Homework 1

Oscar Ismael Arce Moreno

Escuela de Fsica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matem
atica, Universidad de El Salvador
San Salvador, El Salvador
Transformadas Integrales de la Fsica
March 10, 2017

Exercises
14.2.2 (a) Expand f (x) = x in the interval (0, 2L). Sketch the series you have found (right- hand
side of Ans) over (2L, 2L).

Solution:

a0 X h nx nx i
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L
Z 2L
1
a0 = tdt = 2L
L 0

Z 2L u = t du = dt
1 nt
an = t cos dt nt L nt
L 0 L dv = cos v= sin
L n L
 Z 2L
2L
1 L nt
 
 L nt L
an = sin t sin dt = 2 2 (cos(2n) 1) = 0
L n L 0

0 n L n


Z 2L u = t du = dt
1 nt
bn = dt t sin nt L nt
0L L dv = sin v= cos
L n L
" 2L Z 2L #
2L2
 
1 L nt  L nt
  1 2L
bn = cos t + cos dt = cos(2n) =
L n L 0 0 n L L n n

X 2L nx
x=L sin
n=1
n L

1
 Figure 1: Serie of f (x) = x in the interval (0, 2L).

(b) Expand f (x) = x as a sine series in the half interval (0, L). Sketch the series you have
found (right-hand side of Ans.) over (2L, 2L).

Solution:

X nx
f (x) = bn sin
n=1
L

Z L u = t du = dt
2 nt
bn = t sin dt nt L nt
L 0 L dv = sin v= cos
L n L

" L Z L #
L2
 
2 L nt  L  nt
 2 2L
bn = cos t +  cos dt = cos(n) = (1)n+1
L n L 0 0 n L L n n

X 2L nx
f (x) = (1)n+1 sin
n=1
n L

Making n 2k + 1, we obtain

X 2L (2k + 1)x
f (x) = (1)2k+2 sin
(2k + 1) L
k=0,1/2,1,

2
 Figure 2: Serie of f (x) = x in the half interval (0, L).

14.3.11 Expand (x t) in a Fourier series. Compare your result with the bilinear form of Eq.
(1.190).

Solution:

2 Z
1 X 2
Z
1
f (x) = f (t) dt + f (t) cos n(t x) dt
2 0 n=1 0
R
Using F (t)(t x) dt = F (x), we obtain
Z 2
(t x)dt = 1
0

Z 2
cos n(t x)(t x)dt = cos n(x t)
0

Then, the answer is

1 1X
(x t) = + cos n(x t)
2 n=1

14.3.12 Verify that

1 X im(1 2 )
(1 2 ) = e
2 m=

is a Dirac delta function by showing that it satisfies the definition of a Dirac delta function
Z
1 X im(1 2 )
f (1 ) e d1 = f (2 )
2 m=

3
 Solution:

P in1
We can use the property (2 1 ) = (1 2 ) and the expansion f (1 ) = n= cn e
we can work the integral as
Z
X 1 X im(2 1 )
cn ein1 e d1
n= 2 m=

 Z 
X X
im2 1 i1 (nm)
= cn e e d1
n= m=
2

X
X
= cn eim2 mn
n= m=

X
= cn ein2 = f (2 )
n=

14.3.14 (a) Find the Fourier series representation of


0, < x 0
f (x) =
x, 0 x <

Solution:

"Z #
0  Z
1  a0
a0 = (0)
 dt + t dt = =

 0 2 2 4


Z 0  Z u = t du = dt

1  
an = (0)
 cos(nt)
 dt + t cos(nt) dt 1
 0 dv = cos(nt) v = sin(nt)
n

1
 Z 
1 1   1
an = sin(nt)t|
 0 sin(nt) dt = [cos(n) 1]
n2

 n n 0

Z 0 Z 
u = t du = dt
1  
 dt +
bn = (0)
 sin(nt) t sin(nt) dt 1


0 dv = sin(nt) v = cos(nt)
n

 Z  
(1)n+1
  
1 1  1 sin(nt)


bn = cos(nt)t + cos(nt) dt = cos(n) + 2  =
n 0 0 n n 0 n

X 1 n
X (1)n+1
f (x) = + 2
[(1) 1] cos(nx) + sin(nx)
4 n=1,3,5 n n=1
n

4
 (b) From the Fourier expansion show that

2 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 +
8 3 5

Solution:

Making x = 0

2
     
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
0 = +() 1 + 2 + 2 + = 1 + 2 + 2 + = 1 + 2 + 2 +
4 3 5 4 3 5 8 3 5

14.4.4 Integrate the Fourier expansion of the unit step function


0, < x < 0
f (x) =
1, 0 < x <

Show that your integrated series agrees with Exercise 14.3.14.

Solution:

We suppose that

0 a0 X X
f (x) = + an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx)
2 n=1 n=1
Z
1 a0 1
a0 = dt = 1 =
0 2 2
Z 
1 1 
an = cos(nt) dt = sin(nt) = 0
0 n 0

Z  0
1 1 1 1
[1 (1)n ]
 
bn = sin(nt) dt = cos(nt) =
 cos(nt) =
0 n 0 n n

1 X 2 sin(nx)
f 0 (x) = + , n 7 2n 1
2 n=1,3,5 n

1 X 2 sin(2n 1)x
f 0 (x) = +
2 n=1 (2n 1)

Now, we can integrate this function

x Z x
2 sin(2n 1)t x X 2 cos(2n 1)x X
Z
1 X 2
f (x) = dt + dt = 2
+
0 2 n=1 0
(2n 1) 2 n=1
(2n 1) n=1
(2n 1)2

We take the following results already given in the textbook:

5

X 1 2 X sin(nx) x
2
= and (1)n+1 =
n=1
(2n 1) 8 n=1
n 2

Thus

X sin(nx) X 2 cos(2n 1)x
f (x) = + (1)n+1
4 n=1 n n=1
(2n 1)2

The answer obtained is equivalent to that of exercise 14.3.14.

14.4.11 (a) Let us continue the vibrating string problem, Exercise 14.4.10. The presence of a
resisting medium will damp the vibrations according to the equation

2 u(x, t) 2
2 u(x, t) u(x, t)
= v k
t2 x2 t
Assume a Fourier expansion

X nx
u(x, t) = bn (t) sin
n=1
l

and determine the coefficients bn (t). The initial conditions are

u(x, 0)
u(x, 0) = f (x) and = g(x)
t
Assume the damping to be small.

Solution:

We start by taking the corresponding derivatives


X nx X nv 2 nx X 0 nx
b00n (t) sin = bn (t) sin kbn (t) sin
n=1
l n=1
l l n=1
l
 nv 2
b00n (t) + kb0n (t) + bn (t) = 0
l
Now, we proceed to solve the differential equation for bn (t) by taking the characteristic
equation and solving as if a second-degree polynomial were
 nv 2
r2 + kr + =0
l
The roots of this equation are
q
nv 2

s  2
k k2 4 l k  nv 2 k
r= = i
2 2 l 2
If we assume the damping is small, we can take
 nv 2  2
k
wn2 = >0
l 2

Thus,

6
 k
r= in
2

bn (t) = ekt/2 [An cos n t + Bn sin n t],

kAn
bn (0) = An , b0n (0) = + n Bn
2

X nx X nx
u(x, 0) = bn (0) sin = f (x) = An sin
n=1
l n=1
l
 
u(x, 0) X nx X kAn nx
= b0n (0) sin = + n Bn sin = g(x)
t n=1
l n=1
2 l
If f (x) is a series of fourier in sine, therefore An is
1 l
Z
nx
An = f (x) sin dx
l l l
We follow a similar process to find g(x)

1 l
Z
kAn nx
+ n Bn = g(x) sin dx
2 l l l
Z l
1 nx kAn
Bn = g(x) sin dx +
n l l l 2n
(b) Repeat, but assume the damping to be large.
Solution:

For the case of large damping k then:

 2
2nv
k2 > .
l
Proceeding in the same way as in the previous literal and making
 2 
2 k nv 2
n = >0
2 l
we obtain for the roots
r !
1  nv 2 k p 2
r= k k2 4 = n ,
2 l 2

To solve the differential equation and get

bn (t) = ekt/2 (An cosh n t + Bn sinh n t)

Starting from a reasoning identical to that of the previous literal, we can obtain the
coefficients An and Bn that are
1 l
Z
nx
An = f (x) sin dx
l l l
Z l
1 nx kAn
Bn = g(x) sin dx +
n l l l 2n