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Photovoltaic Systems I
Part I
• PV powers stock
water pumps in
remote locations in
Wyoming . Note that
battery storage is not
used in this case, as
the solar energy is
stored in the form of
pumped water.
Examples of Stand Alone
PV Systems
• Communications facilities can
be powered by solar technologies:
even in remote, rugged terrain.
Also, if a natural or human-caused
disaster disables the utility grid,
solar technologies can maintain
power to critical operations
Examples of Stand Alone
PV Systems
• This exhibit, dubbed
"Solar
Independence", is a
4-kW system used
for mobile
emergency power.
• while the workhorse
batteries that can
store up to 51 kW-
hrs of electricity are
housed in a portable
trailer behind the
flag.
• The system is the
largest mobile power
unit ever built
Examples of Stand Alone
PV Systems
• Smiling child
stands in
front of
Tibetan
home that
uses 20 W
PV panel for
electricity
• PV panel on
rooftop of
rural
residence
Hybrid PV System
Examples of Hybrid
PV Systems
• Ranching the
Sun project
in Hawaii
generates
175 kW of PV
power and 50
kW of wind
power from
the five
Bergey 10
kW wind
turbines
Examples of Hybrid
PV Systems
• A fleet of
small
turbines;
• PV panels in
the
foreground
Examples of Hybrid
PV Systems
• PV / diesel hybrid
power system - 12
kW PV array, 20
kW diesel genset
• This system
serves as the
master site for the
"top gun" Tactical
Air Combat
Training System
(TACTS) on the
U.S. Navy's Fallon
Range.
Personal Grid Tied
PV system
• There are two types of Grid Tied PV systems
Net Meter Two-Meter
Net-Metered PV System
Two- meter Grid Tie
Systems
• At the moment, the boom in PV
installations is led by government
subsidies, which will pay above
market rates for energy generated
using renewable energies
• In areas where subsidies are
available, it is more economical to
sell all the generated electricity to
the grid, and buy back inexpensive
energy to run the house
Examples of Grid Tied
Systems
• National
Center for
Appropriate
Technology
Headquarters
Examples of Grid Tied
Systems
• The
world's
largest
resident
ial PV
project
Industrial Grid Tied
PV system
• These systems are designed to generate
revenue, currently subsidized by government
incentives and will have a one directional meter
to sell their electricity onto the grid.
14.2 MW PV farm at
Nellis Air Force Base
Integrating Distributed
Generation onto the Grid
• Grid-tied systems use the grid as storage,
reducing the demands of fossil fuelled
generators when the sun is shining.
Grid Scale Storage
Solutions
• Large scale storage can allow solar to act
like a dispatchable power source
• Pumped water storage is one of the most
proven methods of energy storage to date
Designing a PV
System
1. Determine the load (energy, not power)
• You should think of the load as being supplied by
the stored energy device, usually the battery, and
of the photovoltaic system as a battery charger.
Initial steps in the process include:
1. Calculating the battery size, if one is needed
2. Calculate the number of photovoltaic
modules required
3. Assessing the need for any back-up energy of
flexibility for load growth