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Course Objectives:
Understand GPRS conception
ii
1 GPRS Technology
Internet Protocol (IP) technology is adopted in GPRS core network, and many
transmission technologies are employed in GPRS bottom layer. Thus, it is easy
to implement the seamless connection with the highly developed IP network.
High rate
With help of multi-slot binding and high-speed coding scheme, GPRS phase I
adopts CS1 and CS2 coding schemes, and provides the access rate up to 115
kbps. GPRS phase II adopts CS3 and CS4 coding schemes, and provides rate up
to 171 kbps.
GPRS provides the availability for connection and always online performance,
offering new means for mobile subscribers to access Internet and Intranet rapidly.
Once GPRS terminal is powered on and connected with GPRS network, it can
maintain the online status all the way. Subscriber can receive and send
information at any time without dial-up process required in circuit switching. As
long as GPRS terminal does not transmit data, it will not occupy network and
radio resources. Thus, the mobile subscribers can benefit from flow charging.
That is, mobile subscribers can stay online as long as possible without bothering
the prohibitive bill.
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Mature technology
GPRS Services
PTP service
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X.28 protocol from MS to GGSN and X.25 protocol from GGSN to external
PDN
Charging
Operator-determined Call barring and call termination, and operator call filtering
Anonymous access
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Gn interface
Gn interface
Ga
Charging Ga interface
interface
gateway
function (CGF) Packet data
SGSN network
Billing system
Signaling
Using SGSN and GGSN, operators can construct a GPRS backbone network on the
basis of current transmission network. By reconstructing the current GSM network,
operators can easily provide both circuit and packet services, and fully utilize radio
resources and network terrestrial resources.
Type-A GPRS MS
Type-A GPRS MS can be used in both GSM and GPRS environments. Type-A
GPRS enables the subscribers to receive speech calls and communicate with
called party without interrupting data transmission.
Type-B GPRS MS
Type-B GPRS MS can be connected with GSM and GPRS system at the same
time, and provide GPRS and GSM circuit-switched services. However, it cannot
provide both GPRS and GSM services at a time.
Type-C GPRS MS
Um Gb
Gn Gi
interface interfac
interface interface
e
App
IP/X.25 IP / X.25
R elay
SNDCP
SNDCP GTP GTP
MAC MAC NS NS L2 L2
5
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Through GTP, Subscriber data and signaling between GPRS Support Nodes
(GSN) are transmitted in GPRS backbone network. All point-to-point Packet
Data Protocols (PDP) and protocol data units (PDU) are encapsulated using GTP.
As the protocol for the interconnection between GSN nodes in GPRS network,
GTP defines Gn interface. GSM09.60 makes the GTP specifications.
TCP is used as transmission protocol when a reliable data link (for example,
X.25) is required to transmit GTP PDUs in GPRS backbone network. If a
reliable data link is not required (for example, IP), UDP is used to deliver GTP
PDUs. TCP provides flow control and prevents the loss or destruction of GTP
PDUs. UDP can prevent GTP PDUs from being destructed.
LLC is a radio link protocol based on High-level Data Link Control (HDLC). It
can provide high reliable encrypted logical links. LLC layer enables LLC
address and frame field to be generated from SNDC data units of SNDC layer,
helping a complete LLC frame be generated. LLC can implement point to
multipoint address and retransmission control of data frames. LLC is
independent from radio interface protocol of bottom layer, which enables NSS
minimum reconstruction when other GPRS wireless solutions are introduced.
GSM04.64 provides LLC specifications.
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Relay
This layer transfers the information related to routing service quality between
BSS and SGSN. BSSGP does not provide error correction function. GSM08.18
provides BSSGP specifications.
This layer transfers BSSGP PDUs. NS is based on the frame relay connection
between BSS and SGSN. It provides multi-hop function and transverses the
network having frame relay switching nodes. GSM08.16 provides NS
specifications.
Radio link control: RLC provides a reliable link which is independent from wireless
solution.
Media Access Control: MAC defines and allocates GPRS logical channels for air
interface, enabling these channels to be shared by different MSs. Besides controlling
radio channels used for signaling transfer, MAC maps LLC frames to GSM physical
channels. GSM04.60 provides LLC specifications.
GSM RF
Physical layer of Um interface is RF interface part. Logical link layer provides various
logical channels for air interfaces. The carrier bandwidth of GSM air interface is 200
kHz. A carrier is divided into eight physical channels. If all the eight physical channels
are assigned to transmit GPRS data, original data rate can reach 200 kbps. With the
overhead of forward error correction codes considered, the final data rate can reach 164
kbps.
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
MS-SGSN
GMM/ GMM/
SM SM
LLC LLC
Relay
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP
MAC MAC NS NS
RF RF L1bis L1bis
Um Gb
MS BSS SGSN
SGSN-HLR
Here, MAP refers to Mobile Application Part. SGSN-HLR protocol supports the
signaling exchange with HLR.
MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gr
SGSN HLR
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SGSN-MSC/VLR
BSSAP+ BSSAP+
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gs
SGSN MSC/VLR
SGSN-EIR
MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gf
SGSN EI R
SGSN-SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC
Signaling platform shown in Fig 1.5-6 indicates that MAP supports the signaling
exchange between SGSN and SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC.
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gd
SGSN SMS-GMSC
GSN-GSN
GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol) tunnel is used to transfer subscriber data and
signaling information between SGSN and GGSN or between two SGSN in
GPRS backbone. UDP is used to transfer the signaling information between two
GSNs as shown in Fig 1.5-7.
GTP GTP
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
Gn
GSN GSN
GGSN-HLR
MAP can be used between GGSN and HLR if GGSN has SS7 interface. Fig
1.5-8 shows MAP supporting HLR signaling exchange.
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MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gc
G GSN HLR
Any GSN with SS7 interface in same PLMN can serve as a GTP-MAP protocol
translator if GGSN has no SS7 interface. Thus, in GPRS backbone network, signaling
information can be transferred between GGSN and GSN with protocol translation
function through tunnel.
Fig 1.5-9 shows the interworking between GTP and MAP, enabling the signaling
exchange between GGSN and HLR.
Interworking
MAP
GTP GTP MAP
TCAP TCAP
UDP UDP SCCP SCCP
IP L2 MTP2 MTP3
L2 L2 MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1 L1 L1
Gn Gc
GGSN GSN HLR
11
2 GPRS Frame Structure and Radio
Channels
52-multiframe
B B B B B B B B
T I B8 T B9 B10 B11 I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In GPRS, except packet random access channel (PRACH) and PTCCH/U, basic unit of
other packet logical channels is a block.
In a 52-multiframe, sequence of 12 blocks is B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8,
B5, B11.
GPRS system divides a carrier into eight timeslots as in GSM, which constitute eight
basic time division channels. Therefore, a physical channel can be uniquely determined
13
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
by a TDMA frame sequence, a timeslot No. (module 8), and a definite hopping
sequence. Because GPRS is designed to coexist with GSM voice transmission, some
physical channels in a GSM cell supporting GPRS may transfer voice, and other
physical channels may transfer GPRS packet data. In addition, some GPRS signaling
flows, such as packet system message broadcasting, packet access and resource
allocation, are conducted on CS channels.
Table 2.3-1 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes
PRACH: It delivers packet access burst pulse and extended access burst pulse.
MS sends data or paging response to BSS through PRACH.
PPCH: It sends paging messages for CS services and GPRS services. CS paging
services is applicable to type-A and type-B MSs. PPCH also uses paging group
and can support DRX
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monitor PNCH.
PBCCH broadcasts packet data system messages. Parameters carried in these messages
determine channels mapping on multiframes. If no PBCCH is allocated, BCCH can
transfer these messages. BCCH will give definite indication, showing whether the cell
supports packet data service. If cell supports packet data service, and PBCCH is
assigned, the PBCCH combination configuration information is sent.
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Different logical channels may appear on the same PDCH. PDCH is shared by block.
In other words, type of logical channel, to which each block belongs, on a PDCH may
change one by one. Message type ID contained in the head of each block identifies
channel type (except for the PRACH).
For each PDCH allocated to MS, MS will be allocated with an Uplink State Flag
(USF). Network uses USF to control the different MSs radio block multiplexing
in uplink PDCH. US controls the timeslot usage. It is used in dynamic and
extended dynamic medium access modes. Three-bit USF is located in header of
each downlink radio block, and can form eight states for uplink transmission
multiplexing. In PCCCH, one USF value marks the PRACH (USF = idle), and
other values are reserved for seven different MSs (USF = R1/R2 R7). When a
PDCH is not the PCCCH, the eight USF values are all used to reserve uplinks
for eight different MSs. When an MS without USF is using the uplink, a USF
value can prevent conflict of uplink channels. USF is directed to the next uplink
radio block.
PTCCH/U mapping:
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52-multiframe number n:
TAI=0
uplink
TAI=1
B0 B1 B2 0 B3 B4 B5 1 B6 B7 B8 2 B9 B10 B11 3
TA-message 1 TA-message
downlink
1
B0~B11=Radio blocks
Idle frames are numbered from 1 to 31 [odd numbers]
PTCCH frames are numbered from 0 to 30 [even numbers]
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
For each TBF, network allocates a TFI. For concurrent TBFs in each direction,
TFI allocated is unique. It is used to replace MS identifier in RLC/MAC layer.
The same TFI can be used in different directions. TFI is assigned in the resource
allocation message before transmission of LLC frame.
RLC/MAC block related to a specific TBF must contain a TFI. For a RLC data
block, the TBF is jointly identified by the TFI and the transmission direction of
the data block. For a RLC/MAC control message, there are transmission
direction and message type in addition to the TFI. If the header of a downlink
control block contains a TFI, the TFI identifies to which MS the control message
is sent; otherwise, all MSs will receive this message. If the TFI in the header is
inconsistent with that in the message, the MS accepts the TFI in the header.
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whether the cell supports GPRS and whether PBCCH is configured from SI3,
SI4, SI7 and SI8. If there is a PBCCH, MS leaves BCCH to listen system
messages PSIs 1 3 or other PSI on PBCCH. BSC determines time and type
of messages to be sent.
PSIs in the group sent at a high frequency are sent in sequence determined by
network. The sequence starts when TC is 0; that is, sending cycle of PSIs in this
group is PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD*52 frame. When PSIs in this group are sent,
PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.
PSIs sent in the group sent at a low frequency are sent in the sequence
determined by the network, and sent repeatedly. When the PSIs in this group are
sent, the PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.
The remaining blocks can be used in the PPCH, PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH and
PACCH.
and n must be greater than k-4 and smaller than or equal to 7 (k-4 n 7).
For example, for a PDCH with both PBCCH and PCCCH, when
BS_PBCCH_BLKS is 2 and BS_PAG_BLKS_RES is 5, the following can be
known according to the block sequence (B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2,
B8, B5, and B11):
PPCH can be located on B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11 only.
PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH, and PACCH can be located on B3, B9, B1, B7, B4,
B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11.
20
3 GPRS Key Technologies
Reliability class
Delay class
Precedence class
GPRS QoS profile is based on each Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context. Treats as a
single parameter QoS profile features multiple data transfer attributes.
During the negotiation of QoS profile, MS can apply a value for each QoS attribute,
including the default value of the subscriber profile saved in HLR. Network also
negotiates a level for each attribute to match the valid GPRS resources, thus, proper
resources can be provided to support QoS profile negotiated.
On the uplink (for example, an MS starts to access network), when several MSs apply
for access at the same time, limited physical resource need be managed properly.
Reservation protocol of the contention mechanism between different MSs is based on
time division ALOHA protocol. In addition, because radio channel resources for an MS
are also limited, some services are competitive. Coordination function provided by
MAC layer can solve the problems caused by competition.
21
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
On the downlink (for example, the MS), MAC layer has the access requests queue and
makes an access time table. For downlink, contention mechanism is unnecessary
because there is only one transmit end in downlink direction.
MAC layer assigns data to be sent with different priority and transmits data according
to priority. Signaling data has higher priority than subscriber data. After combined,
signaling and subscriber data are sent through transmission media. MAC layer enables
several MSs to share same transmission medium. Transmission medium can be a
physical channel or several physical channels. In TDMA, physical channels are TDMA
timeslots.
Frame Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7
MS A
Physical Transmission
channel medium
MS B
Two mobile subscribers are transmitting data. Timeslots 5 and 6 are used as common
transmission media. MAC layer at network side makes transmission time table for MSs.
Thus, subscriber A can send data on a TDMA frame, and subscriber B can send data on
the next TDMA frame. This standard enables the network to arrange eight MSs to share
a transmission medium at the same time.
GPRS radio block consists of MAC header and RLC data block or RLC control block.
GPRS assigns different types of RLC/MAC block structures to transfer data and
control information, as shown in Fig 3.2-2.
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PL - PDU
RLC/MAC block that transfers data contains MAC header and RLC data block.
RLC data block contains an RLC header, an RLC data unit, and a reserved part (in
current technical specifications, that part is set to 0 at the transmit end and neglected at
the receive end). RLC data unit contains one or several LLC PDUs. RLC/MAC block
containing RLC data block can be coded using channel coding schemes CS1, CS2, CS3,
and CS4. When CS1 is adopted, RLC/MAC block does not contain the reserved part.
RLC/MAC control block is composed of the control message content field and control
header, which is optional in downlink. RLC/MAC control message is transferred in
RLC/MAC control block. RLC/MAC control block must use CS1.
Made up of one bit, RBSN carries downlink RLC/MAC control block serial
number.
Made up of five bits, RTI groups and downlink RLC/MAC control blocks. The
value range is 0 to 31. These control blocks form a complete RLC/MAC control
message.
Made up of one bit, FS indicates whether the downlink RLC/MAC control block
contains a final segment of a RLC/MAC control message. If FS is 0, the
downlink RLC/MAC does not contain final segment of a RLC/MAC control
message. If it is 1, downlink RLC/MAC contains the final segment.
23
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Made up of one bit, D bit indicates TBF direction. TBF is identified by TFI field
in downlink RLC/MAC control header. If D bit is 0, TBF identified by TFI is
uplink. If it is 1, TBF is downlink.
GPRS defines four coding modes on PDTCH: CS-1 to CS-4. Except for PRACH and
PTCCH/U, other packet control channels adopt CS-1. For packet access pulse on
PRACH and PTCCH/U, there are 8-bit and 11-bit coding modes.
Fig 3.2-3 and Fig 3.2-4 show coding procedure of four different coding modes.
Radio block
USF BCS
rate 1/2 convolutional
coding
puncturing
456bits
Radio block
USF BCS
block no coding
code
456bits
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1. Add a Block Check Sequence (BCS) to the end of the radio block for error
detection.
2. Perform pre-coding of USF (for CS-1, CS-2, and CS-3 only), add four tail bits,
and perform half-rate convolutional coding for error correction.
Table 3.2-1 describes the specific coding process of the four channel coding modes.
Table 3.2-1 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes
Type
Procedure
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
Length of data
184 bits 271 bits 315 bits 413 bits
source
(1) Packet coding. The (1) Packet coding. The
(1) Fire coding. The (1) Packet coding. The
multinomial generated multinomial generated
multinomial generated multinomial generated
is: is:
is: is:
23 17 3
D16 +D12+D5+1. The D16+D12+D5+1.
(D +1)(D +D +1). D16+D12+D5+1.
added BCS is 16 bits. (2) The USF
Packet coding The BCS added is 40 (2) USF preprocessing.
(2) USF preprocessing. preprocessing is the
bits. See Table 3.2-3.
See Table 3.2-2. same as CS2.
(2) Add four tail bits. (3) Add tail bits. The
(3) Add four tail bits. (3) Add tail bits. The
The coding data coding data length is
The coding data length coding data length is
length is 228 bits. 456 bits.
is 294 bits. 338 bits.
(1) Convolutional
coding with a 1/2 code (1) Convolutional
rate. The multinomial coding with a 1/2 code
(1) Convolutional generated is: rate. The multinomial
coding with a 1/2 code G0=1+D3+D4,G1=1+D generated is:
3 4
rate. The multinomial +D +D G0=1+D3+D4,G1=1+
Convolutional
generated is: (2) Reduce 132 bits by D+D3+D4 None
coding 3 4
G0=1+D +D ,G1=1+ punching. The position (2) Position of
D+D3+D4 of punching: punching:
(2) No punching. C (3+4xk), k=3, , 146 C(3+6 x k) and
and k9, 21, 33, 45, 57, C (5+6xk) k=2, 3, ,
69, 81, 93, 105, 117, 111
129, 141
25
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Table 3.2-2 shows the difference between the four coding modes.
CS1 has powerful error correction capability and tolerates a certain bit error ratio.
Therefore, it has low requirements for wireless environment. However, its throughput
is smallest. Higher level of a coding scheme (CS4 is of highest level), has an error
correction capability and higher throughput.
Table 3.2-3 describes coding and various packet logical channels interleaving
procedure.
Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)
PARCH 1/2,
PTCCH/D perforate Combine on
11 Parity 6 4 36
reduction one AB burst
code 6 bits
On four
PTCCH/U 184 Packet, 40 4 1/2 456 inconsecutive
bursts
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Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)
PPCH,
PAGCH, On four
Packet
PNCH, 184 4 1/2 456 consecutive
coding, 40
PBCCH, bursts
PACCH
It controls the QoS delay queue load between SGSN and BSS to optimize the use of
buffer area.
BSSGP layer PCU manages two buffers which are MS buffer and BSSGP Virtual
Connection (BVC) buffer. When PCU receives a LLC packet, its BSSGP protocol layer
identifies it according to TLLI and places it into MS buffer. Then, BSSGP protocol
layer uses BVCI as identifier and places all related information into the buffer for that
BVC.
LLC
Subscriber data
TLLI
BSSGP
BVC buffer
NSEI 1 NSEI 2
SGSN can perform flow control on specific MS and cell. PCU sends SGSN a Flow
27
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Control BVC/MS message containing flow control parameter. Thus, SGSN knows how
to control throughput to PCU and adjusts BSSGP UNITDATA PDU flow cached from
SGSN to PCU. In addition, to optimize BSSGP UNITDATA PDU cached at PCU, if
the life period of the BSSGP UNITADATA PDU at the PCU expires, and the BSSGP
UNITADATA PDU is not sent out through the radio interface, the PCU will delete it
locally and send a PDU (LLC-DISCARDED PDU) message to the SGSN.
GPRS Cell selection and reselection are independent from GSM. GPRS system has no
handover concept. GPRS MSs perform cell reselection no matter whether they are
under packet transmission mode or packet idle mode.
GPRS cell selection algorithm is same as that of GSM. Before GPRS dedicated
channel is assigned, GPRS MS uses GSM signaling resources.
In cell selection process, MS searches 124 RF channels (Dual-band MS will search 374
GSM1800 RF channels), reads strength of signal received on each RF channel, and
calculates average level. Whole measurement process lasts three to five seconds.
During this period, at least five measurement samples are extracted from different RF
channels.
Then, MS tunes to carrier with maximum incoming level and judges whether that
harmonic wave is a BCCH carrier (by searching FCCH burst pulse). If yes, MS tries to
decode SCH to synchronize with that carrier and read system message broadcast on
BCCH. If MS decodes BCCH data correctly, and verifies that cell belongs to PLMN
selected, parameter C1 is greater than 0, and cell is not prohibited from accessing, MS
can select that cell. Otherwise, MS tunes to next most signification carrier till it finds
the cell available.
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If MS finds a cell available it listens to system messages type 1 to type 4 and SI13 (in
case of GPRS cell) on BCCH of that cell, and decodes all information. After that, MS
stays in that cell.
Other modules such as Power control module on power control failure can request cell
reselection using network-controlled cell reselection module.
29
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction
Find the instance according to TLLI carried in the packet measurement report,
and respectively store the level value of the service cell and adjacent cell in the
instance data area. The measurement reports of at most eight adjacent cells are
stored in the instance.
To avoid frequent cell reselection, the cell re-reselection module makes cell
re-selection pre-decision after performing weighted average of the measurement
reports submitted recently. Since the submitting period of the packet
measurement report is relatively long and unstable, different weighted values are
employed for the measurement reports submitted in different time. The level
weighted average values of the service cell and adjacent cell are calculated
respectively.
If the estimated value of a non-service cell is better than the service cell, it is the
optimal cell. The optimal cell is the cell with the highest C32 in the following
cells:
If no cell can satisfy C31 0, the optimal cell is that with the highest C32 value
among all cells.
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After receiving the cell reselection request message from the BRP, the Pn makes
the cell reselection decision and selects the target cell. The Pn queries the
resource and service load statuses of the strongest adjacent cells, respectively
takes different weighted values together with the level values, selects the best
cell, and sends the cell reselection indication to the BRP. Meanwhile, it sends the
cell reselection indication to the BRP where the target cell is located. Thus, after
the cell reselection of the MS, the new cell can perform cell reselection control
over it rapidly.
After receiving the cell reselection indication, the BRP sends the cell reselection
command to the MS. Under the packet idle status, if PCCCH is configured, the
cell reselection command is sent to the MS on PCCCH. If there is no PCCCH, a
downlink block is assigned on CCCH via the immediate assignment message.
The cell reselection command is sent in the downlink block assigned. Under the
packet transmission status, the cell reselection command is sent to the MS on
PACCH. C31 and C32 are used to select the optimal cell, and the last selection is
not made here in the pre-decision.
31