1. Protein that acts as a catalyst that D. emulsification process.

causes chemical changes in a

compound, but still remains in the
original form during and after a
process. The word protein in this 5. The electrons generated from the
statement refers to_____________. Krebs cycle are transferred to
____________ and then are shuttled
A. Vitamin. to _______________.
B. Steroid.
C. Enzyme. A. NAD+ / oxygen.
D. Lipoprotein. B. NADH / oxygen.
C. NAD+ / electron
transport chain.
D. NADH / electron
2. The types of metabolism are
transport chain
______________________________.

A. anabolism and ketolysis. 6. Metabolism refers to

B. anabolism and __________________________________
catabolism. _
C. catabolism and lipolysis.
D. hydrolysis and lipolysis. A. Production of lipids,
carbohydrate and
protein.
3. Which of them are the products of B. Overall physical and
glycolysis? chemical processes in
which production of
A. ATP; NADH; Pyruvate. large molecules from
B. ATP; FADH; Pyruvate. small molecules and a
C. ADP; NADH; Pyrite. breaking of large
D. ADP; NADPH; Pyrite. molecules into small
molecules.
C. Overall physical and
Breakdown of dietary fat into chemical processes in
small droplets by bile salts for which production of
the action of lipase take place large molecules from
effectively small molecules only.
D. Overall physical and
4. This process is referring to chemical processes in
_______________. which breaking of large
molecules into small
A. hydrolysis process.
molecules only.
B. detoxification process.
C. deamination process.
7.
8. Diagram 2 is the chemical structure of one of the monosaccharide. This
monosaccharide can forms the glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharide X.
What is X?
9.
10.Diagram 2
11.
12.
A. Lignin
B. Starch
C. Maltose
D. Cellulose
13.
14.

7. Which of the following does not A. Ionic bond

included as particle? B. Cationic bond
C. Covalent bond
A. Atom. D. Hydrogen bond
B. Molecule. 15.
C. Ion.
D. Compound. 16.
84
8.
9. What is an atom?
17. Kr
36 represents
18.This is the symbol that
10. the atomic number for an atom
A. The largest particle and krypton. How many neutrons in
can be divided this atom?
B. The smallest particle
and can be divided A. 49
C. The largest particle and
cannot be divided B. 48
D. The smallest particles,
and cannot be divided C. 47

11. D. 36
12.Different mass of same element
known as (the) _____________. 19.
A. isotopes. 20.These elements are required to
B. isotropic. produce coenzyme such as beta-
C. isocitrate. carotene and retinol. What are
D. isoleucine. the elements?
13. 21.
A. Lipids
14. X refers to the bond which B. Vitamin
formed from the metal ion and C. Proteins
non-metal ions through D. Carbohydrates
electrostatic attraction. What kind
of X bond?
22.

23. Symbols: e -
negatively charged
24.
orbit the nucleus in shells
25. 1.

26. The characteristic above are referring to_________________.

A. proton.
B. particle.
C. electron.
D. neutron.
27.

28.Water molecules can diffuse freely across a membrane. The diffusion of water
is from_____________________.

A. a low water potential to high water potential.

B. a high water potential to low OP (osmotic pressure).

C. a low OP (osmotic pressure) solution to high OP solution.

D. a high OP (osmotic pressure) solution to low OP solution.

29.Which of the following is an example of active transport?

30.

A. Movement of water.

B. Movement of lipid.

C. Movement of glucose.

D. Sodium potassium pump.

31. The following properties are briefly describing carbohydrate except;

32.
A. proteins with carbohydrates is known as glycoproteins.
B. phospholipids with carbohydrates are called glycocalyx.
C. found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes.
D. attached to the membrane proteins or sometimes to the
phospholipids.
33.

34.

35.The passive transport and the active transport are two different movement
mechanisms. Which of the following shows the difference between both
transports?

A. Utilizing NAD+
 B. Utilizing Electron

C. Utilizing ATP

D. Utilizing protein

36.There are two types of endocytosis which are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
What are the differences of pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

A. Pinocytosis known as cell eating while phagocytosis known as cell

breaking.

B. Pinocytosis known as cell breaking while phagocytosis known as cell

drinking.

C. Pinocytosis known as cell eating while phagocytosis known as cell

drinking.

D. Pinocytosis known as cell drinking while phagocytosis known as cell

eating.

37.The movement mechanisms shows below is referring to _______________.

38.
A. Osmosis.
B. Lipid diffusion.
C. Active transport.
D. Passive transport.
39.

7. Which of them are the mechanisms of movement across the cell

membrane?
i. Lipid Diffusion
ii. Osmosis
iii. Passive Transport
iv. Active Transport
v. Vesicles
40.
A. i only
B. i,ii& iii
C. i,ii,iii& iv
D. all above
41.

8. Which of the following action is taken by the body to reduce the body
temperature to its steady state?
42.
 A. Shivering.

B. Sweating.

C. Vomiting.

D. High heart beat

43.
9.

High thirst due to osmosis of water from cells to the blood, which has a
low water potential.

Copious urine production due to excess water in blood.

Poor vision due to osmotic loss of water from the eye lens.

Tiredness due to loss of glucose in urine and poor uptake of glucose by

liver and muscle cells.

Muscle wasting due to gluconeogenesis caused by increased glucagon.

44. Above statement are best describing the symptoms of
______________.

A. Anaemia.
B. Epilepsy.
C. Haemophilia.
D. Diabetes mellitus.
45.
46.
10.There are 2 types of cell at the islet of Langerhans that produce 2 different
types of hormone. Which of the nfollowing is CORRECT combination?
47.
A. The cells secrete the hormone glucagon, while the cells secrete the
hormone insulin.
B. The cells secrete the hormone insulin, while the cells secrete the
hormone glucagon.
C. The cells secrete the hormone insulin, while the cells secrete the
hormone glucagon.
D. The cells secrete the hormone insulin, while the cells secrete the
hormone glucagon.
48.
49.
11.Glucose concentration is strictly controlled within the range 80-
100 mg 100cm-3, and very low level known as ............... or very high levels
known as ................ are both serious and can lead to death.
50.
A. leukaemia; hypertension
B. hypoglycaemia; monoglycaemia
 C. hyperglycaemia; hypoglycaemia
D. hypoglycaemia; hyperglycaemia
51.
52.
53.The removal of waste products from cells to out of the body

12.This statement best describe the _______________.

54.
A. Inhalation process.
B. Osmosis process.
C. Secretion process.
D. Excretion process.
55.
56.
13.Which of the following process refers to homeostasis?
57.
A. Process of keeping the external environment constant.
B. Process of keeping the external environment fluctuate.
C. Process of keeping the internal body environment in abnormal.
D. Process of keeping the internal body environment in steady state.
58.
59.
14.Which of the following hormone regulates the water level in our body?
60.
A. Antigen hormone
B. Antidrug hormone
C. Antiwater hormone
D. Antidiuretic hormone
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
 87.
88.
1. 89.Below is the method to determine the severity level of dehydrated person:
90.
I. Urine test
II. Blood test
III. Examination of stool
91.
92. 96.A 97.I, II
93. .
99.B 100. I, III
94. .
102. 103. II, III
95.
C.
105. 106. I, II, III
D. 107.
108.
109.
2. Hassan is overhydrated. Which of the following is the best treatment in
helping the him to excrete excess water?
110.
A. drug such as beta blocker.
B. antibiotics such as amoxicillin.
C. diuretic drug such as Thiazide.
D. paracetamol such as Thiazide.
111.
3. Bone is broken down and releases calcium into the bloodstream. This
phenomenon will lead to___________________.
112.
A. hyperkalemia.
B. hypercalcemia.
C. hypeglucomia.
D. hypernatremia.
113.
114.
11.The level of this electrolyte X in the blood need to be control. What is X?
115.
A. Boron.
B. Carbon.
C. Potassium.

D. Manganese.

12.Overhydration will lead to swelling or edema. How Overhydration lead to

edema?
116.
A. The lung is over moist.
B. The blood vessels broken down.
C. The blood vessels shrink and water move out of the cell.
D. The blood vessels overfill, and fluid moves from the blood vessels into
the spaces around cells.
117.
118.
6. Listed below are the causes of the overhydration except;
 119.
A. heart failure
B. Hot weather
C. Lung disorder
D. Kidney disorders
120.
7. X: low level of potassium in blood
121. Y:high level of sodium in blood
122.
123.
124. X and Y are refer to ___________________________________________
125.
A. Hypokalemia; hyponatremia
B. Hypokalemia; hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia; hypernatremia
D. Hyperkalemia; hypernatremia
126.

1. There are 2 types of acidosis. This type of acidosis develops when the
amount of acid in the body is increased through ingestion of a substance.
127.

A. External acidosis.
B. Metabolic acidosis.
C. Membrane acidosis.
D. Respiratory acidosis.
128.
2. X is caused by an overabundance of acid in the blood or a loss of
bicarbonate from the blood. X is ____________________.
129.
A. acidosis.
B. alkalosis.
C. hypokalemia.
D. hypernatremia.
130.
131.
3. The diagnosis of acidosis generally requires the measurement of blood pH
in a sample of arterial blood, usually taken from the radial artery in the
wrist. Why usually taken from artery?
132.
A. Easy to obtain the blood.
B. Artery is bigger compared to vein.
C. Arterial blood is used because venous blood contains high levels of
water.
D. Arterial blood is used because venous blood contains high levels of
bicarbonate.
133.

4. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning acids and

bases?
134.
A. Acids and bases doesnt react each other
B. Acids mixed with bases make stronger acids
C. Acids mixed with bases make stronger bases
 D. Acids mixed with bases neutralised each other
135.
5. The two abnormalities of acid-base balance are known as _______________
136.
A. Acidos; alkalosis
B. Alkilosis; alkalosis
C. Acidosis; alkalosis
D. Acido; alkalos
6. Metabolic alkalosis develops when the body loses too much acid or gains
too much base while respiratory acidosis develops when_____________.
137.
A. when rapid, deep breathing (hyperventilation) causes too much carbon
monoxide to be expelled from the bloodstream
B. when rapid, deep breathing (hyperventilation) causes too much carbon
dioxide to be expelled from the bloodstream
C. when rapid, deep breathing (hyperventilation) causes too much water to
be expelled from the bloodstream
D. when rapid, deep breathing (hyperventilation) causes too much oxygen to
be expelled from the bloodstream
138.
139.
7. The following statements are TRUE about buffer system except;
140.
A. Exist in balance under normal pH conditions
B. Involves bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions
C. Another mechanism in controlling blood sugar level
D. Works chemically in the body by adjusting the base level

141.

1. Which of the following are NOT listed under the drug classification?
142.
A. Miscellaneous agent.
B. Pharmacodynamic agent.
C. Chemotherapeutic agent.
D. Based on the dosage of the drugs.
143.
2. The drugs is use _________________________________________
A. To help body develop muscle.
B. To make someone more energetic.
C. To help body reject its own internal organ.
D. To help the body reject an invading pathogenic organisms.
144.
145.
3. Pharmacodynamic can be defined as ________________.
A. how the side effect occurs.
B. how excretion reaction occurs.
C. how drug act towards the body.
D. how the body act towards the drug.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.

154.

155.

1. Immune system has their own special cells which are phagocytes and
lymphocytes. Which combinations are the example of phagocyte and
lymphocyte?
156.
A. B cell; T cell.
B. Neutrophil; B cell.
C. Macrophage; B cell.
D. Neutrophil; Macrophage.
157.
2. Defence mechanism can be divided into_____________.
158.
a. 1 type.
b. 2 types.
c. 3 types.
d. 4 types.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163. Can be gained naturally. Example: Antibodies from mother can
cross placenta & enter her fetus
3. Above statements are best describe ___________________.
164.
A. Natural active immunity
B. Artificial active immunity
C. Natural passive immunity
D. Artificial passive immunity
165.
166.
4. Which of the statement is FALSE about immunity?
167.
A. It produce antibody
B. Week or absent on first exposure
C. It does not require prior exposure
D. Includes the humoral immune response and cell mediated immunity
168.
169.
5. An example of immune cell that involved in cell-mediated immunity is........
170.
A. B cell
B. T cell
C. antibody
D. macrophage
171.
172.
173.
6. Immunity can be describes as active and passive. What is the active and
passive mean?
A. Neutral and artificial.
B. Original and fake.
C. Induce by own body and taken from others.
D. Taken from others and induce by own body.
174.
7. Innate immunity is......
175.
A. The ability to recognize foreign substances only.
B. The ability to recognize and rapidly destroy foreign substances only.
C. The ability to recognize and rapidly destroy foreign substances and the
ability improves on next exposure.
D. The ability to recognize and rapidly destroy foreign substances and the
ability does not improve on next exposure.
176.
177.

1. The following factor may influences tissue response to injury except;

A. Agent.
B. Time factor.
C. Tissue factor.
D. Content of blood.
178.
179.
2. Which is NOT the systemic factor affecting wound healing?
A. Nutrition.
B. Sleeping.
C. Inflammation.
D. Immunosuppression.
180.
181.
3. After injury, arterioles in the area of injury will undergo______________.
182.
A. transcient vasodilations.
B. permanent vasodilations.
C. transcient vasoconstrictions.
D. permanent vasoconstrictions.

183.

4. What is the difference of benign and malignant?

184.

A. Benign does spread or grow while malignant is spread to other places

and grow.

B. Benign does spread or grow while malignant does not spread to other
places and grow.
C. Benign does not spread or grow while malignant is spread to other
places and grow.
D. Benign does not spread but grow while malignant is spread to other
places but not grow.
185.
 186.
5. Body has various defence mechanisms against injury such as:
i. Immune system
ii. Skin and mucous membrane
iii. Mononuclear phagocyte system
iv. Inflammatory response
187.
A i, ii, iv
B ii, iii,iv
C i, ii, iii
D i, ii, iii, iv
188.
189.
6. What is a CORRECT combination of the causes of inflammation?
190.
A. Virus and water
B. Trauma and stress
C. Radiation and sugar
D. Bacteria and trauma
191.
192.
7. Redness or rubor is a response of a body toward inflammation. What is the
main cause of redness?
193.
A. Hyperaemia from vasodilation
B. Hypoaemia from vasodilation
C. Hypoaemia from vasoconstriction
D. Hyperaemia from vasoconstriction
194.
195.
196.
197.
198. Which of them are the factor that effects the complication of the wound
i. Obesity
ii. Wound debris such as necrotic tissue
iii. Infection
iv. Decrease blood supply
A. i, ii, iv
B. ii, iii, iv
C. i, ii, iii
D. i, ii, iii, iv
199.
200.
201. Which statement(s) is/are TRUE regarding healing
v. Healing process is the final stage of inflammation response
vi. Have two major components which are regeneration and repair
vii. Healing process is the first stage of the inflammation response
viii. Have 4 major components
202. A. i, iii
E. ii, ii
F. i, ii, iii
G. iii, iv
203.
204.
205. UNIT 8.4 : PROSES PATOGENISITI PENYAKIT

1. Which of the following organ is not the secondary lymphatic tissue?

206.
A. Spleen.
B. Thymus.
C. Lymph nodes
D. Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
207.
2. Which of the following is NOT the pathophysiology of edema?
208.
A. Hyperaemia
B. Hypoproteinemia
C. Sodium retention
D. Lymphatic obstruction
209.
210.
211.
3. In lymphedema abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure
of the _______________.
212.
A. Spleen
B. Immune system
C. Circulatory system
D. Lymphatic system
213.
214.
215.
1. A piece of thrombus that is transported in this way is an ____________: the
process of forming a thrombus that becomes embolic is called a
thromboembolism.
216.
A. Embolism
B. Air embolism
C. Fat embolism
D. Cardiovascular disease
217.
218.
2. An embolism that lodges in the lungs is _____________ .
A. Pneumonia
B. Chylothorax
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Pulmonary hypertension
219.
220.
3. Systemic embolisms of venous origin can occur in patients with an atrial or
________, through which an embolus may pass into the arterial system.
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Aortic insufficiency
C. Ventricular septal defect
D. Atrioventricular septal defect

221.
 1. Venous thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a _____________.
222.
A. Vein
B. Artery.
C. Lymph.
D. Capillary
223.
2. Thrombosis may develop anywhere in cardiovascular system.
______adheres to the wall of underlying structure.
224.
A. Mural thrombi.
B. Arterial thrombi.
C. Venous thrombi.
D. Deep-vein thrombi.
3. These events occur during secondary hemostasis EXCEPT
225.
A. Fibrin deposition
B. Platelet adhesion
C. Thrombin activation
D. Changes from fibrinogen to fibrin

226.

1. Infarction can be defined as

227.
A. Extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture

B. An active process resulting from increased tissue inflow because of

arteriolar dilation

C. Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular

tissues space or body cavities

D. Tissue death caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction

of the tissues blood supply

228.

2. .................................. is an infarction of the heart.

229.
A. Limb infarction
B. Cerebral infarction
C. Pulmonary infarction
D. Myocardial infarction
230.
3. .................................... is an infarction of the brain.
A.
Pulmonary infarction
B.
Myocardial infarction
C.
Cerebral infarction
D.
Limb infarction
231.
232.
233.
1. Which of the following is caused by damaged to a blood vessel that in turn
causes blood to collect under the skin?
 A. Incision
B. Abrasion
C. Laceration
D. Hematoma
234.
235.
236.
2. What is the blood components that form a plug in the blood vessel wall
that stop bleeding?
237.
A. Platelets
B. Blood plasma
C. White blood cells
D. Red blood cells
3. Hematuria is a condition when _________________.
238.
A. Vomiting fresh blood.
B. bleeding in the brain.
C. blood present in the urine.
D. Coughing up blood from the lungs.
239.
1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the causes of ischemia?
240.
241.
A. Hypotension.
B. Hypoglycemia.
C. Atherosclerosis.
D. Hyperglycemia.
242.
243.
2. Which of the following is TRUE about ischemia?
244.
A. Increase cellular metabolism
B. Restriction of blood supply to tissue
C. Causing abundance supply of oxygen
D. Causing abundance supply of glucose
245.
246.
3. Brain ischemia may lead to________________.
247.
A. Stroke
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Hypoglycaemia
D. Hypertension.
248.
249.
1. What is the typical sign of shock?
250.
A. High blood pressure
B. Rapid heart beat
C. High urine output
D. High blood sugar

251.
 2. ______________ is the most common type of shock and is caused by
insufficient circulating volume.
252.
A.Cardiogeneic
B.Hypovolemic
C.Obstructive
D.Distributive
253.
3. Which one is NOT TRUE about septic shock?
A. Decrease levels of neutrophils
B. Activation of the coagulation pathways
C. Reduce contractility of the heart
D. Systemic leukocyte adhesion to endothelial tissue.
1. Carcinogenesis is the mechanism of___________________.
254.

A. bacteria that cause infections.

B. cancer-causing agents cause formation of tumor.
C. disease-causing agents cause formation of tumor.
D. cancer-causing agents cause formation of inflammation.
255.
256.
257. The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical
appearance of disease, usually takes a long time (2 or 3 years)
258.
2. The above statement best describes_________________.
259.
A. latent period.
B. long term period.

C. incubation period.
D. menstruation period.
260.

1. Radiation injury is tissue damage or changes caused by exposure to

ionizing radiation such as____________.
261.
A. X-rays
B. UV light
C. Infrared
D. Visible light
262.
2. These are the early sign of acute radiation syndrome.
263.
A.Nausea
B.Diarrhea
C.Vomiting
D.Loss of appetite
264.
265.
266.
267.
1. States or process of ageing refers to ________________.
A. Scarring
 B. Degenerate
C. Rejuvenate
D. Senescence
268.
2. Mental health problem occurs in old people is called _____________.
269.
A. Seizure
B. Euphoria
C. Dementia
D. Dysphoria

270.

1. Skin injuries in which there is removal of the superficial epithelial layer due
to friction against a rough surface or by compression are called
_____________.
271.
A. Fractures
B. Abrasions
C. Confusions
D. Lacerations
272.
2. _____________________ can be the result of high force impact or stress, or
trivial injury as a result of certain medical condition that weaken the bone.
273.
A. Fractures
B. Abrasions
C. Confusions
D. Lacerations
274.

275.

276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

286.

287.
288.

289.

290.

291.

292.

293.

294.

295.

296.

297. QUESTION 1
298.

1. The below diagram illustrates passive and active transport across a

plasma membrane.
299.
300.

301.

302. (I (II) (III

) )
a) (i) Identify the processed labelled I. (2M)

303. (ii) Does energy required for this transport? Why? (2M)

304.

b) (i) Identify the processed labelled II. (2M)

305.

306. (ii) Explain the process. (2M)

307. (iii) What types of solutes molecules may be moved by this type of
transport. (2M)

308.
 c) (i) Name the processed labelled III. (2M)

309. (ii) Explain your answer. (2M)

310. (iii) What types of solute molecules may be moved by this type of
transport? (2M)

311. (iv) Give an example of similarities found in the processes II and III.
(2M)

312.

d) Give the name of label A and B. (2M)

313.

314.

315.

316.

317. QUESTION 2

318. The physical and chemical conditions in the internal environment of

the body need to be maintained for the cells to function at optimum rates.
319.
a) By using schematic diagram, explain the osmoregulation mechanism during
the excess intake of water. (10M)
320.
b) Define homeostasis. (2M)
321.
c) Name the type of hormone involve in regulation of blood glucose level
(glucoregulation). (2M)
322.
323.
d) Give THREE (3) main components of body mechanism control. (3M)
324.
325.
e) During thermoregulation, explain the cause of blood capillary to constrict.
(3M)
326.
327.

328. QUESTION 3
329.

330. Water is the main component of blood and cells. Approximately

60% of water covers the total body weight.
331.
a) Define osmosis. (2M)
b) List TWO (2) causes of overhydration. (2M)
332.
c) Give FOUR (4) side effects caused by dehydration. (4M)
333.
334.
335.
d) Complete the table below with appropriate answers. (12M)
336.
337. Electrolytes 338. Disorder of 339. Symptoms 340. Treatment
electrolytes
deficiency

341. 1) sodium 343. 344. 345.

342.

346. 2) potassium 348. 349. 350.

347.

351. 3)calcium 353. 354. 355.

352.

356.
357.
358.

359. QUESTION 4

a) Infection occurred when the body exposed to any pathogen such as

bacteria, virus and fungi. Our body has an immune system which acts as
biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological
invasion. Define : (10M)
360.
361.
b) Explain on how the pathogen may cause the disease. (4M)
362.
363.
c) Name the type of immune defence mechanism and give an example of
component for each type of defence mechanism. (6M)
364.

365.

366. QUESTION 5
367.
368. Inflammation is the reaction of blood vessel, leading to the
accumulation of fluid & leukocytes in extravascular tissues.
369.
a) Inflammations are caused by non-living and living cell. Give TWO (2)
examples of causes of inflammation from each category. (4M)
370.
371.
b) Define acute inflammatory response. (2M)
372.
c) Give THREE (3) major components of acute inflammatory response. (3M)
373.
374.
d) Explain the mechanism of acute inflammation response. (8M)
375.
 e) What is the function of chemical mediators at the site on injury? (1M)
376.
377.
f) List TWO (2) examples of chemical mediators. (2M)
378.
379.
380.

381. QUESTION 6

382.
a) Explain the mechanism of edema. (6M)
383.
384.
b) Give SIX (6) factors of edema. (6M)
385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392. SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS (SEQ)

393.

1. There are three possible concentrations of solution that need to consider,

which isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution. Describe the effects on
both plant cell and animal cell when it is placed in those three solutions
together with the diagram. (10 marks)
394.
2. Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues
to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Describe
the signs and response of acute inflammation.
(10 marks)
395.
3. Normal temperature for human body is 37C. In thermoregulation process,
the thermoregulatory centre sends impulses to several different effectors to
adjust body temperature. Describe and compare the response of effectors
toward LOW and HIGH temperature.
(10 marks)