 1210 FIEL LOT ERG US LL DUDIND OOH AT HDL HL WPOLLISO M1 POT OMY WILY, AD 424 PULEIY (E wre zug Pwd SIU2IEL ISDE LF TAM 22NUNOE OME GFE LYE ZION POUND ANd PIC ATAIVIOIM SI IOUII UF TINT AWD MOL (I BUTT FIG FPR V-VNO AOILDIS ROUPIHIO] IST F_SINT IMPAGIWUIN FAL DAY HL ‘Assembly of Tachometer Pick-up to 6100/60 or P6100/61 Pump Figure 11PS100A.WP. PART 1 Cc Woruwat | SevEcrAeee LomPonenrs| Pome Tyee Pur \Feeautwe’ | C20 | K2/ | £25 | R29 6100/53 w 2402 | 470 | 242 | 220 | 30K £6100180 a PéICOIEI 2002 |22n | ick | on [27k Figure 12 Tachometer PCB CBA 60BPo100A.WP. PART 1 6 MAINTENANCE. 61 General. In general very little regular maintenance is required for Cussons Hydraulics Bench, Accessories or Experiments. A regular visual examination of the bench should be made for signs of damage or corrosion of the framework and pipework and damage to the fibreglass tank, In the event of damage to the fibreglass sections, by accident or serious misuse, repairs may be carried out using normal materials sold for the repair of motor vehicle bodywork. The fibreglass surfaces should be kept clean by washing with a mild detergent and drying and polishing with a soft cloth. The Stuart Turner series 12 pumps are fitted with series wound commutator motors which are not recommended for continuous running. Running should be limited to 4 hours in any 24 hour period of time. The commutator brushes.should be. renéwed when worn to less than 3mm long and all carbon dust should be blown out when. brushes are: renewed. 2 bration of P6102 ble Speed Pump Control Unit. The original pump type P6100/53W became obsolete towards the.end of 1986, therefore units supplied after this date may: be fitted with the: later. pump type’ P6100/60 or P6100/61. The tachometer pick up. arrangement: for the 6100/53 pump provides 2 pulses/revolutions while that for: the P6100/60 or 6100/61 pump provides 8 pulses/revolutions (see figures 10 and 11 respectively). Some of the components on the P6102 electronic circuit board are selected to suit the 2 pulses/revs or 8 pulses/revs depending on the pump with which it is to be used. Customers who wish to use a new type P6102 with an old pump or vice-versa must change these components (see figure 12) and re-calibrate the tachometer accordingly. To calibrate the tachometer connect a signal generator to the tachometer input and inject a sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 100 mV to 1-0V pk to pk at a frequency equivalent to a pump speed of 120 revs/sec., ie. P6100/53W pump (2 pulses/revs) = 240 Hz P6100/60 or P6100/61 (8 pulses/revs) = 960 Hz ‘Adjust potentiometer P20 on the circuit board: until meter reads 120 rev/sec~ jon_of the Water Syste 6. To prevent biological fouling it is recommended that the water system is treated with a sterilising agent. We recommend the use of ‘Houseman Microtreat 3129’ for this purpose. This is a powerful oxidising microbiocide which is effective against bacteria, fungi and algae. Microtreat 3120 also breaks down rapidly into safe non-toxic products and is therefore safe when used as directed. Product safety and data sheets are provided in the appendicies to this manual. 6 Method of Treatment 1) ‘Add 10 ml of Microtreat 3120 (this gives a recommended concentration of 1:10000 parts by volume) to the water tank by pouring the chemical down the overflow pipe and allow the chemical to disperse through the tank by leaving the system to stand for 5 minutes.Ps100A. WP. PART 1 1-35 2) Switch on the pump and allow water to flow through the system for a period of 5 minutes. 62.3 Frequency of Treatment, The system should be treated cach time it is filled with water. The frequency of re-treatment should be adjusted to limit the bacterial population to 1000 colonies per millilitre of water. ‘TTC Dip Culture Slides’ are available from ‘Houseman’ as a means of monitoring the bacterial population so that the frequency of re-treatment can be determined. Alternatively, the water can be treated periodically; the norm in the UK and similar temperate zones being to treat monthly, but in tropical climates it may be necessary to treat the water more frequently.P6100A.WP 1- 36 PRODUCT DATA, SAFETY AND HANDLING INFORMATION FOR RECOMMENDED STERILISING AGENT ‘HOUSEMAN MICROTREAT 3120" PRODUCT DATA ‘HOUSEMAN DIPSLIDES’ PART 1 APPENDIX 1P6100A.WP eens aesreem MICROTREAT 3120 DESCRIPTION AND USE GENERAL SPECIFICATION* TREATMENT AND DOSAGE REQUIREMENTS PRODUCT BENEFITS PART 1 Fiouseman MICROTREAT 3120 is a powerful, antimicrobial formulation, based on organic, peroxy-acids. This product displays a rapid microbiocidal action against bacteria, fungi and algae, and can be used 2s @ shock-dose biocide for open cooling systems. It may also be used as a disinfectant or sterilant in the brewing, food and dairy industries. MICROTREAT 3120 is readily biodegradable and results in safe, non-toxic breakdown products. appearance specific gravity pH as supplied ionic character * All figures approximate MICROTREAT 3120 should be dosed to achieve a concentration of 100mi/m* of system capacity. Frequency of dosing will depend upon the severity of the biofouling problem and the operating characteristics of the particular plant, such as its tendency to biofoul and its retention time. Biofouling monitoring procedures, carried out by Houseman, will determine actual requirements. MICROTREAT 3120 is used for the shock, oxidizing, biocidal treatment of open recirculating cooling systems. Application involves manual dosing, to areas of high flow, to ensure rapid dispersion of material. MICROTREAT 3120 is a reactive, oxidizing, liquid formulation, and care should be taken when using it, as it cen only be manually dosed. Familiarise yourself with the Product Safety and Handling Information. (See overleaf) Powerful oxidizing biocide. Non-foaming. Very rapid, broad spectrum killing action. Decomposes to harmless residues. Active over a wide pH range. Odourless at use concentrations. Readily biodegradable. Breakdown products acceptable to water authorities es suitable for discharge to waste. éPOLO0A.WP PART 1 1-38 PRODUCT SAFETY & HANDLING INFORMATION, MICROTREAT 3120 POTENTIAL HAZARDS: Heating may cause an explosion(R5) Harmful if swallowed(R22) Causes burns(R34) SPILL PROCEDURES: Dilute with large quantities of water and flush to drain. For larger spills contain with sand or earth, dilute and run to drain, if permission is given by the local authority. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves(chemical) and eye/face protection($36/37/39) Wear a rubber apron if hancled at chest height. HANDLING AND STORAGE: Keep only in the original containers, in a cool well ventilated place, away from any other chemicals(S3/9/14/49) Never add water to this product($30) Do not return unused material to the container. Measuring cylinders must be scrupulously clean. Recommended maximum storage limit is 1 year. FIRST AID: SKIN: Wash atfected area Immediately with water for at least 10 minutes, whilst removing any contaminated clothing. Seek medical attention. EYES: Irrigate thoroughly with clean water for at least 10 minutes. Cover atiected eye with sterile eye pad and seek immediate medical attention, INGESTION: Wash out mouth thoroughly and drink plenty of water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention. OTHER INFORMATION: MICROTREAT 3120 is based on a solution of organic peroxy-acids. PACKAGING: Available in 25 litre and 200 litre drums. CPL CLASS: UN CLASS: Oxidising and Corrosive 5.2 (Organic Peroxide) & & (ewe PsP5100. WP PART 1 1-39 HOUSEMAN DIP-SLIDES STORAGE Store at room temperature, away from direct sunlight, Recommended storage temperature 4°C to 8°C. METHOD OF USE. 2. Remove dipslide carefully from the tube without touching the side. Still holding the cap, dip the slide into the water to be tested so that the growth media are immersed. Remove the slide from. the water and allow it to drip free. Do not shake. Carefully replace the dipslide into the plastic bottle without touching the side of the bottle with the media. Screw the cap down firmly. Incubate the dipslide for 3 days at a temperature similar to that of the water being tested. Compare bacterial growth on the dipslide to that on the Model Chart. Bacterial colonies stain red. Sterilize the dipslide prior to disposal by filling tube with strong disinfectant, or by incineration. Dip Slide Model Chant (becterie/ml) . cn ° a e . 103 More than 10,Pe100a. WP. PART 1 APPENDIX _2 PROPERTIES OF WATER Viscosity X WN afm? 20 ° 792 s-792 204 7-82 see ‘ s-640 640 206 784 sez to s-208 4-308 ais 7.48 1076 15 1-440 setae 24 74s tee 20 1-005 4-007 220 7-36 2aa7 20 0-808 0-804 aes 748 4207, 40 o-ese 0-664 aay 7-08 7400 50 o- o-sse 230 e-02 12220 60 o-4es 0-477 226 e-68 t9600 70 0-406 nats 22s 6-50 30700 20 o-as7 0-367 224 6-30 48400 20 0-347 o-a28 216 6 68200 100 0-204 0-206 207 5 97500Sees en ee eeeaenenetereieee es PART 3 6220-2A.WP HYDRAULICS BENCH PART 3 P6220 - Laminar and Turbulent Flow In A Pipe P6221 - Losses In Pipes and Fittings P6222 - Entry/Exit and Contraction/Expansion Losses ISSUB 1 AUGUST, 1991P6220-2A. WP PART 3 3-2 LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS 21 P6220 Laminar Flow Apparatus 2.2 P6221 Losses in Pipes and Fittings Apparatus 23 P6222 Entry/Exit and Contraction/Expansion Losses Apparatus 24 Use of Accessories THEORY Flow In Pipes Newton’s Law of Viscosity Laminar Flow In a Circular Pipe Turbulent Flow In Circular Pipes Reynolds Number Critical Velocity Friction Factors Selection of Pipe Size Flow Round Bends And Elbows Head Loss at Sudden Enlargement Head Loss and Gradual Enlargement Head Loss at the Exit From a Pipe Head Loss at Sudden Contraction Head Loss at Gradual Contraction Head Loss at Pipe Entry Pressure Loss Across Valves and valve characteristics 4, EXPERIMENTS 41 List of Experiments 42 General Experimental method Experiment 1 P6220 Laminar and Turbulent Flow Experiment 2. P6221 Friction Losses in Pipes Experiment 3 P6221 Friction Losses in Bends and Elbows Experiment 4 P6221 Friction Losses in Valves Experiment 5 P6222 Loss of Head in Enlargements and Contractions Eeperiment 6 P6222 Loss of Head at Entry and Exit Form Pipes6220-20.WP >> Ue n A A> Pep eat DR ONK 47 ORR OO RA AAR avcron 3-3 LIST OF SYMBOLS Area Coefficient of contraction Coefficient of enlargement Valve flow coefficient (sometimes k,) Diameter of streamtube Diameter of pipe Friction factor Friction factor Acceleration due to gravity Head loss at a bend or elbow Head -loss at a contraction or entry Head loss at an enlargement or exit Head loss in a pipe due to friction Hydraulic gradient Constant Loss coefficient for a bend or elbow Loss coefficient for a contraction or entry Loss coefficient for an enlargement or exit Loss coefficient for a valve Length Pressure Volumetric flow rate Radius of streamtube Radius of pipe Reynolds number Specific gravity Time Velocity Distance across streamtube Height above datum Area ratio Difference between Roughness of pipe surface Included angle of contraction or enlargement Absolute viscosity Kinematic viscosity Density Shear stress PART 3 9,806 m/s® BBS N/m? m/s m degrees Ns/m? m/s? kg/m® N/m?P6220-2A.WP PART 3 INTRODUCTION. The flow of fluids in closed conduits or pipes is a major topic in the Mechanical Engineering subject of Mechanics of Fluids due to its practical importance in so many fields of study. It is also of significant interest in such diverse fields as Civil and Chemical Engineering, and Biology and Medicine. Early work in the subject was essentially empirical and despite many advances in mathematical analysis the complexity of the flow of real fluids is such that very few complete solutions of flow situations exist and therefore a large part of the topic of fluid flow in closed conduits remains an empirical science. In this, the third part of Cussons Hydraulics Bench manual, three sets of experiments are considered which are all concerned with the flow of water through circular pipes or tubes, the head loss through pipe fittings, the loss of head at changes in pipe section, the head loss which occurs at entry and exit to pipes, the pressure loss across valves and valve characteristics.P6220-2A.WP PART $ 3-5 2 DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS. 24 P6220 Laminar Flow Apparatus. The P6220 Laminar Flow Apparatus consists of a tubular test section of 3mm internal bore and 508mm long, including a 13mm bell nose entry, which is supported inside a protective outer 25mm tube and is terminated at each end in bushed unions. Two static pressure tapings are provided, the first tapping being 95mm from the entry plane with a distance between the two tapping points of 360mm. It is intended that the test section should be mounted between the P6103 Constant Head Inlet Tank and the P6104 Variable Head Outlet Tank. The P6106 Manometer Board is to be used to measure the head loss across the tubular test section. The test section is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 13mm Bore Laminar Turbulent Flow Test Section 22 P6221 Losses In Pipes And Fittings Apparatus. The P6221 Losses In Pipes and Fittings Apparatus consists of a set of six test sections each 464mm long. The test sections may be used one at a time by mounting the required test section between the P6103 Constant Head Inlet Tank and the P6104 Variable Head Outlet Tank. The six test sections, which are shown in figure 2 overleaf, are : a) 7mm nominal bore pipe with two static pressure tapings 360mm apart, b) 10mm nominal bore pipe with two static pressure tapings 360mm apart. °) 10mm nominal bore pipe incorporating four bends 40mm bend radius) with two static pressure tappings with a total pipe length of 540mm between the tapings. a 10mm nominal bore pipe incorporating four elbows with two static pressure tapings with a total pipe length of 540mm between the tappings. °) 10mm nominal bore pipe incorporating a ball valve, two static Pressure tapings are provided 360mm apart. i) 10mm nominal bore pipe incorporating an angle seat valve, two static pressure tappings are provided 360mm apart.