VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE REPORT

TOPIC: POLLUTION IN DA PHUOC WASTE TREATMENT COMPLEX

Instructor: Ms. Bui Xuan Anh Dao

Team Members:
Trn Th nh Tuyt BABAIU14313
Nguyn Thi Huy BTFTIU15052
Chu Minh Hiu BTBCIU15002
Nguyn L K Gia BABAIU15125
Nguyn Hoang My BABAIU14313
ng Th Bch Ngc BABAIU14169
Phm Anh Th BTBCIU15045
Hunh Th nh Trinh BTBCIU15011

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

OVERVIEW.3
SURVEY..5
CAUSES & EFFECTS.
CAUSES.
EFFECTS...

SOLUTIONS....
EXECUTED SOLUTIONS.
OUR SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS

REFERENCE ..

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 POLLUTION IN DA PHUOC WASTE TREATMENT COMPLEX

1. OVERVIEW:

Vietnam Waste Solutions (VWS), established to provide waste treatment services in Vietnam, is a subsidiary
of California Waste Solutions (CWS) headquartered in California in the US.

In 2002, Da Phuoc waste treatment complex, invested in by the Vietnam Waste Treatment Company
Limited (VWS), was a backup landfill, which only treated waste for the southern area of the city. Da Phuoc
Complex was built on a soft wet land plot in Da Phuoc commune of Binh Chanh district in HCMC. In the
first phase of the project, a dumping ground covering an area of 30.6 hectares and space area of 3 million
cubic meters was set up.

In early 2015, the key waste treatment zone - Phuoc Hiep was closed due to pollution. Hence, Da Phuoc
waste treatment complex has become the major one in the city.

The volume of waste that Da Phuoc has to treat each day has jumped from 3,000 tons to 5,000 tons, while
that of HCMC is more than 7,000 tons of garbage a day.

Everyday, the landfill will receive approximately 5.400 tons. If counted from the day Da Phuoc first started,
the complex has now taken up to 11 billion tons of waste and the waste has been buried in many landfills
which take up 88 hects

VWS has not built the plant to classify waste and collect scrap materials for recycling with the daily capacity
of 2,500-3,000 tons as promised. Instead, it is running a dumping ground with capacity of 2,500-3,000 tons a
day.

Though it does not treat but only dumps waste, it still charges a fee higher than the other companies which
dump waste only.

In 2007, the price HCM city pays for Da Phuoc is 16,4 USD per ton of waste. In 2013, the price increases to
19 USD per ton and in 2016, the price is 21.1 USD per ton.

Throughout 10 years of functioning, the local people in Da Phuoc and the surrounding area has constantly
complained about the state of pollution around the Da Phuoc waste treatment complex.

HCM city has officially stated that the smell which attacked district 7, Binh Chanh, Nha Be originally come
from the Da Phuoc complex. The representative of the city stated that the government is currently rushing on
finishing the Tan Thanh waste treatment complex since according to the current pace, in 5 to 7 years, the Da
Phuoc will reach its max capacity.

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The Da Phuoc waste treatment complex was built right in front of the wind direction which comes from the
sea so this is the reason why the smell can spread far away to the surrounding area.

By taking up to 3.000 tons of waste per day, everyday the trash trucks run through the 50 highway, which is
the only way to reach Da Phuoc waste treatment complex

However, with the increase to 2000 tons, the time which the truck run have now risen up to 500 to 600 times
per day.

In the infrastructure aspect, the route to the Da Phuoc, for example the 50 highway, hasnt been upgraded
so there have been many traffic jams along the way.

Transporting the waste can easily lead to the chance of polluting the environment along the way because of
falling out trashes, the stinky smell, the leaking liquid from the trash, the bateria etc

Solution have recently suggested and executed from the Gorvernment:

+ HCM city will soon clearance 100 hectars of lane around the Da Phuoc waste treatment complex and order
the VWS to plant trees on that lane. Additionally, the VWS also has to plant 46 hectar of trees in the interior
area in order to isolate the complex.

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+ HCM city asked the VWS investor to build a small factory which uses the burning technology so as to
increase the waste treatment process.
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 + The peoples committee of HCM city has documents which stated that the city will lend 10 billions from
the city bank to the main investor of the Da Phuoc project in order to help relocating 7 families that got
affected the most and need to find a new place immidiately according to the compensation project of the
city. Additionally, after finishing a proper compensation plan, the city will focus on helping other families to
find a new home.

+ The City will accelerate the watse treatment complex in Tan Thanh province in order to replace Da Phuoc
or just to lessen the work pressure of Da Phuoc.

+ The city will also find an alternative way to transport the waste and replace the old transportations with
new modern ones.

2. SURVEY:

3. CAUSES & EFFECTS:

CAUSES:

1. The Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex start to add 2,000 tons of garbage in 2014. Because the Ho Chi
Minh City Urban Environment Company is closed. So, the factory affects an environment. The Da Phuoc
Waste Treatment Complex isnt an ability to waste treatment more than 5,400 tons/day. Da Phuoc is
requested by the city government (about 500 garbage trucks per day).

2. The impacts on the locals due to the operation of Da Phuoc rubbish dump over the last 10 years:
+ Water pollution diminishes the population of fish and shrimp in Rach Chiec channel. The locals sued
the rubbish dump for discharging sewage directly into the channel at nights.
+ The process of sanitary landfill costs little, which has infertilie soil as the consequence, making it
impossible f farmer to grow any tree or vegetables.
+ when raining, the smell from the rubbish dump is really bad and dump dam is broken, causing the
trash to flow into the surrounding.

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3. The company has not finished planting on an area of 46 hectares in the complex. It has isolated the
landfill from outside.

EFFECTS:

- Da Phuoc waste treatment locatedly immediately southwest wind direction that leads to the stench
of landfill downwind to make effects some important centers like as: Ph My Hng urban area,
Bitexco, Phc Kin, Nha B, Cn Gi beach,...

- Due to the amount of waste to be transported more Da Phuoc waste leads to odor concentration
anonymously increasingly by no waste handling reasonably lead to environment (air, water, soil) is
polluted:

+ Air pollution => the health of people seriously affected (poisoning) and non - photosynthetic
plants => CO2 and SO2 concentration in air higher => causing the greenhouse effect, acid rain will destroy
ecosystems.
- Air pollution directly affects people with visible manifestations like as:
+ Runny eyes, red-eye disease, cough, wheezing, accelerating the aging process, reduce lung
function, susceptible asthma, bronchitis,...
+ It makes global warming with another many harmful effects on the environment such as climate
change, rising sea levels, droughts, forest fires

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 + Water pollution => the people must face up with many difficult about aquaculture => financial
losses.
- Some effects by water pollution:
+10 toe nails of many women live here are corroded and change into black because they walk
through polluted puddles => they can make skin cancer.
+Canal water rose higher than before that makes to dilute the black enough standing water, yellow,
and red unexplained.

1- More than 200 shrimp - fish farmers in the form of industry and many shrimp ponds were empty-
handed because large shrimp equal to your fingers but after that they picked up in midnight black, limp and
a large of fish are killed or disappeared => Damaging about more 50% of the amount of money invested.

=> The people can get cancer, their children get cough, runny nose, constant diarrhea, rash caused by air,
water pollution.

+ Soil pollution: is effected by contaminated groundwater, an amount of nylon waste bags are not
biodegradable that make composition and properties of soil changes such as hardened soil, acidic soil, soil
nutrient imbalances,...
=> plants cannot grow + people cannot grow anything => wasting many empty areas which are
polluted, cannot used. Besides that, soil pollution cause a number of infectious diseases, diseases caused by
helminths , parasites that most people suffer especially children.

4. SOLUTIONS:

A. Current solutions from goverment and company:

Solution 1.Ho Chi Minh City decided to plant as more as possilbe trees in a bid to against the nasty odor
come from a major waste treatment complex plaguing the southern-end of the city.
-> The solution cannot permanently eliminate the smell but is hoped to help purify the atmosphere. This is
just the short-term solution. HCMC needs more helpfull measures to encounter these hindrances

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Solution 2. Director of the city Department of Environment and Natural Resource Nguyen Toan Thang said
that VWS receives over 5,000 tons of waste a day in accordance with a contract between VWS and the city;
according the Department will consider VWSs proposal and the Department will pay attention to
inhabitants living condition in District 7
-> The solution seems not to be practical. The Department should make a right and quick decision to co-
operate with VWS and give measurement to help peoples living condition.

Solution 3.
Department of Transport is assigned to report progress of the investment project to build Highway 50 in
BOT and check all the transportation of garbage, firmly rejected those not eligible; study the regulation of
traffic in complex Da Phuoc waste treatment in rush hours.

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-> The solution is very helpful. It can help avoiding overcrowding waste and leachate leaks which are the
mammoth causes lead to this dilemma. Otherwise, department of transport should focus and immediately
deploy the replacement for all the transportation of garbage because most of those are not eligible in HCMC.

Solution 4.
Long An province is implementing the project of environmental technologies of JSC green waste disposal
Vietnam - Long An .The target is that it can receive, handle 40,000 tons of waste / day for Long An and
HCMC.
-> If the project is successful , it can help a Phc a lot. Due to the fact that a Phc is overloaded, it is
vital to increase the number of landfill to help a Phc get over the current problems. Nevertheless, the
project costs a bunch of money. Thus, it may take time to make the project completely successful.

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 B. Our team s solutions
The first step in any waste management is to reduce waste and make sure that it is properly segregated at
source. If general waste is mixed up with any infectious or hazardous waste that cannot be seperated and all
of it then must be treated as though it is infectious or hazardous. This help the waste treatment company can
easily dispose and recycle the waste.
Infectious waste,Sharps waste,Pharmaceutical waste,Radioactive waste, Pathological and anatomical waste,
Biodegradable wastes ,Recyclable waste.

-The next step is we should follow the rule that limit and recycle the waste Waste disposal should be
considered as a final option.

Domestic waste Office waste Construction waste,medical waste ,

industrial waste

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-Buy products in bulk which can be
used for a long time such as :
toothpaste,shampoo,soap,lotion,
toilet paper .. or rice,
salt,coffee,canned food and so
on.Thus, we can save the
unnecessary carton and plastic
packaging.
- Bring leftover products to
someone else
- Choose the products with
containers that can be recycled
Use less paper: - Advanced, innovation the mordern
-The airline, train is now technology equipment to decrease the
encouraging consumers number of package, solids for
to buy electronic ticket disposal
(e-ticket, saved on the -Industrial waste is not hazardous,
mobile phone. can be recycled: collect, classify and
-you dont need to print pretreatment and provide like
out all the paper, except common goods to utilize as raw
for official documents. materials for industry (like ferrous
You can easily work metals, non-ferrous metals and their
with colleagues or the alloys, paper, plastic, glass ..)
boss through technology.
- Use the unused side of -Construction waste is quite diverse:
paper. concrete, rubble can be recycled
coarse aggregate, used as pavement
material or material produced tiles,
wall panels; wood, paper, plastic
material used as fuel; Asphalt can be
recycled into plastic concrete
materials (aggregate form) ..

- minimise the use of plastic bag

- Replace the plastic bag by :
+Paper bags
+ Fabric bags used repeatedly
+ Yarn of nylon bags used repeatedly
+ Self-destructive plastic bags, biodegradable
-3R:reduce-reuse-recycle

Moreover, we should raise the awareness of people by teaching, promoting and

widely disseminating :
- Provide knowledge and build self-conscious of environmental protection for people when they are in
school.
- Increase awareness of citizen through media: televison, radio, and internet to guild them how to
seperate,collect and treat waste.
- Encourage people involve in waste treatments and environmental activities.

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 A. Policies:
- HCMC People's Committee has asked VWS to perform several remedial measures:
+ Arranging the employee, time, and transport to receive the trash as logical and quick as possible
+ Avoid the way of the wind flow down the trash to reduce the smell flow into inhabitant
+ Isolated the surface contains the trash with the other part of city, cover the trash after pressing by canvas
or materials
+ Bury the trash under the ground after pressing with the high technique. If not, a Phc complex should
sprays enough gas quickly to decrease the smell.
+ Reduce the term receive junk and treat trash
+ Make a plan reasonable with conditions, weather and the amount of rain frequent

+ Upgrade the infrastructure, technical, spray machines and increase employees to ensure the work effective

- Natural Resources and Environment Department cooperate with HCMC to invite the expert groups to
advise the city to control this environmental issue.
-Government should give fine sanction sanction for cases:
+ Individuals who littering in the public
+ Company or Organization that do not strictly perform the segregate waste.
B. Technical remediation
1. To completely solve this problem, we must to objective and use science,technology, not only monitoring.
- Using new strains of microorganisms symbiosis with microorganisms in Da Phuoc landfill to resolve odor
causing molecules:
Once identified the Da Phuoc landfill is the cause of the odor, we need to analyze the microorganisms
decomposing garbage in Da Phuoc has created odors, and it is necessary to isolate all microorganisms
which, analyzed emissions during their development, and then transplanting test microorganisms symbiotic,
ie the microorganisms develop biomass by absorbing, resolution gas waste of microorganisms in Da Phuoc
landfill for development.
-> Solving this problem with microbial odors is not new and not difficult. Especially, in VietNam ,there are
many laboratories in universities and companies are able to do this.

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2 .On the other hand, we can learn how to manage waste from developed countries .
In Japan , garbage will be burn by using the environment-friendly technology called Circulation fluidized
bed - CFB).

When the garbage into the combustion chamber, the air flow is heated from the bottom of the chamber will
be blown up, pushing the garbage unburnt portion goes up, then go back to the bottom again to burn again.
This technology is considered to be effective, can burn even the toughest materials very fast. The
temperature of the combustion chamber just reached about 800 degrees Celsius (quite low compared to the
conventional combustion chamber) so toxic emissions such as NO or SO2 will be limited. Not only that,
heat is generated in the incineration can be used to produce electricity.
Another invention to manage the waste is that the bottles made of PET will be melted at high temperatures,

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 then processed to form new PET bottles . In addition, old PET bottles can form ther items such as clothing,

bags, raincoats ..
The interesting thing in Japan is that they create more land by their own waste.

Source: Tofugu, Wikipedia, isenpai, Photographic Memorabilia

A problem related to waste management that is sewage treatment

The following picture is the process of sewage treatment in Melbourne, Australia

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 Primary treatment :

Purifying large objects like cotton buds, rags and garbage, using fine screens

Charging the sewage to eliminate finer particles such as grit and sand

Deposition, where ponderous items dip to the bottom creating a layer called sludge the settled sludge
and floating debris is pumped to bigger tanks, known as digesters, where it can be separated by bacteria

Secondary treatment

In secondary treatment, various types of bacteria stay beside in aerobic (with oxygen) and anoxic (without
oxygen) environments, cutting up organic material and clearing nutrients in the plant's aeration tanks. The
water crosses sedimentation tanks where more settled sludge to the bottom to done with produce clear
treated water at the top, called secondary effluent.

After the treated secondary effluent flows to huge holding ponds, it goes to the tertiary treatment stage

Tertiary treatment

Step 1 The tertiary provide pump lifts effluent from the secondary stage out of holding
basins, then it goes to the advanced tertiary treatment plant.

Step 2 Ozone is added for disinfection, to lower color and odor, and to optimise the
remainder of the treatment process.

Step 3 Biological filters involving helpful bacteria biodegrade the organic matter and
lower ammonia, oil and grease, foam, litter and solids.

Step 4 Using more ozone disinfection

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Step 5 Exposure to ultraviolet light for more sterilization.

Step 6 Settled water goes to two big chlorine contact basins, where the additional
chlorine is a section of the disinfection process.Moreover, the basins feed the
settled water to the outfall pump station.

Step 7 Tertiary treated water is moved to the outfall pump station where some is
recycled. The rest is discarded to the marine environment at Boags, under strict
EPA Victoria licence requirements.

5. REFERENCE:

Ha Hng Zing news (2016) Ch tich TP.HCM phn hi v bi rc a Phc bc mi. [Online] Available
from:
http://news.zing.vn/chu-tich-tp-hcm-phan-hoi-ve-bai-rac-da-phuoc-boc-mui-post675902.html
(Accessed: 15th November, 2016)
Trung Sn Vnexpress (2016) Bi rc a Phc la th phm gy mi Hi Nam Sai Gn. [Online]
Available from:
http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/bai-rac-da-phuoc-la-thu-pham-gay-mui-hoi-o-nam-sai-gon-3476072.html
(Accessed: 15th November, 2016)
ng Khi Cafef Bt ng Sn (2016) TP.HCM a ra gii php chng mi hi thi ca bi rc a
Phc, tin vui cho c dn Nam Sai Gn. [Online] Available from:
http://cafef.vn/tphcm-dua-ra-giai-phap-chong-mui-hoi-cua-bai-rac-da-phuoc-tin-vui-cho-cu-dan-khu-nam-
sai-gon-20161004145836492.chn
(Accessed: 15th November, 2016)
LeDuySG - vitalk.vn Thi s (2016) nhim khng kh t bi rc a Phc. [Online] Available from:
http://vitalk.vn/threads/o-nhiem-khong-khi-tu-bai-rac-da-phuoc.2419676/
( 16th August, 2016)
Ha Dng - BOMI.com (2016) Dn khc rng v sng cnh bi rc a Phc. [Online] Available from:
http://www.baomoi.com/dan-khoc-rong-vi-song-canh-bai-rac-da-phuoc/c/20208870.epi
(29th August 2016)
Theo Zing.vn - tinhhoa.net (2016) Bi rc a Phc va 10 nm thng kh ca ngi dn. [Online] Available
from:
http://tinhhoa.net/bai-rac-da-phuoc-va-10-nam-thong-kho-cua-nguoi-dan.html
(30th August 2016)
L Qun - news.zing.vn (2016) Cuc sng o ln khi cnh bi rc a Phc. [Online] Available from:
http://news.zing.vn/cuoc-song-dao-lon-khi-o-canh-bai-rac-da-phuoc-post677024.html
(29th August 2016)
ng, Cafeland,October 4th,2016 .Available from:
https://cafeland.vn/tin-tuc/hang-loat-giai-phap-xu-ly-vu-bai-rac-da-phuoc-62238.html
As report by Melbournewater, Victorian Government,2016 Available
from:http://www.melbournewater.com.au/whatwedo/treatsewage/etp/pages/sewage-treatment-process.aspx
Kinh Luan , The Saigon Times Daily, October 25th 2016.Available from:

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https://m.vietnambreakingnews.com/tag/da-phuoc-solid-waste-treatment-complex/
By Ai Van, saidon-gpdaily , October 7th 2016.Available from:
http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/Hochiminhcity/2016/10/120967/
Sn Lm, Tui Tr , October 9th , Available from:
http://tuoitre.vn/tin/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/20161009/long-an-huy-van-ban-bao-mat-thong-tin-du-an-xu-ly-
rac/1185322.html

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CONTENT OF THE ONLINE SURVEY

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International University- VNU Environmental Science
School of Biotechnology

GROUP MEETING MINUTE (No. 1 )

Semester 1, 2016 - 2017

Group Name: Environmental pollution caused by Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex

Meeting date: October 13th, 2016 Start time: 11:00 End time 12h
Location: International University Library

Member present:
1.Trn Th nh Tuyt 2. Nguyn Hoang My
3. n g Th Bch Ngc 4. Nguyn L K Gia
5. Nguyn Thi Huy 6. Phm Anh Th
7. Hunh Th nh Trinh 8. Chu Minh Hiu
Member absent:
(N/A)
Content of the meeting:
- Member introduction & regulations and expectation from leader
- Brief overview of chosen topic
- Draft the outline of the final report
- Assign tasks to sub-teams with 2 members each team
- Brainstorm questions to be asked in survey
- Share information source and reference format
Conclusion:
Our group will be divided into 4 sub-teams: Overview ( nh Tuyt K Gia), survey and
information analysis (Bch Ngc Hoang My), causes & effects (nh Trinh Minh Hiu), solutions
(Anh Th Thi Huy)
Deadline for submission: 21:00, Wednesday, October 19th
Reminders: paraphrase and carefully note the reference
Assign task:

No Task Person in charge Due date

1 - Write overview part (draft outline) nh Tuyt K Gia Wednesday,

October 19th

2 - Find the suitable target segment of the Bch Ngc Hoang Wednesday,
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 survey My October 19th
- Finalize the objective and outline of
the online survey (draft)

3 - Handle causes and effect part (draft nh Trinh Minh Wednesday,

outline) Hiu October 19th

4 - Brainstorm practical solution Anh Th Thi Huy Wednesday,

mainframe following 3 categories: October 19th
policy, social, technology

5 - Collect member contact, upload on nh Tuyt October 14th

facebook group
- Upload meeting minute 1
- Upload reference format

Group leaders signature Secretarys signature

___________________ ____________________

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International University- VNU Environmental Science
School of Biotechnology

GROUP MEETING MINUTE (No. 2 )

Semester 1, 2016 - 2017

Group Name: Environmental pollution caused by Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex

Meeting date: November 1st , 2016 Start time: 10:50 End time 12:15
Location: International University Library

Member present:
1.Trn Th nh Tuyt 2. Nguyn Hoang My
3. n g Th Bch Ngc 4. Nguyn L K Gia
5. Nguyn Thi Huy 6. Phm Anh Th
7. Hunh Th nh Trinh 8. Chu Minh Hiu
Member absent:
(N/A)

Content of the meeting:

- Give circle feedback between sub-team about content of previous tasks
- Suggest guidance to develop the full report
- Members state different pop-up concern when working on the report (such as target people to be
asked on the survey)
- Assign tasks to sub-teams
Conclusion:
Member should respect the deadline more and be carefully paraphrase the content of report
Our team will directly update the content of report on one google doc form instead of submit to
leader individually
Our survey focuses on students living and studying in HCMC, aged 18-25, to estimate their
perception around Da Phuoc garbage parking lot.
Content of our report should include more analytical tools such as graphs, charts, statistical numbers
and pictures also.

Assign task:

No Task Person in charge Due date

1 Overview part: nh Tuyt K Gia 23:59, Tuesday,

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 - Add more illustrative pictures Nov 15th
- Write more about overview current
solutions from government
- Write the Vietnamese brief summary
to add to the introduction of online
google survey form

2 Survey: Bch Ngc Hoang 23:59, Tuesday,

My Nov 15th
- Create Vietnamese online form and
one more English survey version
- List out which information in the
survey we can analyze

3 Causes & effects: nh Trinh Minh 23:59, Tuesday,

Hiu Nov 15th
- Write more detailed in a structured
way
- Add more illustrative pictures, graphs
and charts

4 Solutions: Anh Th Thi Huy 23:59, Tuesday,

Nov 15th
- Confirm again the structure of content
- Analyze more deeply, both current
solutions and your suggested solutions

5 - Upload meeting minute 2 nh Tuyt 21:00, Nov 1st

Group leaders signature Secretarys signature

___________________ ____________________

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International University- VNU Environmental Science
School of Biotechnology

GROUP MEETING MINUTE (No. 3 )

Semester 1, 2016 - 2017

Group Name: Environmental pollution caused by Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex

Meeting date: November 17th, 2016 Start time: 21:00 End time 22h:30
Location: Online Skype meeting

Member present:
1.Trn Th nh Tuyt 2. Nguyn Hoang My
3. n g Th Bch Ngc 4. Nguyn L K Gia
5. Nguyn Thi Huy 6. Phm Anh Th
7. Hunh Th nh Trinh
Member absent:
1. Chu Minh Hiu

Content of the meeting:

- Go through and finalize the content of the report
- Redefine which parts still needs correction
- Spread online form and set goals for each member to approach their friends fulfilling the survey
- Remind submission deadline of the full report
Conclusion:
We will close the online form at 20:00 Saturday, Nov 19th. Goal is to have 80 responses => Goal for
each member to approach 10 friends in our target
We will finish the final report before 21:00 Tuesday, Nov 22nd to print out and submit officially on
Nov 24th
Assign task:

No Task Person in charge Due date

1 - Spread the online form Bch Ngc Hoang 21:00, Tuesday,

- Write analysis for the survey results My Nov 22nd
- Support solutions team on the social
part

2 - Writre more detailed in causes and nh Trinh Minh 20:00 Saturday,

effect part Hiu Nov 19th

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 - Add-in the reference in document

3 - Paraphrase the technology reference Anh Th Thi Huy 20:00 Saturday,

from Melbourne Nov 19th

4 - Write the detailed reference for nh Tuyt K Gia 20:00 Saturday,

overview part Nov 19th

5 - Upload the meeting minute No.3 nh Tuyt 21:00 Nov,

18th

Group leaders signature Secretarys signature

___________________ ____________________

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