ELEC1010 Tutorial 12

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple Access - FDMA

Divide the total frequency spectrum narrow frequency

bands.
Each user use one narrow frequency band to transmit

information.
Multiple users can transmit information at the same time.

before modulation three different carriers

after modulation
at 1, 1.2 and 1.4 MHz

1M 1.2 M 1.4 M
100 1k 10 k 100 k 1M

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Multiple Access - TDMA
Time division multiple access.
Divide each frequency channel into different time slots.

Each user use one time slot to transmit information.

Do not use just one high-bandwidth frequency channel

and transmit at high bit-rate to avoid imperfect

synchronization and multipath inter-symbol interference.
In GSM, spectrum is first divided
into disjoint frequency channels
of 200 kHz by FDMA, and each
8 time slots
frequency channel is divided into 8 users

8 time slot by TDMA. 1 frame

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Multiple Access - TDMA Synchronization in Uplink User C User D

Different mobiles are at different distances from

the base station, may not be able to perfectly
synchronize their transmission.
Each time slot has a guard time of 0.03ms
BS
9 km of propagation/3108 m/s = 0.03ms User B
(t2, t10, t18,

TDMA Upstream (Mobile-to-Station) Signal Arrival at Base Station User A

Time Slot (t1, t9, t17, )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5

0.03 ms
0.57 ms
Signals from different users arriving with different delays from time Time
slot boundary (guard time exaggerated for illustration)
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Multiple Access - TDMA Synchronization in Uplink
Multipath: same signal arrives with different delays because of
reflection by buildings, objects, or ground

TDMA Upstream (Mobile-to-Station) Signal Arrival at Base Station

Time Slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5

0.03 ms
0.57 ms
Signals from same users arriving with different delays due to multipath from Time
time slot boundary (guard time exaggerated for illustration)
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Multiple Access Exercise
Uplink: 890-914 MHz
Downlink: 936-960 MHz
The frequency bands are divided into frequency channels each with a
bandwidth of 200 kHz. Assume the entire frequency band is equally
shared by 4 service providers A, B, C and D.
i. How many pairs of frequency channels does each service provider
have?
ii. A applies the principle of frequency re-use in order to increase the
capacity of the network. And re-use factor is 3. Compute the
maximum number of data/voice channels service provider A can
support for each cell.
iii. A uses TDMA. Each channel is divided into 8 time slots, with 1 of
the 8 time slots reserved for short message service (SMS). There
are 500 cells in total. How many of service provider As mobile
subscribers can be engaged in a mobile telephone call at any given
time? 6
Multiple Access Exercise Solution
914 890 106 120
120
30
i.
200 10 3
4

30
ii. 10
3

iii. 8 1 10 500 35000

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Multiple Access - CDMA

Code division multiple access.

A form of spread spectrum technology.
Spread spectrum technology
Fist developed during Word War II.
Spreading the signal frequency band by multiplying a slow data

rate content by a much higher data rate code.

Avoid interference/jamming with other signals.

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Multiple Access - CDMA
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS): multiplying a
slow data rate bit stream by a pseudo random noise code
(PN code) that runs at a much higher rate.
1: represented by +1 0: represented by 1
+1 1 0 0 1
data bit stream t
-1

4 chips
PN code (1011) +1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
|| -1 t
chip stream
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
transmitted t
-1

Each bit of the PN code is called a chip.

The code rate is called the chip rate.
e.g. Each data bit above is spread by m=4 chips.
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Multiple Access - CDMA
Orthogonal Code
Code A: 1 1 1 1
Code B: 1 1 0 0
Code C: 1 0 0 1
Code D: 1 0 1 0
e.g. (B) (C)
=(11) + (1-1) + (-1-1) + (-1 1)
= 1 + (-1) + 1 + (-1)
= 0 (dot product)

Two code are orthogonal if the dot product = 0

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Multiple Access CDMA Key Merits
Enables many users to transmit on the same frequency channel,
in the same place, and at the same time, without waiting for an
available channel.

No hard limit on simultaneously active users. In case there are

too many simultaneous users, the result is a degradation of service
quality for all users, rather than denial of network access.

Smooth handoff by sharing the same frequency channel between

cell sites (base stations).

Need dynamic control of mobile transmitter power.

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CDMA - Exercise
Assume that we want to transmit the 4-bit sequence 1000 to user A,
and 1101 to user B. Assume that the system uses CDMA with code
length of 8. The system assigns the PN code 11111111 (PNA) to user A
and the PN code 10101010(PNB) to user B.
(i). Are the two PN codes PNA and PNB orthogonal? Show steps.
(ii). Show the encoded messages to user A and user B. (in (+1, -1))
(iii). If we use PNA to decode the encoded message to user A, what is
the output? Show steps.
(iv). If we use PNB to decode the encoded message to user A, what is
the output? Show steps.
(v). Now, combine both encoded messages A and B as they would be
transmitted together by the base station. What is the combine encoded
signal? Show steps.
(vi). If we use PNB to decode the combined signal in (v), what is the
output? Show steps.
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CDMA Exercise Solution

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CDMA Exercise Solution

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CDMA Exercise Solution

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