TURBULENCE MODELING

A Discussion on Different Techniques used in Turbulence Modeling

-Reni Raju
Topics Covered

aConcept
aDefinition
aMethods of Solving Turbulent Equations
aNavier Stokes Equation
aModels

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Turbulence

aExamples:
aWake of a water near the columnn of a
bridge.
aDispersion of Smoke in the atmosphere.

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Definition
a A Fluid motion in which velocity,pressure, and other flow quantities
fluctuate irregularly in time and space.

a Turbulent Fluid motion is an irregular condition of flow in which

the various quantities show a random variation with time and space
coordinates, so that statistically distinct average values can be
obsevered.
- Hinze

a Turbulence is due to the formation of point or line vortice on which

some component of the velocity becomes infinite.:
-Jean Leray

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 Methods for Solving
Turbulent Equations

aDIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION

(DNS)
aLARGE-EDDY SIMULATION
(LES)
aREYNOLDS AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES
(RANS)

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Navier Stokes Equation

For a Steady, Incompressible Fluid the

Continuity and x-momentum equations

u v w
+ + =0
x y z

u u u 1 dp 2u 2u 2u
u +v + w = + 2+ 2+ 2
x x x dx x y z

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For turbulent flow,

u (t ) = u + u '(t )

The time averages,

[ ]
1 t +T 1 t +T
u' =
T t
u ( t ) u dt =
T
t
u ' ( t )dt = 0

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Time averaged Navier Stokes Equation

u u u 1 dp 2 u 2 u 2 u u ' 2 u ' v ' u ' w'

u +v +w = + v 2 + 2 + 2 + +
x y z dx x y z x y z

For all the Three Momentum Equation

( xx u '2 ) ( xy u ' v') ( xz u ' w')

ij = ( yx v' u ') ( yy v' ) ( yz v' w')
2

2
( zx u ' w') ( zy w' v') ( zz w' )

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Turbulence Models

aIntegral Method

aEddy-Viscosity Models
`Zero-Equation Models
`One-Equation Models
`Two- Equation Models

aReynolds Stress Models

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1.Integral Method

Advantages
-Computational Simplicity and Ease.
-Useful for same kind of flow.
-Easy to interpolate with experimental bench marks.

Disadvantages
-Lack of Flexibility.

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2.Eddy Viscosity models

For 2-D incompressible boundary layer

equation
u u ' v'
u ' v' = or =
y u
y

Momentum Equation,

u u 1 dp u
u +v = +v 1 +
x y dx y v y

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(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS

u
= l . l


i
y

0 = 0 . 0168 (u
0
e u ) dy

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(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS

Advantages
-Simplest of Models satisfying the requirements.

Disadvantages
-Some ad hoc assumptions have to be made regarding boundary layer and
velocity.

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(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS

u
q2 2
x
+v
q2 2
y
=v

y
[
1 + ( r ) ]
q2 2
y
+ v S ij
u i
xi
[ ] q2
Cv 1 + (r ) 2
2l

where
q 2 u '2 + v'2 + w'2 Turbulence Kinetic Energy
= ,
2 2

= Dimensionless Turbulent Viscosity

1 ui u j
Sij = + Mean Strain Rate
2 x j xi

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(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS

Advantages
-Additional assumptions can be avoided.
-Break from the equilibrium concepts in a practical consderation.

Disadvantages
-The length scale is still a algebraic quantity.
-Computationally more difficult.

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(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS

Turbulence K.E.

T k
2
k u i k 1/ 2
u j = ij + + + 2


x j x j x j k x j x j

Dissipation Rate

T
2
u i 2 2 T u 2
u j = C1 ij + + C2 + 2
x j k x j x j x j k x 2

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(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS

Advantages
-Overcomes the short comings of zero and one equation model.

Disadvantages
-Not appropriate to use in a viscous sublayer.
-Still need to make assumptions.

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3.Reynolds Stress Models

Advantages
-More General than Eddy-Viscosity Models.
-Better Prediction for flow with sudden changes.
-Possible Ultimate turbulence models.

Disadvantages
-None of the equations can be solved exactly.
-Computational difficulty because of more no. of PDE.

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aCauses of Turbulent Motion .
aSteady State.
aMass Weighted averaging.

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