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Chemistry Course Class 11- Notes, Questions, Videos & MCQs Chapter 1 - Some Basic
Concepts Of Chemistry & Stoichiometry Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook
Chapter - Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 Basic Concepts of Chemistry, NCERT
Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry Reference Videos L1 : Introduction - Basic Concepts of
Chemistry, Class 11 L2 : States of Matter - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L3 : Mixture
& Pure substance - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L4 : Physical & chemical properties -
Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L5 : SI Unit - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L6 :
Reference Standards - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L7 : Uncertainty in measurement -
Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L8 : Significant figures - Basic Concepts of Chemistry,
Class 11 L9 : Law of chemical combination - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L10 :
Dalton atomic theory - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L11 : Atomic mass - Basic
Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L12 : Mole Concept - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11
L13 : Empirical , Molecular formula - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L14 :
Stoichiometry - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L15 : Limiting Reagent - Basic Concepts
of Chemistry, Class 11 L16 : Limiting Reagent Numerical - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class
11 L17 : Molality, Molarity - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L18 : Question Numericals
- Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L19 : Question Numericals-2 - Basic Concepts of
Chemistry, Class 11 L20 : Question Numericals-3 - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 L21 :
Question Numericals-4 - Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 Chapter 2 -Structure of Atom
Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom, Class 11
NCERT Solutions (Question and Answer) - Atomic Structure, Class 11, Chemistry Competition
Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) Structure of Atom, Chapter Notes, Class 11,
Chemistry (IIT-JEE and AIPMT) MCQ (Practice) - Structure Of Atom (Level 1) Total
Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Previous Year Questions - Structure of Atom, Class 11 (IIT -
JEE Advanced) Reference Video L1 : History of Atom - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L2 : Dalton
atomic theory - Structure of Atom, Class 11, Chemistry L3 : Cathode ray tube - Structure of
Atom, Class 11, Chemistry L4 : Charge to mass ratio of electron - Structure of Atom, Class 11,
Chemistry L5 : Milikan experiment to find electron mass - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L6 :
Proton discovery - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L7 : Neutron discovery - Structure of Atom,
Class 11 L8 : Thompson atomic model - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L9 : Rutherford atomic
model - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L10 : Limitation of Rutherford atomic model - Structure of
Atom, Class 11 L11 : Atomic mass & atomic number - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L12 : Atomic
mass & atomic number: Numericals - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L13 : Wave nature of electron
- Structure of Atom, Class 11 L14 : Black body radiation:particle nature of electron - Structure of
Atom, Class 11 L15 : Photoelectric effect:particle nature of electron - Structure of Atom, Class
11 L16 : Line spectrum : particle nature of electron - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L17 :
Electromagnetic waves : numericals-1 - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L18 : Electromagnetic
waves : numerical-2 - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L19 : Bohr model of atom- Structure of Atom,
Class 11(2) L20 : Continuous, emission, absorption spectrum- Structure of Atom, Class 11(2)
L21 : Line spectrometry of hydrogen - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L22 : Bohr model of
hydrogen - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L23 : Bohr model numericals - Structure of Atom, Class
11 L24 : Heinsberg uncertainity principle - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L25 : Wave particle dual
theory - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L26 : Quantum model - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L27 :
Orbital & quantum number - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L28 : Principal quantum number -
Structure of Atom, Class 11 L29 : Azimuthal quantum number - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L30
: Magnetic & spin quantum number - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L31 : Shape of orbitals -
Structure of Atom, Class 11 L32 : Nodes in orbitals - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L33 : Energy
of orbitals - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L34 : Filling of orbitals - Structure of Atom, Class 11
L35 : Electronic configuration of atom - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L36 : Special case for
electronic configuration - Structure of Atom, Class 11 L37 : Numericals-1 - Structure of Atom,
Class 11 L38 : Numericals -2- Structure of Atom, Class 11 Chapter 3 - Classification of Elements
& Periodicity in Properties Board Preparation (for School) Classification of Elements &
Periodicity in Properties, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry NCERT Textbook Chapter 3 -
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT
JEE, NEET) Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties, Chapter Notes, Class 11,
Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - Classification Of Elements & Periodicity In Properties (Level 1)
Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Intro - Classification of elements &
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L2 : History of periodic table - Classification of elements &
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L3 : Debonair tirade,Newland law - Classification of elements
& periodicity in properties, Class 11 L4 : Mendeleev periodic table - Classification of elements
& periodicity in properties, Class 11 L5 : Limitation Mendeleev periodic table - Classification of
elements & periodicity in properties L6 : Modern periodic table - Classification of elements &
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L7 : IUPAC name atomic number - Classification of elements
& periodicity in properties, class 11 L8 : Period from electronic configuration - Classification of
elements & periodicity in properties L9 : Periods in periodic table - classification of elements
and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L10 : block from electronic con - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L11 :Find group from periodic table -
classification of elements and periodicity in properties L12 :s & P block - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L13 : d & f block - classification of elements and
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L14 : Metals, non metals & metalloids - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties L16 : Ionic radius & Isoelectronic specie - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties L15 : Atomic radius trend periodic table - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties L17 : Ionization enthalpy - classification of elements and
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L18 : Ionization enthalpy trend - classification of elements and
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L19 : Electron gain enthalpy - classification of elements and
periodicity in properties, Class 11 L20 :Example Electron gain enthalpy- classification of
elements and periodicity properties, class 11 L21 : Electronegativity - classification of elements
and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L22 : Trends in periodic table - classification of elements
and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L23 : Oxidation state in Periodic table - classification of
elements and periodicity in properties, L24 :Anomalous properties second period - classification
of elements and periodicity in properties, L25 : Merits of periodic table- classification of
elements and periodicity in properties, Class 11 L26 : Numerical- classification of elements and
periodicity in properties, Class 11(1) L27 : Numerical- classification of elements and periodicity
in properties, Class 11(2) L28 : Numerical- classification of elements and periodicity in
properties, Class 11(3) L29 : Numericals - classification of elements and periodicity in
properties, Class 11(4) Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Board
Preparation (for School) Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure, NCERT Solutions, Class 11,
Chemistry NCERT Textbook Chapter - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure, Class 11
Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) Chemical Bonding &
Molecular Structure, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - Chemical Bonding &
Molecular Structure (Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Intro
to chemical bond - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L2 : Theory on formation
of molecule - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L3 : Lewis approach to
chemical bond - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L4 : Lewis symbol & octet
rule - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L5 : Electrovalent & covalent bond -
chemical bonding and molecular structure, class 11 L6 : write Lewis dot structure - chemical
bonding and molecular structure, class 11 L7 : Example Lewis dot structure - chemical bonding
and molecular structure, class 11 L8 : Example Lewis dot structure-2- chemical bonding and
molecular structure, Class 11 L9 : Formal charge on atom - chemical bonding and molecular
structure, Class 11 L10 : Limitation of octet rule - chemical bonding and molecular structure,
Class 11 L11 : Ionic bond formation - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L12:
Bond parameters - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L13: Resonance -
Chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L14: Resonance example - Chemical
bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L15: Polarity & dipole of covalent bond - Chemical
bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L16 : VSEPR theory intro - chemical bonding and
molecular structure, Class 11 L17 : VSEPR theory in detail - chemical bonding and molecular
structure, Class 11 L18 : Merit & demerit of VSEPR - chemical bonding and molecular structure,
Class 11 L19 : Valence bond theory - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L20 :
Sigma & pi bond - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L21 : Hybridization
concept - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L22 : sp hybridization- chemical
bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L23 : sp2 hybridization- chemical bonding and
molecular structure, Class 11 L24 : sp3 hybridization - chemical bonding and molecular
structure, Class 11 L25 : Methane & ethane hybridization structure - chemical bonding and
molecular structure, Class 11 L26 : d orbital hybridization - chemical bonding and molecular
structure, Class 11 L27 : Molecular Orbital theory - chemical bonding and molecular structure,
Class 11 L28 : LCAO- chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L 29 :Types of
Molecular orbital- chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L 30 :Molecule behavior
& electronic configuration - chemical bonding and molecular structure L 31 :Hydrogen bond -
chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L32 : Numerical -1- chemical bonding and
molecular structure, Class 11 L33 : Numerical -2- chemical bonding and molecular structure,
Class 11 L34 : Numerical-3 - chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 L35 :
Numerical -4- chemical bonding and molecular structure, Class 11 Chapter 5 - States of Matter :
Gases & Liquids Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook Chapter 5 - States of Matter :
Gases & Liquids, Chemistry, Class 11 States of Matter, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry
Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) States of Matter : Gases &
Liquids, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - States Of Matter (Level 1) Total
Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Introduction - states of matter, Class 11
L2 : London or dispersion force - states of matter, Class 11 L3 : Dipole Dipole force - states of
matter, Class 11 L4 : Dipole induced dipole force - states of matter, Class 11 L5 : Thermal energy
- states of matter, Class 11 L6 : Gaseous State - states of matter, Class 11 L7 : Boyle's law - states
of matter, Class 11 L8 : Charle's law- states of matter, Class 11 L9 : Gay lussac's law - states of
matter, Class 11 L10 : Avagagro's law - states of matter, Class 11 L11 : Ideal gas law - states of
matter, Class 11 L12 : Dalton law of partial pressure - states of matter, Class 11 L13 : Kinetic
theory of gas - states of matter, Class 11 L14 : Behavour of real gas - states of matter, Class 11
L15 : Compressibility factor - states of matter, Class 11 L16 : Liquidification of gas - states of
matter, Class 11 L17 : Liquid statel - states of matter, Class 11 L18 : Vapour pressure - states of
matter, Class 11 L19 : Surface tension & energy - states of matter, Class 11 L20 : Viscosity &
Laminar flow - states of matter, Class 11 L21 : Numericals-1 - states of matter, Class 11 L22 :
Numericals-2 - states of matter, Class 11 L23 : Numericals- 3 - states of matter, Class 11 L24 :
Numericals- 4 - states of matter, Class 11 L25 : Numericals - 5 - states of matter, Class 11 L26 :
Numericals- 6 - states of matter, Class 11 Chapter 6 - Thermodynamics Board Preparation (for
School) Thermodynamics, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry NCERT Textbook Chapter -
Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11 Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE,
NEET) Thermodynamics, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry Thermochemistry, Chapter Notes,
Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE & AIPMT) Solved Subjective Questions - Thermodynamics, Class
11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - Thermodynamics (Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60
min MCQ (Practice) - Thermochemistry (Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min
Reference video L12 : Isothermal expansion of ideal gas - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L1 :
Introduction - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L28 : Numerical example ncert -2 - Thermodynamics,
Class 11 L23 : Entropy- Thermodynamics, Class 11 L9 : Change in internal energy by work &
heat - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L24 : Second law of thermodynamics- Thermodynamics, Class
11 L11 : PV work reversible - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L25 : Third law of thermodynamics -
Thermodynamics, Class 11 L10 : PV work irreversible - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L14 :
Enthalpy - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L21 : Hess law of constant summation - Thermodynamics,
Class 11 L20 : Bond, Lattice enthalpy - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L16 : Specific heat capacity -
Thermodynamics, Class 11 L27 : Numerical example ncert -1 - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L15 :
Thermo chemical equation - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L26 : Gibbs free energy change -
Thermodynamics, Class 11 L18 : Enthalpy of reaction - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L19 :
Enthalpy during phase change - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L29 : Numerical example ncert -3 -
Thermodynamics, Class 11 L13 : Example internal energy - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L22 :
Spontaneous, non spontaneous reaction- Thermodynamics, Class 11 L2 : Laws of
thermodynamics - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L3 : System & Surrounding - Thermodynamics,
Class 11 L4 : State & path function - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L5 : Extensive & intensive
property - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L6 : Thermodynamic Processes - Thermodynamics, Class
11 L7 : Internal energy - Thermodynamics, Class 11 L8 : Change in internal energy by work -
Thermodynamics, Class 11 Chapter 7 - Equilibrium Board Preparation (for School) NCERT
Textbook Chapter 6 - Equilibrium, Chemistry, Class 11 Equilibrium, NCERT Solutions, Class
11, Chemistry Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) Chemical
Equilibrium, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE & AIPMT) Ionic Equilibrium,
Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE & AIPMT) Solved Objective Problems - Chemical
Equilibrium, Class 11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - Chemical Equilibrium (Level 1) Total
Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min MCQ (Practice) - Ionic Equilibrium (Level 1) Total Questions :
30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Introduction - Equilibrium, Class 11 L2 : Physical
Equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L3 : Dissolution of solid, gas in liquid - Equilibrium, Class
11 L4 : Chemical Equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L5 : Dynamic nature of chemical
equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L6 : Law of mass action & chemical equilibrium -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L7 : Example: chemical equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L8 :
Equilibrium constant in gaseous system - Equilibrium, Class 11 L9 : Examples - Equilibrium,
Class 11 L10 : Heterogeneous & homogeneous Equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L11 :
Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Equilibrium, Class 11 L12 : Predict extent of reaction -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L13 : Predict direction of reaction- Equilibrium, Class 11 L14 : Find
equilibrium constant- Equilibrium, Class 11 L15 : Examples: Equilibrium constant- Equilibrium,
Class 11 L16 : Examples: Equilibrium constant - 2 - Equilibrium, Class 11 L17 : K Q G relation -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L18 : Le Chatelier's principle - Equilibrium, Class 11 L19 : Factor
affecting equilibrium: concentration change - Equilibrium, Class 11 L20 :Factor affecting
equilibrium: pressure change - Equilibrium, Class 11 L21 : Inert gas addition, catalyst &
temperature change - Equilibrium, Class 11 L22 : Haber process: Effect of equilibrium -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L23 : Examples: Effect of equilibrium - Equilibrium, Class 11 L24 : Ionic
Equilibrium: Acid Base & Salt - Equilibrium, Class 11 L25 : Ionic Equilibrium in solution -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L26: Acid Base Salt in Nature - Equilibrium, Class 11 L27: Acid Base
definition Arrhenius, Lowry, Lewis - Equilibrium, Class 11 L28 : Ionization of acid, base &
water - Equilibrium, Class 11 L29 : pH scale - Equilibrium, Class 11 L30 : Ionization of weak
Acid Ka - Equilibrium, Class 11 L31 : pH of weak electrolyte - Equilibrium, Class 11 L32 :
Ionization of weak base Kb- Equilibrium, Class 11 L33 : Polybasic Acids & polyacidic Base-
Equilibrium, Class 11 L34 :Factors affecting Acid Strength- Equilibrium, Class 11 L35
:Common Ion effect ionization of Acid & base- Equilibrium, Class 11 L36 : Numerical -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L37 : Hydrolysis of salt - Equilibrium, Class 11 L38 : Salt of weak acid &
Strong base - Equilibrium, Class 11 L39 : Salt of strong acid & weak base - Equilibrium, Class
11 L40 : Salt of weak acid & weak base - Equilibrium, Class 11 L41 : Numerical Hydrolysis -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L42 : Buffer solution - Equilibrium, Class 11 L43 : Solubility equilibria -
Equilibrium, Class 11 L44 : Effect of ph on Solubility - Equilibrium, Class 11 Chapter 8 - Redox
Reactions Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook Chapter 8 - Redox Reactions,
Chemistry, Class 11 Redox Reactions, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry Competition
Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) Stoichiometry, Chapter Notes,Class 11,
Chemistry Solved Subjective Questions - Stoichiometry, Class 11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) -
Stoichiometry (Level 1) Total Questions : 40 Duration : 60 min Reference video L20 : Redox
reaction & electron Process - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L19 : Redox titration - Redox Reaction,
Class 11 L17 : Balance reaction : Half reaction method Example - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L1 :
Introduction - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L18 : Balance reaction : Half reaction method Example-
2 - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L21 : Example - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L2 : Oxidation
Definition - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L3 : Redox reaction as electron transfer - Redox Reaction,
Class 11 L4 : Competitive electron transfer reaction - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L5 : Oxidation
number - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L6 : Numericals : Oxidation number - Redox Reaction, Class
11 L7 : Fractional oxidation number- Redox Reaction, Class 11 L8 : Stock Notch of metal-
Redox Reaction, Class 11 L9 : More on redox reaction - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L10 : Redox
reaction numericals - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L11 : Types of redox reaction - Redox Reaction,
Class 11 L12 : Redox reaction types numericals - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L13 : Redox reaction
types numericals - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L14 : Balance redox reaction : Oxidation number
method - Redox Reaction, Class 11 L15 : Balance : Oxidation number method Numericals -
Redox Reaction, Class 11 L16 : Balance redox reaction : Half reaction method - Redox Reaction,
Class 11 Chapter 9 - Hydrogen Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook Chapter 9 -
Hydrogen, Chemistry, Class 11 Hydrogen, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry Competition
Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) Reference Videos L1 : Introduction -
Hydrogen, Class 11 L2 : Alkali & Hydrogen - Hydrogen, Class 11 L3 : Halogen & Hydrogen-
Hydrogen, Class 11 L4 : Isotopes of Hydrogen- Hydrogen, Class 11 L5 : Dihydrogen properties
H2 - Hydrogen, Class 11 L6 : Industrial preparation of dihydrogen H2 - Hydrogen, Class 11 L7 :
Dihydrogen uses & properties, Physical & chemical - Hydrogen, Class 11 L8 : Ionic Hydrides -
Hydrogen, Class 11 L9 : Covalent Hydrides - Hydrogen, Class 11 L10 : Metallic Hydrides -
Hydrogen, Class 11 L11 : Hydride gap - Hydrogen, Class 11 L12 : Numericals - Hydrogen, Class
11 L13 : Water & Ice Structure - Hydrogen, Class 11 L14 : Physical & chemical properties of
water - Hydrogen, Class 11 L15 : Hard & Soft water - Hydrogen, Class 11 L16 : Hardness
removal from water - Hydrogen, Class 11 L17 : Inorganic methd to remove hardness water -
Hydrogen, Class 11 L18 : organic methd to remove hardness water - Hydrogen, Class 11 L19
:Numericals - Hydrogen, Class 11 L20 :Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 preparation - Hydrogen, Class
11 L21 : Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Structure - Hydrogen, Class 11 L22 : Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2 properties, Storage , use - Hydrogen, Class 11 L23 : Numericals -2 - Hydrogen, Class 11
L24 : Heavy water D2O properties, uses - Hydrogen, Class 11 L25 : Hydrogen Economy -
Hydrogen, Class 11 Chapter 10 - s-block elements Board Preparation (for School) NCERT
Textbook Chapter 10 - The s Block Elements, Chemistry, Class 11 S Block Elements, NCERT
Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET)
S-Block Theory, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT and AIPMT) MCQ (Practice) - S Block
(Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Introduction - s block
elements, Class 11 L18 : Cement - s block elements, Class 11 L17 : Biological importance of
calcium & magnesium - s block elements, Class 11 L19 : Numerical - s block elements, Class 11
L2 : Alkali metal trends 1 - s block elements, Class 11 L3 : Alkali metal trends 2 - s block
elements, Class 11 L4 : Alkali metal trends Chemical properties 1 - s block elements, Class 11 L5
: Alkali metal trends Chemical properties 2 - s block elements, Class 11 L6 : Numerical - s block
elements, Class 11 L7 : Anomalous Lithium - s block elements, Class 11 L8 : Uses & Occurrence
of Alkali Metals - s block elements, Class 11 L9 : Sodium - s block elements, Class 11 L10 :
Compounds of Sodium - s block elements, Class 11 L11 : Alkaline Earth metal trends - s block
elements, Class 11 L12 : Alkaline metal trends Chemical properties-1 - s block elements, Class
11 L13 : Alkaline metal trends Chemical properties -2 - s block elements, Class 11 L14 :
Anomalous Beryllium - s block elements, Class 11 L15 : Uses & Occurrence of Alkaline Earth
Metals - s block elements, Class 11 L16 : Compounds of calcium & magnesium - s block
elements, Class 11 Chapter 11 - Some p-Block Elements Board Preparation (for School) Some P
Block Elements, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry NCERT Textbook Chapter 11 - The p
Block Elements, Chemistry, Class 11 Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE,
NEET) P-Block Elements, Chapter Notes, Class 12, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - P Block (Level
1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L21 : Silicon Dioxide - Some p-Block
elements, Class 11 L20 : Use & compounds of carbon - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L19 :
Allotropes of carbon - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L1 : Introduction - Some p-Block
elements, Class 11 L22 : Silicon & silicates - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L25 :
Numericals-3 - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L23 : Numericals-1 - Some p-Block elements,
Class 11 L17 : carbon family trends - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L24 : Numericals-2 -
Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L18 : Chemical properties of carbon family - Some p-Block
elements, Class 11 L2 : Trends in properties - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L3 : Trends
Ionization Enthalpy - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L4 : Trends Electron gain enthalpy -
Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L5 : Trends Electronegativity - Some p-Block elements, Class
11 L6 : Trends metallic character - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L7 : Trends Oxidation state,
Diagonal relationship - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L8 : Trends Boron family - Some p-
Block elements, Class 11 L9 : Boron family reaction air water acid base - Some p-Block
elements, Class 11 L11 : Boron properties & use - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L10 : Boron
familiy Hallides - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L12 : Borax - Some p-Block elements, Class
11 L13 : Orthoboric Acid - Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L14 : Diborance & Boron Hallides-
Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L15 :Aluminium- Some p-Block elements, Class 11 L16
:Carbon family- Some p-Block elements, Class 11 Chapter 12 - Organic Chemistry : Some Basic
Principles & Techniques Board Preparation (for School) Organic Chemistry, NCERT Solutions,
Class 11, Chemistry Practical Organic Chemistry Tips (Lab Experiments) - Class 12 Competition
Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE, NEET) General Organic Chemistry, Chapter Notes,
Class 11, Chemistry Isomerism, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE & AIPMT) MCQ
(Practice) - Isomerism (Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min MCQ (Practice) -
Organic Chemistry (Level 1) Total Questions : 30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 :
Introduction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class L2 : Tetravalency
& hybridization of Carbon - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L3 : Pi
bond of carbon - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L4 : Representation
of Organic Compounds - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L5 :
Classification of organic compunds - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques
L17 : IUPAC nomenclature Aromatic compunds - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques L18 : Isomerism - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class
11 L20 : Attacking reagent: Nucleophile - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques L6 : Functional Group - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques,
Class 11 L19 : Reaction mechanism Introduction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques L7-IUPAC Aliphatic Straight chain - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques, Class 11 L8 : Alkyl Group - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques, Class 11 L9 :IUPAC Aliphatic Branched chain - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic
Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L10 :IUPAC Aliphatic with functional group - Organic
Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L11 : IUPAC Alicyclic - Organic Chemistry:
Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L12 : IUPAC nomenclature Practice - Organic
Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L13 : IUPAC nomenclature Practice -
Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L14 : IUPAC nomenclature
Numerical - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L15 :IUPAC
nomenclature Numerical-2- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11
L16 :Common Names- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L21 :
Electrophile & free radicals - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, L22 :
Leaving group - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, L23 : Bond
cleavage:Heterolytic & Homolytic - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques,
L24 : Reaction Intermediates - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, L25 :
Solvent - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L26 : Numerical -
Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L27 :Electron movement in
organic compounds - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, L28 :EInductive
effect - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, L29 : Inductive effect
examples - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L30 :
Electromeric Effect - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L31 :
Resonance - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class 11 L32 : Resonance
energy, features & effect - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L33 :
Hyperconjugation - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques, Class L34 :
Stability of organic compounds - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques,
Class L35 : Electrophilic Substitution reaction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques L36 : Nucleophilic Substitution reaction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals
& Techniques L37 : Free radical Substitution reaction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic
Principals & Techniques L38 : Addition reaction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques,Class 11 L39 : Elimination Reaction - Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques, Class 11 L40 :Condensation, rearrangement, Pericyclic - Organic Chemistry: Some
Basic Principals & Techniques L41 :Purification of Organic Mixture - Organic Chemistry: Some
Basic Principals & Techniques L42 :Purification of Organic Mixture : Crystallization - Organic
Chemistry, Class 11 L43 : Purification of Organic Mixture : Distillation - Organic Chemistry L44
: Differential Extraction & Fractional distillation - Organic Chemistry, Class 11 L45 :
Purification of Organic Mixture Chromatography - Organic , class 11 L46 : Detection of Sulphur,
carbon, Hydrogen, halogen - Organic Chemistry, class 11 L47 : Estimation of Carbon &
Hydrogen- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L48 : Estimation of
Nitrogen : Dumas method- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals & Techniques L48
:Estimation of Nitrogen : Kjeldhal method- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques L48 :Estimation of Halogens- Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principals &
Techniques, class 11 L51 : Estimation of Sulphur Phophorous & Oxygen - Organic Chemistry:
Some Basic Principals, class 11 Chapter 13 - Hydrocarbons Board Preparation (for School)
Hydrocarbons, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry NCERT Textbook Chapter -
Hydrocarbons, Chemistry, Class 11 Competition Window (Entrance Examinations - IIT JEE,
NEET) Hydrocarbons, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE & AIPMT) Alkanes,
Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry MCQ (Practice) - Hydrocarbons (Level 1) Total Questions :
30 Duration : 60 min Reference video L1 : Introduction - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L2 : Alkenes -
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L3 : Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Carbon, Alkyl - Hydrocarbons, Class
11 L4 : Alkanes isomerism & IUPAC nomenclature - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L5 : Alkane
preparation: hydrogenation - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L6 :Alkane preparation from alkyl halide -
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L7 :Alkane preparation: Decarboxylation - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L8 :
Alkanes IUPAC numerical - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L9 : Alkanes physical Properties -
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L10 : Alkanes Chemical properties: Substitution reaction -
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L11 : Alkanes Chemical properties - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L12 :
Alkanes Conformations - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L13 : Alkenes, geometrical isomers -
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L14 : Alkenes preparation from alkyl halides, alcohol - Hydrocarbons,
Class 11 L15 : Alkenes physical properties - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L16 : Alkenes chemical
properties: Addition reaction - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L17 : Alkenes chemical properties-
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L18 : Alkenes chemical properties- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L19 :
Alkynes- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L20 : Alkynes preparation - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L21 :
Alkynes physical properties - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L22 : Alkynes chemical properties-
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L23 : Alkynes polymerization- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L24 : Arenes,
Aromatic- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L25 : Benzene Preparation & Arenes physical properties-
Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L26 :Arenes chemical properties- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L27
:Directive influence of functional group- Hydrocarbons, Class 11 L28 : Arenes numerical,
Carcinogenity & Toxicity - Hydrocarbons, Class 11 Chapter 14 - Environmental Chemistry
Board Preparation (for School) NCERT Textbook Chapter - Environmental Chemistry, Class 11
Environmental Chemistry, NCERT Solutions, Class 11, Chemistry Reference video L1 :
Introduction- Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L2 : Pollution- Environmental Chemistry,
Class 11 L3 : Air Pollution- Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L4 : Air pollution: Gaseous
pollutant- Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L5 : Green house effect - Environmental
Chemistry, Class 11 L6 : Acid Rain - Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L7 : Smog, Particulate
pollutant - Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L8 : Ozone hole - Environmental Chemistry,
Class 11 L9 : Water pollution - Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L10 : Soil pollution -
Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 L11 : Green chemistry & waste management -
Environmental Chemistry, Class 11 Chemical Equilibrium, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry
(IIT-JEE & AIPMT) Chemical Equilibrium, Chapter Notes, Class 11, Chemistry (IIT-JEE &
AIPMT) Chemical equilibrium Equilibrium Basically, the term refers to what we might call a
"balance of forces". In the case of mechanical equilibrium, this is its literal definition. A book
sitting on a table top remains at rest because the downward force exerted by the earth's gravity
acting on the book's mass is exactly balanced by the repulsive force between atoms that prevents
two objects from simultaneously occupying the same space, acting in this case between the table
surface and the book. If you pick up the book and raise it above the table top, the additional
upward force exerted by your arm destroys the state of equilibrium as the book moves upward. If
you wish to hold the book at rest above the table, you adjust the upward force to exactly balance
the weight of the book, thus restoring equilibrium. An object is in a state of mechanical
equilibrium when it is either static or in a state of unchanging motion. From the relation f=ma, it
is apparent that if the net force on the object is zero, its acceleration must also be zero, so if we
can see that an object is not undergoing a change in its motion, we know that it is in mechanical
equilibrium. Another kind of equilibrium we all experience is thermal equilibrium. When two
objects are brought into contact, heat will flow from the warmer object to the cooler one until
their temperatures become identical. Thermal equilibrium is a "balance of forces" in the sense
that temperature is a measure of the tendency of an object to lose thermal energy. A metallic
object at room temperature will feel cool to your hand when you first pick it up because the
thermal sensors in your skin detect a flow of heat from your hand into the metal, but as the metal
approaches the temperature of your hand, this sensation diminishes. The time it takes to achieve
thermal equilibrium depends on how readily heat is conducted within and between the objects;
thus a wooden object will feel warmer than a metallic object even if both are at room
temperature because wood is a relatively poor thermal conductor. Chemical equilibrium When a
chemical reaction e.g. 2HI(g)CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical EquilibriumH2(g) I2(g) takes
place in a closed container the quantities of components change as some are consumed and
others are formed. Eventually this change will come to an end, after which the composition will
remain unchanged as long as the system remains undisturbed. The system is then said to be in its
equilibrium state, or more simply, "at equilibrium". It makes no difference whether we start with
two moles of HI or one mole each of H2 and I2; once the reaction has run to completion, the
quantities of these two components will be the same. In general, then, we can say that the
composition of a chemical reaction system will tend to change in a direction that brings it closer
to its equilibrium composition. Dynamic equilibrium characteristics: The state at which
concentrations of reactants or products do not change with time. It is attained when rate of
forward reaction becomes equal to rate of backward reaction. A dynamic equilibrium, attained
from either side. Chemical Equilibrium with Graph CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium Reversible reaction A
chemical equation of the form A B represents the transformation of A into B, but it does not
imply that all of the reactants will be converted into products, or that the reverse reaction B A
cannot also occur. In general, both processes can be expected to occur, resulting in an
equilibrium mixture containing all of the components of the reaction system. If the equilibrium
state is one in which significant quantities of both reactants and products are present then the
reaction is said to incomplete or reversible. In principle, all chemical reactions are reversible, but
this reversibility may not be observable if the fraction of products in the equilibrium mixture is
very small, or if the reverse reaction is kinetically inhibited. Irreversible reactions Reversible
reactions 1. Unidirectional 1. Both directional 2. Goes for completion 2. Never goes for
completion 3. No equilibrium is attained 3. Attains equilibrium 4. A reaction is said to be
irreversible 4. Otherwise the reaction is reversible e.g., when either of the product is settled
CaCO3(s) CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical
Equilibrium CaO(s) CO2(g) down as solid or escapes out as gas, e.g., (in closed container)
BaCl2 Na2SO4 BaSO4 2NaCl CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) Homogeneous equilibrium
The system in which all the reactant and product have same physical state. CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium CH3COOC2H5(aq)
H2O(aq) CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical
Equilibrium CH3COOH (aq) C2H5OH (aq) Heterogeneous equilibrium The system in which
atleast one reactant or product have different physical states from others. eg. CaCO3(s)
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
CaO(s) CO2(g), This is three phase system Salt H2O(aq) Salt (aq), Three phase system. Law
of Mass Action During the period 1864-1879 Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage showed that an
equilibrium can be approached from either direction (see the hydrogen iodide illustration above),
implying that any reaction aA bB cC dD is really a competition between a "forward" and a
"reverse" reaction. When a reaction is at equilibrium, the rates of these two reactions are
identical, so no net (macroscopic) change is not observed, although individual components are
actively being transformed at the microscopic level. Guldberg and Waage showed that the rate of
the reaction in either direction is proportional to what they called the "active masses" of the
various components: rate of forward reaction = kf[A]a[B] b rate of reverse reaction = kr[C]c[D]d
in which the proportionality constants k are called rate constants and the quantities in square
brackets represent concentrations. If we combine the two reactants A and B, the forward reaction
starts immediately, but the formation of products allows the reverse process to get underway. As
the reaction proceeds, the rate of the forward reaction diminishes while that of the reverse
reaction increases. Eventually the two processes are proceeding at the same rate, and the reaction
is at equilibrium: rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction kf[A]a [B]b = kr[C]c[D]d If
we now change the composition of the system by adding some C or withdrawing some A (thus
changing their "active masses"), the reverse rate will exceed the forward rate and a change in
composition will occur until a new equilibrium composition is achieved. The Law of Mass
Action is thus essentially the statement that the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture
can vary according to the quantities of components that are present. equilibrium constant aA bB
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
cC dD At equilibrium, Rf = Rb kf[A]a [B]b = kr[C]c [D]d CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium Kc equilibrium
constant in terms of concentration CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium (Kp = eq. constant in
terms of partial pressure) for the reaction, N2(g) + 3 H2(g) CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium 2NH3(g) CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium, CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium Law of
Chemical Equilibrium At a given temperature, the product of concentrations of the reaction
products raised to the respective stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation
divided by the product of concentrations of the reactants raised to their individual stoichiometric
coefficients has a constant value. This is known as the equilibrium Law or Law of Chemical
Equilibrium Units of Equilibrium Constant The value of equilibrium constant KC can be
calculated by substituting the concentration terms in mol/L and for Kp partial pressure is
substituted in Pa, kPa, bar or atm. This results in units of equilibrium constant based on molarity
or pressure. unless the exponents of both the numerator and denominator are same. For the
reactions, H2(g) + I2(g)CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium 2HI, KC and KP
have no unit. N2O4(g) CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium 2NO2 (g), KC has
unit mol/L and KP has unit bar or atm Equilibrium constants can also be expressed as
dimensionless quantities if the standard state of reactants and products are specified. For a pure
gas, the standard state is 1 bar. Therefore a pressure of 4 bar in standard state can be expressed as
4 bar/1 bar = 4, which is a dimensionless number. Standard state (C0) for a solute is 1 molar
solution and all concentrations can be measured with respect to it. The numberical value of
equilibrium constant depends on the standard state chosen. Thus in this system both Kp and KC
are dimensionless quantities and represented as Kp & KC respectively Relation between Kp
and Kc For the reaction aA bB CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium cC dD CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
Kp=KC(RT)Dng where Dng = (c d) - (a b) = no. of moles of gaseous products - no. of moles of
gaseous Reactants if Dn = 0 Kp = Kc significance of equilibrium constant (a) Using Keq to
Predict Relative Concentrations The size of the equilibrium constant can give us information
about the relative amounts of reactants and products present at equilibrium. When K << 1 The
reaction lies to the left (mostly reactants) When K >> 1 The reaction lies to the right (mostly
products) When K = 1 The reaction lies in the middle (mix of reactants and products)
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
(b) Calculating Equilibrium concentrations Ex. Phosgene is a poisonous gas that dissociates at
high temperature into two other poisonous gases, carbon monoxide and chlorine. The
equilibrium constant Kp= 0.0041 atm at 600K. Find the equilibrium composition of the system
after 0.124 atm of COCl2 initially is allowed to reach equilibrium at this temperature. Sol.
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
Substitution of the equilibrium pressures into the equilibrium expression gives CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium This
expression can be rearranged into standard polynomial formx2 0041x-0.00054=0 and solved by
the quadratic formula, but we will simply obtain an approximate solution by iteration. Because
the equilibrium constant is small, we know that x will be rather small compared to 0.124, so the
above relation can be approximated by CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium which gives x=0.025.
To see how good this is, substitute this value of x into the denominator of the original equation
and solve again: CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium This time, solving for
x gives 0.0204. Iterating once more, we get CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium and x = 0.0206 which
is sufficiently close to the previous to be considered the final result. The final partial pressures
are then 0.104 atm for COCl2, and 0.0206 atm each for CO and Cl2. Note: using the quadratic
formula to find the exact solution yields the two roots -0.0247 (which we ignore) and 0.0206,
which show that our approximation is quite good. Note: using the quadraticformula to find the
exact solution yields the two roots -0.0247 (which we ignore) and 0.0206, which show that our
approximation is quite good. reaction quotient (Q): At each point in a reaction, we can write a
ratio of concentration terms having the same forms as the equilibrium constant expression. The
ratio is called the reaction quotient denoted by symbol Q. It helps in predicting the direction of a
reaction. The expresson Q=CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium at any time during
rection is called reaction quotient CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium (i) if Q>KC reaction
will proceed in bakward direction until equilibrium in reached. (ii) if Q 0 DV ie Vg - Vl = +ve
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
on increasing P, T increases But As reaction is to complete at the initial temp, therefore
temperature must be lowered. This will make the reaction go to direction as suggested by Le-
chatelior (endothermic reaction) Ex. A(s) (d = 1.14 gm/cc) B(s) (d = 1.5 gm/cc) A(s) CBSE,class
11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium B(s) Heat If
mass of A and B are equal, on increasing the pressure, will for formation of B or ? Sol. A(s)
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
B(s) As density of solid B is greater than solid A, VB < VA VB - VA = - ve since reaction is
exothermic, \ DH = - ve CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium = CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium,CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium = +ve On
increasing pressure, the rate of formation of B will be enhanced. LE CHATERLIER'S
PRINCIPLE AND PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM Consider physical equilibrium Solid
CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium
Liquid CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical
Equilibrium vapour (i) Effect of pressure on melting When solid melts there is a decrease in
volume for some solids (ice) and increase in volume for some solid (sulphur)When ice melts
there is decrease in volume, So at constant volume there is a decrease in pressure . If pressure is
increase as ice CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical
Equilibriumwater system, the equilibrium wil go in forward direction. The above phenomena can
also be explained from the following phase quilibrium diagram If we see phase diagram for ice
water system. CBSE,class 11,IIT JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical
Equilibrium So on increasing pressure, melting point is increased so equilibrium is shifted in
forward direction. ii. Vapour pressure of liquids. Consider liquid vapour equilibrium Since
evaporation of liquid is endothermic, hence rise in temperature will favour evaporation. iii.
Effect of temperature on solubility If formation of solution is endothermic process then increase
in temperature increases solubility. In formation of solution is exothermic then increase in
temperature will lower the solubility. PHGASE DIAGRAM : CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium CBSE,class 11,IIT
JEE,syllabus,Preparation,AIPMT,NCERT,Important,Chemical Equilibrium Triple Point One very
special point on a phase diagram is the triple point. This is the temperature and pressure at which
three phases are in equilibrium.Typically, when we are talking about a triple point it is the solid,
liquid, gas triple point. For CO2this is at a pressure of 5.11 atm and -56.4 C. Many substances
have more than one solid phase, and therefore they can have more than one triple point. Critical
Point If you follow the vaporization curve up to high temperature and pressure, you notice it
simply stops. It is because this is the critical point (the on the diagram) for the substance. At
temperatures and pressures greater than this point, the definition of a liquid and a gas disappear
and the substance exists as a super-critical fluid (SCF). What is a super-critical fluid? It is a fluid
(it takes the shape of its container) like a liquid and a gas, but it has a density that can vary
between the two extremes of the liquid and the gas. This makes SCF extremely interesting.
Typically, the molecules are either very close together or very far apart. In a SCF, they can
essentially be anywhere in between. What happens when you go from a gas to a SCF Essentially
nothing. That is, the boundary between the liquid and the SCF and the gas and the SCF is an
imaginary line defined by the critical point. This is not a phase transtion. I repeat. Going from a
gas to a SCF or a liquid to a SCF is not a phase transition. Going form a liquid to a gas, there is a
discrete change in enthalpy, entropy, volume, density. This is a phase transition. When you "cross
the line" from a gas to an SCF, there are no discrete changes.It is a continuous change. Thus, if
the diagram shows this boundary, it is usually marked with dotted lines to note it is different.
Note: It is fairly easy to make CO2 a SCF (relatively low temperature and pressure). As a result,
it has wide industrial use as a SCF solvent. Part of the Course Chemistry Course Class 11- Notes,
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