Computer Systems & Applications.

I.Data Communication Networking and Internet:

Data:
Data is a collection of information such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols, images, sound,
video.

Basic measurement of data:

8 bit =1 Byte
1024 Byte =1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 Kilo Byte =1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 Mega Byte =1 Giga Byte (GB)

Different forms of data or Data Representation:

1. Text:
In information technology, text is a human-readable sequence of characters and the
words they form that can be encoded into computer-readable formats such as ASCII.
Eg: raj , raj31, raj$
2. Number: 1-9
3. Images: picture
4. Audio: sound files
5. Video: movies

Data Communication:
Data communication means exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as cable or wire or even wireless

Characteristics Data Communication:

1. Delivery:
The system must deliver the data to the correct designation.
2. Accuracy:
The system must deliver the data accurately.
3. Timeliness:
The system must deliver the data in timely manner. The Data delivered late are
useless.
4. Jitter: jitter refers to the variation in the packets. (when the data passing through
network which has broken in to number of small sections, this section of data are
called packets)

Components of Data Communication:

1. Message:
The message is the information to be communicated. This information can be in the
form of text, number, image, audio and video
2. Sender:
Sender is the device from which data is sent. This device can be a computer, mobile
phone, fax machine, etc..
3. Receiver:
Receiver is the device that receives the message. This device can be a computer,
mobile phone, fax machine, etc..
4. Transmission Medium:
 The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver. Eg: Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber Optical cables, radio
waves, etc
5. Protocol:
A protocol is a set of rules and regulations to be followed while two devices
communicating. Protocol is needed for two devices to communicate, without protocol
they may be connected but not communicating.

Data Transmission: (Data Flow)

Data transmission means flowing of data from one place to other.
Types of Data Transmission
1. Simplex Mode:

The communication can only take

place in one direction and it is not
possible for the receiver to send
data back. An example of simplex
transmission would be data being
sent to an electronic notice board
such as those found in train
stations and airports and Television
remote,etc.

2. Half Duplex Mode:

In this mode data can be

transmitted back & forth between
two stations, but data can only go
in one of the two directions at any
given point of time. Ie. Both ways
but one at the time.. eg: walkie-
Talkies

3. Full Duplex Mode:

In the world of digital
communication, full-duplex means
that a system or circuit is capable
of both transmitting and receiving
data at the same time. Tele phones
and mobile phones.

Networking:
Networking is the practice of linking two or more devices such as computers, mobile
phones, etc together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of
computer hardware and computer software.

Network Types:
There are three types of network, they are
LAN: (Local Area Network)
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office
building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a
LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. The communication speed is from 10
Mbps to 100 Mbps (Mega bits per second)

MAN: (Metropolitan Area Network)

A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a
WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single
entity such as a government body or large corporation

WAN: (Wide Area Network):

A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state or country. WANs often
connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro
area networks (MANs). The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
Network Structure:

1.Peer to Peer Network:

In this type of network no computer is set

a dedicated server but all the computers
can act as a client and can act as a server.
This network is used in smaller network
having number computers less than 15.

Advantages:
1. The network is easy to operate.
2.The resource sharing is very simple.

Disadvantages:
1.It can not be used for larger networks.
2.It is not used for database applications.

2. Server Based Network:

In this type of network one computer is
act as a server and remaining all the
machines act as clients. The server will
provide data and clients will get data from
the server. The server is operated by the
network operating system also it has
faster CPU and large disk space and
memory size.

Advantages:
1.This network can be used for large
networks.
2.The network is more secure.

Disadvantages:
1.It is difficult to install the network.
2. The cost of the network is high

Network Topology:
Topology is the arrangement of computers, cables and connecting devices in a network.
There are four different types of topologies, they are

1. Star Topology:
In this topology, all terminals are connected to a central computer,
(server) or hub. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure
by connecting all of the systems to a central node.
 Advantages:
` 1. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
2.There is no possibility of data collision.
3.More computers can be easily added to the network.
Disadvantages:
1. It requires dedicated server. If server fails entire network gets
collapsed.
2.It is more expensive to install.
3.It requires large amount of cable.

2.Bus Topology
In this topology all terminals are connected to common cable called as a bus.
This topology may have problems when two clients want to transmit at the
same time on the same bus. Commonly has a slower data transfer rate than
other topologies.

Advantages:
1. It is not expensive to install.
2. It is easy to expand the network.
Disadvantages:
1. It is difficult to detect cable fault.
2. It does not require dedicated server.
3.Ring Topology:
In this type of network topology all the nodes(computers) are connected in a
circular series of a cable. A ring topology provides only one pathway between
any two nodes, ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link
 Advantages:
1. It uses less amount of cable.
2. It gives consistent performance in case of heavy traffic.
Disadvantages:
1. In case of node failure entire network fails.
2. It is very difficult to detect fault.
4.Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, each of the network computer and other devices, are
interconnected with one another. Every node not only sends its own signals but also
relays data from other nodes. In fact a true mesh topology is the one where every
node is connected to every other node in the network. This type of topology is very
expensive as there are many redundant connections, thus it is not mostly used in
computer networks.

Advantages:
1) Data can be transmitted from different devices
simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic.
2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an
alternative present. So data transfer doesnt get affected.
3) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without
disrupting other nodes.
Disadvantages:
1) Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to
other network topologies.
2) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult.
Even administration of the network is tough.

Network Media:
1.Wire-Based Media:

a)Twisted pair Cable:

Two insulated copper wires are twisted each other in a helical form.
There are 4 pairs (8 cables) of cable inside the main cable. The cables
are twisted to reduce electro magnetic interference. There are two
Categories, Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted
pair.(STP). The cable can be used in both analog and digital
 communication and has low bandwidth and data rate. These cables are
used in telephone system, private exchange and LAN.

b) Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable is an electrical cable with an inner conductor
surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a
tubular conducting shield. The cable can not have electro magnetic
interface. These cables are used in Television transmission, long
distance telephone Communication and LAN.

c) Optical Fibers:
A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system that fiber-
optics is replacing. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to
transmit information down fiber lines instead of using electronic pulses
to transmit information down copper lines. At one end of the system is
a transmitter. This is the place of origin for information coming on to
fiber-optic lines. The transmitter accepts coded electronic pulse
information coming from copper wire. It then processes and translates
that information into equivalently coded light pulses. A Light-Emitting
Diode (LED) can be used for generating the light pulses.

The cable has high bandwidth and data rate up to 2Gbps.These cables
are used in long distance telephone communication, military
applications WAN and MAN.
2.Wireless Media:
In this type of network, connection is established using high frequency
radio signals, Infrared signals or microwaves. The computers in the network
use a transceiver antenna to transmit and receive information.
Network Hardware:

1.MODEM:

MODEM stands for MODulation and DEModulation. Modem is used to convert the
analog signal into digital and digital signal into analog as the computer does not
understand analog signal, only understands digital (binary) signal.

Modulation : Modulation is a process of converting analog signal into

digital.
Demodulation : Demodulation is a process of converting digital signal
into analog. There are two type of modems,
a.Internal Modem.
Internal modems are placed inside the computer. This modem is
cheaper than external MODEM.
b.External Modem.
External MODEM is a separate device, which is connected externally to
the computer through a serial port.
2.HUB:

A hub joins multiple computers together to form a single network segment. On this
network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other. A hub
contains multiple ports. When a data arrives at one port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all data. A hub runs in half-duplex
mode, means allowing each machine either to send or receive at any given time.
3.SWITCH:

A networking switch is the central device in a wired or wireless LAN. It receives

signals from each computer on the network cables in a wired network or radio waves
in a wireless network. A networking switch runs in full-duplex mode, meaning a
machine on the LAN can receive and transmit data simultaneously. This is much
faster than a networking hub and another key difference between a switch and a hub
 is that the switch sends traffic discriminately, using addresses to direct traffic
packets exactly where they are supposed to go.

4. Bridge:
Network bridges are used to connect two similar networks. It can also be used to
connect two similar network. A bridge reads the address of all the signals it receives
and according to the address, it decides appropriate route for the signal.
5.Router:

Router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected
to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a MAN and its ISPs
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks
connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for
forwarding the packets, and they use protocols to communicate with each other and
configure the best route between any two hosts.

Network Protocols:
A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and rules for
exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in
telecommunications. Eg: TCP/IP , HTTP

TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

TCP is used for transmission of data from an application to the network. When a
message is ready to be sent over the internet, the TCP protocol breaks its up into
small packets. Each packet is then given a header, which contains the destination
address. The packets are then sent individually over the internet. The IP Protocol
guides the packets so that they arrive at the proper destination. Once reached at
destination, the TCP resembles the packets into the original message. (TCP is
responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent and for
assembling the packets when they arrive). TCP/IP is the basic communication
protocol of the Internet. TCP/IP has four layers.

a.The Application Layer:

The Application layer which provides services directly to the users such
as Email, File transfer etc.

b.The Transport Layer:

The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and

destination hosts to carry on a conversation. It verifies correct packet
arrival.

c.The Internet Layer:

Internet layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagram,

which contain source and destination address (IP address) information
that is used to forward the datagram between hosts and destination.

d.The Network Layer:

 Network Access layer defines details of how data is physically sent
through the network, including how bits are electrically or optically
signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network
medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper
wire.

SCTP:(System Control Transmission Protocol):

used for internet telephony and related application.
UDP:(User Datagram Protocol:
Used for connectionless TCP/IP transport layer.

OSI Model (Open System Interconnection):

The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different
systems without changing the hardware or software. There are seven layers in OSI
model.
1. Application Layer:
The Application layer which provides services directly to the users such as Email, File
transfer etc.

2. Pesentation Layer:
The presentation layer which provides services to translate, encrypt and compress
data.
3. Session Layer:
The session layer tracks connections, also called sessions. The session layer should
keep track of multiple file downloads from a web server. This layer establishes,
manage and terminate sessions.
4. Transport Layer
The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination
hosts to carry on a conversation. It verifies correct packet arrival.

5. Network Layer
Network Access layer defines details of how data is physically sent through the
network, including how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices
that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or
twisted pair copper wire.

6. Data Link Layer:

The data link layer organizes the pattern of data bits into frames before
transmission.
7. Physical Layer:

The Physical layer is responsible for the ultimate transmission of data over network
communications media. It operates with data in the form of bits that are sent from
the Physical layer of the sending (source) device and received at the Physical layer of
the destination device. Hubs and Cables are a part of the Physical layer. At the
Physical layer, data are transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the
physical medium such as electric voltages (pulses), radio frequencies or light rays.

Internet:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical
networking technologies.

Types of Internet Connection:

1.Direct Access (Dedicated Higher Capacity Lines)

Access service offers large organizations LAN users a direct access to Internet with
dedicated high-speed connection and unlimited access. Evermore, Internet Dedicated
Access provides domain names and static IP addresses to enable you to host your
own corporate email and web servers.

2.Dialup Telephone Connection:

Dial-up connections to the Internet require no infrastructure other than the

telephone network. Where telephone access is widely available, dial-up remains
useful. Dial-up is often the only choice available for rural or remote areas, where
broadband installations are not prevalent due to low population density, and high
infrastructure cost. Dial-up access may also be an alternative for users on limited
budgets. There are three types of dialup connections.

i) Shell Account (Terminal Account):

The browser Lynx is used in shell account. In this account you can see only
plain text on your screen; no images or videos. It is also called as student
account.
ii) TCP/IP Access:
In this account you can see text, image and videos. A graphical browser like
internet explorer is required. Basically TCP/IP protocol is used for this
account.
iii) ISDN Dialup Access(Integrated Services Digital Network):

This is same as TCP/IP access but provides faster data transmission. This
method is expensive than TCP/IP and gives error free transmission through
ISDN(Phone line) line.

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW OR W3):

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or commonly known as the Web), is a
system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web
browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia.

WEBSITE:

A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital

assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL),
often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address
HTML(Hyper Text Markup language)
 HTML is a programming language to create web page.

WEB BROWSERS:
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified
by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or
other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to
navigate their browsers to related resources.

Eg:

1.Internet Explorer

2 Netscape Navigator.

3 Mozilla Firefox.

4 Opera

EMAIL (Electronic Mail):

E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages by
telecommunication. Through Email you can also send non-text files, such as graphic images
and sound files, as attachments. E-mail was one of the first uses of the Internet and is still
the most popular use. A large percentage of the total traffic over the Internet is e-mail.

A popular protocol for sending e-mail is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and a popular
protocol for receiving it is POP (Post Office Protocol).

Email service provider (ESP) is an organization which provides email servers to send,
receive, and store email for the general public.(e.g. Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, Gmail, and many
others). An Internet Service Provider (ISP) which provides Internet access to end users is
almost always an ESP (email service provider) too. An ESP's services are typically paid for
by subscription, as part of membership, or through advertising.

Eg: abc@gmail.com; abc@yahoo.com; abc@hotmail.com

IP Address: (Internet Protocol Address):

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a logical address of a network adapter, and
each and every network device has one. An IP address is a unique series of numbers that
identifies computers on a network, so an IP address can easily be used to determine the
location of a device or origin of an internet message. It is a 32 bit number. Eg: 192.168.1.1

BLOGS:
A weblog, sometimes written as weblog, is a Web site that consists of a series of entries
arranged in reverse chronological order, often updated on frequently with new information
about particular topics like images, audio or video. The information can be written by the
site/image owner, gleaned from other Web sites or other sources, or contributed by users.
The weblog seems popular because the viewer knows that something changes every day,
there is a personal point-of-view, and, on some sites, there is an opportunity to collaborate
or respond with the Web site and its participants. Weblog analyzes a Web site's access log
and reports the number of visitors, views, hits, most frequently visited pages, and so forth.

DNS (Domain Name System or Domain Name Server):

Domain Name is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet
however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name,
therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address.
For example, the domain name www.google.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.

Domain Names:
The three or two letter code indicating whether the address is a business (.com), a
non-profit orgination (.org), a branch of the government (.gov), a part of the imltary (.mil),
a college or university (.edu), academic institution (.ac), india (.in), England (.uk), Australia
(.aus) and so on. For end user domain names are in text format because it is easy to
remember but for computers it is in number form(IP Address). The DNS is converting this
text format to number format.

URL (Uniform/Universal Resource Locator):

In computing, a uniform resource locator or universal resource locator (URL) is a

specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource.
Eg: www.google.com ,www.railindia.com

Searching the Web:

Search Engines:
Search engines are programs that search documents for specified keywords and
returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. A search engine is really a
general class of programs, however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems
like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for documents on the
World Wide Web. There are different types of searches, they are
a) Advanced Search
Advanced Search allows you to filter your search using specific parameters in
order for you to receive results that are more accurate.
b) Boolean Search
Most of the search engines allow special word, called Boolean operators,
Boolean are used to modify your search condition. Boolean operators are
AND, OR, NOT. You can use these Boolean operators along with key words in
the search text box.

i) AND:
If you want to search printer and scanners then you should use the
word AND. Now the search engine looks only for pages that include
both terms and ignores pages that include only one of them.
 ii) OR: The search engine looks for pages that include either or both of
the terms
iii) NOT: The search engine looks for pages that include the term printer,
but do not also include the term scanner. The engine ignores any
pages that include both terms.
c) Meta Search:
Meta search engine is software which can search through many internet
search engines simultaneously. The user search request is sent to number of
search engines like Google, Msn, India times, yahoo, etc. The user can check
the results obtained from the multiple searches and then connect to any web
page he wants.

1. What is data communication? Explain Data components and different transmission

mode?
2. What is Network? Explain different types of network? (LAN, WAN and MAN)
3. Explain Client Server and Peer peer Network?
4. Write a note on Twisted pair, Coaxial Cable and Fiber Optics Cable:
5. What is Network Topology? Explain any three topologies?
6. Explain the following:
i) BRIDGE ii) SWITCH
ii) HUB iv) ROUTERS
7. What are the various types of Internet Connection? Explain.
8. Explain seven layers in OSI model?
9. Explain Search Engines?
10. Explain the following:
iii) Web Browser iv) Domain Names
iv) IP Address v) URL
DNS vi) Blogs

1. LAN stands for Local Area Network

2. MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network
3. WAN stands for Wild Area Network
4. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
5. P2P stands for Peer to Peer
6. KBPS stands for Kilo Bytes Per Second
7. MBPS stands for Mega Bytes Per Second
8. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
9. STP stands for Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
10. UTP stands for Un shielded Twisted Pair Cable
11. ARPA stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency
12. ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network
13. WWW stands for World Wide Web
14. ISP stands for Internet Service Provider
15. HTML stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
16. EMAIL stands for Electronic Mail
17. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
18. POP stands for Post Office Protocol
19. IP Address stands for Internet Protocol Address
20. DNS stands for Domain Name System or Domain Name Server
21. URL stands for Universal Resource Locator or uniform Resource Locator
22. Which of the following parameters is important for effective data transmission?
a)Timeliness b)delivery c)accuracy d)all of the above

23. The transmission medium that carries the message is referred to as

the_______
a)protocol b)gateway c)receiver d)communication channel

24. A network where individual computers or nodes share the processing and
storage of data with the server is ______
a) client/server based network b)MTTP network
c) peer to peer network d) none of these

25. The exchange of information between computers is governed by a set of rules

called ________.
a) Media b) Protocol
c) Channel d) Sender

26. ________ is used to create web pages.

a) HTML b) Browser
d) Visual Basic d) None of these

27. An email address can contains______

a) No character b) any character
b) Only digits c)none of these

28. In _________ topology all the nodes are connected with the single cable.
a) Bus b)ring
b) Star d)none of these

29. The domain name ____is used for commercial purpose websites.
a) .edu b).com
b) .ind.co.in d).org

30. In _____ topology all nodes are connected directly to a central system.

a) ring b)star d) Mesh d)bus

31. The protocol to fetch E-Mail from a remote mail-box into your computer is
__________
a) POP b)HTTP c)FTP d)HTTP

32. ____________ allows user to search simultaneously on several search

engines.
a) Server b) Meta Search Engine c) Boolean d) None of these.

33. The protocol which is used to send and receive computer programs and
information is
 a)FTP b)POP c)TCP/IP d)none of these

34. The medium of transmission can be _________

a) wireless c)Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial Cable d)All the above

35. A _______ area Network covers many cities, states, countries or even
continents.
a) Local b) Metropolitan c) Wide d)None of these

36. In _____ topology all nodes are connected directly to a central system.
a) busb)ring c)star d)Mesh

37. A _______ area Network covers many cities, states, countries or even
continents.
a) Local b) metropolitan c)Wide d)None of these
38. ______________ consists of solid copper conductor surrounded by a flexible
plastic insulation, braided copper shielding and an outer jacket.

a)Twisted pair cable b)Coaxial Cable c)Optic Fiber d)None of

these
39. ______ joints multiple computers together to form a single network segment.
a)Hub b) Server c) cable d) None of these

40. The dial up account is the _______ internet access account.

a)fastest b)slowest c)Super fast d)None of these

41. Which of the following is not a topology?

a)Star b)ring c)Client-server d)bus

42. Which of the following is not component of data communication?

a)Medium b)Protocol c)Accuracy d)sender

43. Which of the following is not network layer in OSI model?

a)Presentation b)Application c)Transfer d)Session

44. In _________ topology all devices are connected to common shared cable.
a) Star b) Ring c) Bus d) Tree

45. Types of Hubs are ____________, _______and ________.

a) Active Hubs b) Intelligent Hubs
c) Passive Hubs d) Dormant Hubs.

46. Each webpage has a unique address called a

a)URL b)Email c)Bridge d)None of these

47. The network spanning number of cities or countries or continents form

a) LAN b) WAN c) MAN c )CAN
 48. A hyperlink can appear as ______
a) Text only b) image only
c) Both Image and Text d)None of tghese4

49. The part before the @ symbol in an email address is __________

a) The Domain name
b) User Name C) The Sub Domain
d)None of these

50. The protocol to download email and store it in your computer is __________
a) POP b)NNTP c)FTP d)HTTP

51. In which of the following data is transmitted using lively beams of light.

a)Fiber-Optic cable b) Twisted pair Cable c)Co-axial

cable d)None of these

52. Which of the following is not wireless base media?

a) Microwave b) Radio Waves
c) Electro magnetic waves d) Fiber optic cable

53. Which of the following is not wire base media?

a) Co-axial Cable b)Twisted pair cable c)Microwaves
d)Fiber optic cable

54. What does URL stand for? a)

uniform resource locator b) united route link c) unknown
redirection link d) up real late
55. What is the name of the language you use to write a web page? a)HTML b)C
programming c) Visual Basic d) None of the above
56. Which of the following terms is a "browser"? a)Internet
explorer b)windows explorer c)ms office
d) none of these
57. All web addresses start with which of the following?
a)www b)http c).com d) none of these
58. The "http" you type at the beginning of any site's address stands for
a)HTML
Transfer Technology Process b)Hyperspace
Techniques and Technology Progress c)Hyper Text
Transfer Protocold d)Hyperspace Terms and
Technology Protocol

60. ISP stands for

a)Integrated Service Provider b)Internet Security Protocol
c)Internet Survey Period d)Internet Service Provider
61. Google (www.google.com) is a
a)
Number in Math b)Chat service on the web c)Directory of images
d)Search Engine
62. Internet Explorer is a

a) News Reader b)Web Browser

c) Graphing Package d) Any person browsing the net
63. The speed of your net access is defined in terms of

a)Kbps b)MHz c)Megabytes d)RAM

64. Which of the following is not a method of accessing the web?
a)ISDN b)Direct Access c)Broadband d)TELNET

65. A domain name ending with "org" is

a) A commercial website b)An organization
c) A network site d) A site which has very high traffic
66. A Network where individual computers or nodes share the processing and
storage of data with the server is ------ a) Peer to Peer
network (b) Client Server based network c) MTTP network (d)
None of these
67. The protocol to fetch. E-mail from a remote mail-box into your computer is
a) POP b) SNTP
c) FTP d) HTTP
68. ____ allows user to search simultaneously on several search engines.
a) Server
b) Meta Search Engine c) Boolean Search
d) None of these
69. A Byte consists of ________ bits
a. 2 b)4 c)8 d)16

70. Data is transmitted using light through a __________cable

a. twisted pair b)fiber-optic c)UTP d)coaxial
71. The fastest media is _____________
a. twisted pair b)fiber-optic c)wireless d)coaxial
72. Of the following media, the one that will not be used for connecting devices
between two different offices is _____________ a)infrared
pair b)fiber-optic c)UTP d) coaxial
73. A rules of exchanging data between computers are called ________
a) protocol
b)modulation c)interconnection d)data
synchronization
74. Of the following _________ is not a protocol. a) TCP
b)IP c)FTP d)OSI
75. Message segmentation and reassembly is the task of which of the following
layer? a)
Transport b)session d)Network d)Physical
76. Which of the following layer is responsible for data compression?
a)session b)presentation d)application d)Transport
77. Which of these domains is restricted to qualified organizations? a)
.com b).org c).net d).edu
78. Which of these the fastest internets account? a)
ISDN account b)Shell account c)Dialup
account d)Broadband account
79. _________ allows user to search simultaneously on several search engineers.
a)server
b)Boolean search c)Meta search engine
d)None o9f these
80. The common protocol of the internet is __
a)HTTP b) FTP c)SMTP d)POP
81. Which of these is a meta search engine>
a) Google b)Yahoo c)Altavista d)dogpile
82. Which of these symbols must appear in any email address __
a) @ b) & c)? d)$

83. What does WWW stand for?

a) World Wide Web b) World web web c)
Website word wide d)none of these

84. Which one of the following is a search engine?

a)Netscape b)java c)AltaVista d) internet

85. Which OSI layer is responsible for adding a header that includes routing
information?
a) Network Layer b) Transport Layer c) Physical Layer
d) Presentation Layer
86. Which OSI layer is considered the media access control layer?
a) Data Link Layer d) Presentation Layer b) Transport Layer c) Physical Layer
87. Which OSI layer combines messages and segments into packets?
b) Transport Layer d) Presentation Layer c) Physical Layer
a) Network Layer
88. Which OSI layer is responsible for the mechanical connection to the network?
a. Physical Layer d) Presentation Layer d) Presentation Layer
89. The OSI layer responsible for data compression and encryption is
which layer?
a. Presentation Layer c) Physical Layer d) Application layer

89. TCP functions at what layer of the OSI model?

a) Transport Layer c) Physical Layer d) Presentation Layer
90. HTTP functions at what layer of the OSI model?
a) Application Layer c) Physical Layer d) Presentation Layer
91. IP and IPX are examples of protocols that operate in what layer of the OSI
model?
a) Network Layer c) Physical Layer d)Presentation Layer
92. The network interface card operates at what layer of the OSI model?
a) Physical Layer d) Presentation Layer c) Application Layer
93. The following is not a protocol
a) TCP b) IP c) FTP d) OSI
 94. How many layers are there in the OSI model?
a) 5 b) 7 c) 12 d) none of these.
95. Any devices that is connected to a network is called a
a) Node b) client c) server d) Manager

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Medium of transmission cannot be wireless. (F)

2. In Mesh topology data is directly transferred from one node to another node. (T)
3. Data can be transferred without protocol. (F)
4. The devices are made up of hardware and software.(T)
5. In LAN, the devices such as printer, data storage are shared.(T)
6. In data communication the sender and receiver must be in certain limit. (F)
7. Bridges can act as a repeater. (T)
8. In distributed processing, entire task is carried out by a single computer.(F)
9. Number of pixels depends upon the resolution (T)
10. Pixel means zeros and one. (T)
11. ASCII codes are required to represent numbers. (T)
12. In LAN at least one computer has to be a file server.(F)
13. OSI model is a protocol. (F)
14. In Ring topology data is directly transferred from one node to another node.(F)
15. LAN is an operating system.(F)
16. WAN is a small network of linked computers.(F)
17. Bridges can provide management facilities. (F)
18. One of the layers of OSI model is internet layer.(F)
19. In LAN, computers are connected with the help of MODEM with each other. (N)
20. In WAN data transfer rate is slow as compared to LAN. (T)
21. MAN is spread over a geographical area.(T)
22. Data communication can be called as data transmission.(T)
23. In WAN there are restrictions as compared to LAN. (T)
24. In server based architecture processing is done by the node. (N)
25. Bridges are used to connect networks that use dissimilar topologies. (F)
26. In star topology, it is easy to add or remove node.(T)
27. Protocol is set of rules for two devices to communicate.(T)
28. Windows explorer is a web browser. (F)
29. Links are also called as Hyperlink. (T)
30. Internet Explorer is a web browser. (T)

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