INDEX

1) OBJECTIVE

2) DESCRIPTION

a) WORKING PRINCIPLE

b) TECHNOLOGY USED

3) APPLICATION

i) Weakness

4) HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

5) Team Description
OBJECTIVE

To develop a “FACIAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM”.

DESCRIPTION

A face recognition is a computer application for automatically

identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame
from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing
selected facial features from the image and a facial database.

At the access point, an image of someone’s face is captured by a

camera and is matched against pre-stored images of the same
person. Only if there is a match, access is permitted, e.g. the door
opens. A Face recognition is also a crucial component of ubiquitous
and pervasive computing, which aims at incorporating intelligence in
our living environment and allowing humans to interact with machines
in a natural way, just like people interact with each others ID or
passport.

The fact that face recognition is an essential tool for interpreting

human actions, human emotions, facial expressions, human behavior
and intentions, and is also an extremely natural and non-intrusive
technique, makes it an excellent choice for ambient intelligence
applications.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Our system operates in two stages: it first applies a set of neural

network-based filters to an image, and then uses an arbitrator to
combine the outputs. The filters examine each location in the
image at several scales, looking for locations that might contain a
face. The arbitrator then merges detections
From individual filters and eliminates overlapping detections.

TECHNOLOGY USED:

The task of facial recogniton is discriminating input signals (image

data) into several classes (persons). The input signals are highly
noisy (e.g. the noise is caused by differing lighting conditions, pose
etc.), yet the input images are not completely random and in spite of
their differences there are patterns which occur in any input signal.
Such patterns, which can be observed in all signals could be - in the
domain of facial recognition - the presence of some objects (eyes,
nose, mouth) in any face as well as relative distances between these
objects. These characteristic features are called eigenfaces in the
facial recognition domain (or principal components generally). They
can be extracted out of original image data by means of a
mathematical tool called Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
By means of PCA one can transform each original image of the
training set into a corresponding eigenface. An important feature of
PCA is that one can reconstruct reconstruct any original image from
the training set by combining the eigenfaces. Remember that
eigenfaces are nothing less than characteristic features of the faces.
Therefore one could say that the original face image can be
reconstructed from eigenfaces if one adds up all the eigenfaces
(features) in the right proportion. Each eigenface represents only
certain features of the face, which may or may not be present in the
original image. If the feature is present in the original image to a
higher degree, the share of the corresponding eigenface in the ”sum”
of the eigenfaces should be greater. If, contrary, the particular feature
is not (or almost not) present in the original image, then the
corresponding eigenface should contribute a smaller (or not at all)
part to the sum of eigenfaces. So, in order to reconstruct the original
image from the eigenfaces, one has to build a kind of weighted sum
of all eigenfaces. That is, the reconstructed original image is equal to
a sum of all eigenfaces, with each eigenface having a certain weight.
This weight specifies, to what degree the specific feature (eigenface)
is present in the original image.
If one uses all the eigenfaces extracted from original images, one can
reconstruct the original images from the eigenfaces exactly. But one
can also use only a part of the eigenfaces. Then the reconstructed
image is an approximation of the original image. However, one can
ensure that losses due to omitting some of the eigenfaces can be
minimized. This happens by choosing only the most important
features (eigenfaces). Omission of eigenfaces is necessary due to
scarcity of computational resources.

How does this relate to facial recognition?

The clue is that it is possible not only to extract the face from
eigenfaces given a set of weights, but also to go the opposite way.
This opposite way would be to extract the weights from eigenfaces
and the face to be recognized. These weights tell nothing less, as the
amount by which the face in question differs from ”typical” faces
represented by the eigenfaces. Therefore, using this weights one can
determine two important things:

1.Determine, if the image in question is a face at all. In the case the

weights of the image differ too much from the weights of face images
(i.e. images, from which we know for sure that they are faces), the
image probably is not a face.
2.Similar faces (images) possess similar features (eigenfaces) to
similar degrees (weights). If one extracts weights from all the images
available, the images could be grouped to clusters. That is, all
images having similar weights are likely to be similar faces.
APPLICATIONS

 Machine recognition of human faces is used in a variety of

civilian and law enforcement applications that require reliable
recognition of humans.
 Identity verification for physical access control in buildings or
security areas is one of the face recognition applications.
 For high security areas, a combination with card terminals is
possible, so that a double check is performed for example in
airports to facilitate the crew and airport staff to pass through
different control levels.
 A smart home should be able to recognize the owners, their
family, friends and guests, remember their preferences (from
favorite food and TV program to room temperature), understand
what they are saying, where are they looking at, what each
gesture, movement or expression means, and according to all
these cues to be able to facilitate every-day life.

Weaknesses
Face recognition is not perfect and struggles to perform under certain
conditions. Ralph Gross, a researcher at the Carnegie Mellon
Robotics Institute, describes one obstacle related to the viewing
angle of the face: "Face recognition has been getting pretty good
at full frontal faces and 20 degrees off, but as soon as you go
towards profile, there've been problems."

Other conditions where face recognition does not work well include
poor lighting, sunglasses, long hair, or other objects partially covering
the subject’s face, and low resolution images.

Another serious disadvantage is that many systems are less effective

if facial expressions vary. Even a big smile can render in the system
less effective. For instance: Canada now allows only neutral facial
expressions in passport photos.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Operating system: Windows 2ooo, windows xp,

windows SP2,Windows SP3
 Min 256mb RAM
 P2 and above processor
 Hard disk-min 2 MB
 webcam

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

 Development tool- Java SDK

 Operating system: Windows 2ooo, windows xp,
Windows-SP2,SP3
 JMF : Java Media Framework
 JAMA : A Java Matrix Package
Team Description

 Nandan Sinha
Email Id : nandansinha8@gmail.com

Roll No. : 0819cs071055

 Priyesh Thakur
Email Id : priyesh.thakur93@gmail.com

Roll No. : 0819cs071070

 Branch : Computer Science & Engineering

 Semester : 6th sem.
 Year : 3rd year